Geography Exam Study Sheet PDF

# Geography Notes ## Map of Canada - 10 provinces and 3 territories - 5 great lakes ## Climate Graph - **Temperature Range** - **Maritime Climate:** Shows a smaller temperature range throughout the year due to the influence of the nearby ocean. - **Continental Climate:** Shows a larger t...

# Geography Notes ## Map of Canada - 10 provinces and 3 territories - 5 great lakes ## Climate Graph - **Temperature Range** - **Maritime Climate:** Shows a smaller temperature range throughout the year due to the influence of the nearby ocean. - **Continental Climate:** Shows a larger temperature range with colder winters and hotter summers. - **Precipitation Patterns** - **Maritime Climate:** Experiences lots of precipitation. - **Continental Climate:** Experiences less precipitation - **More Precipitation** - **Maritime Climate:** Season of highest precipitation is winter - **Continental Climate:** Season of highest precipitation is summer - **Calculating Temperature Range** - Temperature Range = Max Temp - Min Temp - **Calculating Average Annual Precipitation** - Add precipitation of all months together. - **How to read climate graph** - Red line is average temperature - Blue bars are total precipitation - Both are measured monthly - Temperature range: the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures - Total precipitation: the total amount of precipitation across the total graph ## Population Pyramid - **Population Pyramids** - Used to show information about the age and gender of people in a specific country - **How to read a population pyramid:** - **Width** - A wide base indicates a high birth rate - A narrow base shows a low birth rate - **Symmetry** - Any areas without symmetry show a difference in the male/female population - **Shape of the sides** - Sides that curve inward show high death rate - Sides that curve outward show low birth rate - **Bumps in the sides** - Bumps on the sides show abnormal times where more or less babies were born (eg. the baby boom) - **Kinds of pyramids** - **Expansive pyramid** - Lots of young people, high population growth - **Constrictive pyramid** - Fewer young people, population growth is negative - **Stationary** - Equal among all age groups, population growth is stable/low - **Population Growth** - A broad base indicates rapid growth due to high birth rates, while a narrow base suggests declining populations with lower birth rates. - **Cultural Factors** - Fertility rates and family structures reflected in the pyramid provide insights into societal norms and values regarding family size - Imbalances in sex ratios at different age cohorts can reveal cultural preferences or mortality issues, while a balanced shape indicates equitable gender distribution. - **Stages of Development** - Generally, developing countries have younger populations, while developed countries feature older demographics, influencing healthcare, education, and economic conditions. - A youthful demographic suggests future labor force growth but may also present resource management challenges, while an older population requires targeted policies for healthcare and pensions. - **Migration Patterns** - Changes in age cohorts can indicate emigration or immigration trends, affecting workforce availability and economic opportunities. - **Know what sort of impact a war, disease, or preference for male babies might have on a pyramid** - **War** - Impact: War typically results in loss of life, displacement, and disruption of societal functions. - Population Pyramid Effect: A noticeable decrease in the population, particularly among young adult males, can lead to an inverted pyramid or a bulge in older age groups. A lower birth rate may follow if the reproductive age population decreases. - **Disease** - Impact: Widespread disease can cause high mortality rates, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, children, and the elderly. - Population Pyramid Effect: The pyramid may show a constriction at the base (indicating lower birth rates) and an aging population. A significant loss of life in specific age groups can create gaps in the pyramid, revealing a higher mortality rate in affected cohorts. - **Preference for Male Babies** - Impact: Societal norms that favor male children can result in sex-selective practices, leading to gender imbalances. - Population Pyramid Effect: The pyramid may show a higher number of males in younger age cohorts and fewer females. Over time, this can lead to a skewed age structure, affecting marriage patterns and population stability. ## Theory of Continental Drift - **Theory of Continental Drift + Tectonic Plates** - Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift states that all the continents were once a supercontinent called pangea. - He had four proofs: - Africa + South America looked like they fit together - Fossils of the same species (that couldn't cross oceans) were found across continents - Mountain ranges were similar across continents (north america and europe) - Warm places were once cold/cold places were once warm (evidence of an ice sheet in India) ## Theory of Plate Tectonics - Although Alfred Wegener's theory seemed plausible, it wasn't fully believed until fifty years after the theory’s creation, or the late 1960s. No geologist could figure out how the continents had moved so far. - People finally began to believe Wegener when the Theory of Plate Tectonics was invented through the work of many scientists including Harry Hess (seafloor spreading), Marie Tharp (map of the sea floor), and John Tuzo-Wilson(oceanic hotspots). - The theory stated that the Earth's crust (or surface) was made up of plates that were constantly moving due to the shifting of liquid magma in the mantle. There are seven major plates that make up 94% of the Earth's surface and many smaller ones, including 8 more notable minor ones. ## Plate Boundaries - Tectonic plate movement can result in unique reactions between plates - **Divergent boundaries:** - Occur when two tectonic plates are moving apart; a notable example being the mid-atlantic ridge. - **Convergent boundaries:** - Occur when two tectonic plates are moving towards each other; notable mountains including the alps and himalayas have been formed from collisions - **Transform boundaries:** - Occur when two tectonic plates 'slide’ past each other rather than colliding head on; a notable example include the fault line in California - **Natural disasters** - **Volcanic eruptions:** - Can be caused by divergent or convergent plates - **Tsunamis:** - Usually caused by volcanic eruptions or earthquakes - **Earthquakes:** - Caused by convergent and transform plates ## Pangea - Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, approximately 335 million years ago. It eventually broke apart into the continents we recognize today. ## Terms to Know - **Weather** is the daily atmospheric conditions within a certain area, whereas **climate** is the average weather patterns in a place. (ms carter’s favorite analogy: weather = mood, climate = personality) - **6 Factors that affect climate** - **LOWER-N** - **Latitude:** where you are relative to the equator + poles - Temperatures decrease as you head towards the poles - The sun’s rays are less direct the further you are from the equator - **Ocean currents:** currents that run through the ocean that can warm or cool land. - Most currents are cold (run from polar regions to the equator) - Some are cold (coming from the tropics) - **Wind and air mass:** winds carry air masses around and change the daily weather patterns from place to place - Air masses are large areas of air that have the same temperature + humidity throughout. They move via wind around the Earth and take on the characteristics of the area they’re in. - **Prevailing winds** are winds that blow mostly in one direction; Canada’s wind blow typically from west to east (Westerlies) - **Elevation:** the higher the altitude, the cooler the temperature is - As air rises, it expands and cools (gets less dense = hold less heat) - Air will become saturated (holding as much vapour as possible) - If temperature continues to drop, the air won’t be able to hold the vapour and precipitation will occur. - **Relief:** as air rises, it condenses, which results in precipitation - Mountains have two sides: windward and leeward - Windward sides face towards the coast and are typically more wet and rainy due to receiving all the cool/moist air - Leeward sides receive warmer, dry air and thus are typically warmer with less precipitation - The rainshadow effect is the dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range Examples occurring at the rockies, himalayas, andes, etc - **Near water:** Areas away from the water have continental climates; ones that are close have maritime climates - Water has a moderating effect (takes away extremes in terms of weather) - This is because water heats up and cools down slower than land does, and retains more heat during the winter. ## Time Zones (west to east) 6: Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, and Nerfoundland - PST; UTC-8h - Victoria, Vancouver - MST; UTC-7h - Edmonton, yellowknife, whitehorse - CST; UTC-6h - Regina, Winnipeg, - EST; UTC-5h - Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec city, montreal, Iqaluit, thunderbay - AST; UTC-4h - Fredericton, Halifax, Charlottetown - NST; UTC-3.30h - St. Johns ## Four Layers of the Earth - The four layers of the Earth are the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. - The crust is the thinnest layer - The mantle is the thickest layer - The inner core is the hottest layer - The crust is made mostly of solid rock - the mantle is made up of molten rock and magma slowly shifting - the outer core is made of molten/liquid iron - the inner core is made up of iron and nickel ## Glaciation and erosion: - **Glaciation** - Ice ages - Glaciation is the formation, movement, and recession of glaciers - Glaciation is caused by ice ages - There have been at least 5 major ice ages in the history of the earth - Most recent one started 3 million years ago and continues today - **Snowball and hot house earth** - When the earth is covered in glaciers it is snowball earth - When the poles have no snow this is called hot house earth - **glacial/interglacial** - We are in an ice age because there is ice on the poles - Glacial = colder time within an ice age - Interglacial = warmer time within an ice age (present day) - These phases are in cycles that have a constant fluctuation until humans interfered - Ice ages were caused by changes in the earth’s orbit - The Pleistocene Epoch - The name for the last glacial period - Homo sapiens evolved during this time period - Laurentide ice sheet - Covered most of canada from 95,000 to 20,000 years ago - Left most of the lakes in canada behind - **Erosion** - How do glaciers form landscapes - Scratching or polishing the surface - Sand and rocks act as sandpaper - Striation = scratch mark on a rock - Can also polish smooth - Carving out valleys or lakes - A glacial lake is a body of water with glacial activity origins - Formed when a glaciers erodes the land, and then melts, filling the depressions with water - Great lakes are largest glacial lakes in the world - Fjords are a steep valley that are produced by glaciers - Transporting sediments - Glaciers transport and then deposit sediments as they move - Can result in little mounds/hills - Sediment is called till - **Weathering vs erosion** - **Weathering:** the breakdown of rock and the formation of new minerals - **Erosion:** the physical removal and transportation of rock particles from the source by water, wind, or ice - **Weathering** - **Mechanical.** Mechanical weathering is the physical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces. - **Chemical.**Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rock by chemical processes. ## Rock Cycle - Rocks are a solid mixture of naturally occurring minerals - There are three main types of rocks: - **Igneous Rocks:** - When magma cools+hardens - **Sedimentary Rocks:** - Forms from sediments through compaction by pressure from the weight above it - **Metamorphic Rocks:** - Rock that has been transformed through great pressure - Rocks can transform into different kinds of rocks via the rock cycle - When magma cools+hardens, it turns into igneous rock - Over time, erosion will turn those rocks into sediment and then compact it into sedimentary rocks - Through heat and pressure those rocks will turn into metamorphic rocks - From there the melting of those rocks will turn them back into magma. ## Landform Regions - Landform regions are areas with similar physical features, such as mountains, plains, plateaus, or valleys. - **Mountain regions** - The rocky mountains (north america) - **Plains** - The great plains in the USA - **Plateaus** - The colorado plateau in the USA - **Valleys** - The great rift valley in Africa ## Cities - **Urban hierarchy** - **City:** - A big place with lots of people - **Town:** - Smaller than a city but still has a decent amount of people and shops - **Village:** - Similar, with a few streets and one or two local shops - **Hamlet:** - A tiny place with just a couple of houses - **Urban** - Areas that are part of cities or towns where there - **Rural** - Areas outside of cities and towns, typically with fewer people and more open space - **Megalopoli** - A megalopolis is a huge area where a bunch of cities are all put together - **Suburb** - A neighborhood outside of big cities. Lots of people live here but it is not as crowded as a city - **Urban sprawl** - A city spreads out too much and takes over open land. It usually means there are new houses and stores in places that used to be fields or forests - **NIMBYism (not in my backyard)** - When people don't want things such as factories, power plants, or big buildings built near them, even though they might be good for the city. - **CMA (Census Metropolitan Area)** - A CMA is a big city and all the smaller areas around it are connected. It’s the area where most people live and work together - **Sustainability** - Meeting our needs without using up resources or harming the environment so that future generations can meet their needs too - **Gentrification** - When richer people move into a poor neighborhood, fix it up, and make it nicer, but it pushes out the people who used to live there because they can’t afford it anymore - **Urbanization** - People moving from the countryside to the city causing cities to get bigger and urbanize places round it - **Slums** - Slums are poor areas in cities where people live in bad conditions, such as tiny houses or shacks with no proper water or electricity. ## Weather and Climate - **Definitions** - **Weather:** The short term atmospheric conditions in a specific place at a specific time, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind - **Climate:** The long term average of weather conditions in a particular area, typically measured over 30 years or more - **Differences** - **Time frame:** Weather is short term (hours to days), while climate is long term (years to decades) - **Changes:** Weather can change rapidly, but climate is more stable and predictable - **LOWER-N** - **Latitude:** where you are relative to the equator + poles - Temperatures decrease as you head towards the poles - The sun’s rays are less direct the further you are from the equator - **Ocean currents:** currents that run through the ocean that can warm or cool land. - Most currents are cold (run from polar regions to the equator) ## Climate change - Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It often includes global warming due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, leading to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. ## Generations - **Baby Boomers** - 1946-1964 - Born during age of large social changes - 1/3 people alive are baby boomers - Born during the “baby boom” - **Traits:** - Hardworking, not adaptable - Sociable - competitive - **Generation X** - 1965-1980 - Ms carter was born here(how quirky) - **Traits:** - Highly educated (just like ms carter fr) - Smaller generation - Street smarts(quirky frfr) - "Latchkey kids” - **Generation Y/millennials** - 1981-1995 - Largest living generation - **Traits:** - Risk taking - Switch jobs lots - Confident - Karens - Tech-savvy - ambitious - **Gen Z** - 1996-2012 (i’ve also heard 2010 and 2013) - **Traits:** - Dependant on technology(false) - Creative, savvy consumers - Low attention span(simon fr) - Open minded - "Generation Lay-Z” (says the person that gets all of their slides from the internet) ## Statistics - **CBR (Crude Birth Rate)** - The number of live births per thousand people per year - High rates (18 to 50) are found mostly in poorer, rural, Third-World countries - Low rates (8 to 17) are more likely to be found in more urbanized/industrial countries (mostly first world countries) - To find the rate at which a country is growing/decreasing, you need to also know the mortality rate - **Fertility Rate** - Fertility rate is an estimate of the average number of births a woman will have - Canada is a low fertility country whose fertility rate has been declining since 2008; the fertility rate hit a record low in 2023 at 1.26 children per woman - **CDR (Crude Death Rate)** - The number of deaths per thousand people per year - **Reasons why:** - A country is poor - Bad health care and a low quality of life - A country is going through a war or an epidemic - The standard of living is so high that there are a lot of elderly people - A country has an aging population - 3 other ways of measuring death - **Infant Mortality Rate** - deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 births - **Child Mortality Rate** - number of deaths of children less than 5 years old per 1,000 births - **Maternal Morality Rate** - number of maternal deaths per 100,000 births (death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination) - **RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)** - How much is the population changing naturally (basically if immigration is not considered) - **Immigration Rate** - Number of immigrants per 1,000 people per year - **Emigration Rate** - Number of emigrants leaving per 1,000 per year - **RMI (Rate of Migratory Increase)** - How much the population is changing only by migration - **Population Growth Rate** - how much the population is changing in terms of births, deaths, and migration - **Population Density** - The number of people living in a certain area (by measurement) - **Dependency Load** - Ratio of the working population to the non-working population (0-14) (65+) - **The population demographic transition model:** - Stage one: very high birth rate + death rate, low,stable population growth, typically in poor/isolated areas - Stage two: still very high birth rate, death rate is starting to drop, population growth is becoming rapid, occurs in places like Peru and Sri Lanka - Stage three: the birth rate is starting to drop, death rate is still dropping, population growth is rapid, occurs in places such as India and Chile - Stage four: low, stable birth + death rate, slowing population growth, in places such as Canada and Australia - Stage five: birth rate is still dropping, death rate is low/stable, population growth is negative, occurs in places such as Japan and South Korea ## Places with Growing or Shrinking Populations - **Growing Populations:** - Developing countries: Many developing nations, especially in Africa and parts of Asia, have high birth rates and declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth. For example, countries like India, Nigeria, and Ethiopia are experiencing significant population increases. - Immigration destinations: Countries with favorable immigration policies, such as Canada, the United States, and Australia, tend to have growing populations due to high levels of immigration. - **Shrinking Populations:** - Aging populations: Some developed countries, particularly in Europe and East Asia, have low birth rates and aging populations, which can lead to a shrinking population. Examples include Japan, Germany, and Italy, where birth rates are below replacement levels and the population is steadily declining. - Countries with emigration: Some countries, such as Venezuela, are experiencing population declines due to high rates of emigration, where people leave the country in search of better opportunities elsewhere. ## Immigration to Canada - Immigration is the movement of people into another country due to 'pull factors'. - Pull factors include high quality of life, job opportunities, family, etc. - Emigration is the movement of people out of a country due to push factors - Push factors include war, poverty, crime, etc. - **Push Factors** - Things that PUSH people to leave their home country, such as war, famine, lack of job opportunities, political instability, or poor living conditions - **Pull factors** - Things that PULL people to a new country, like better job opportunities, higher standards of living, political stability, or family connections - To successfully immigrate to another country, there are criteria an immigrant must meet - No carrying dangerous, transmittable diseases - Cannot have a criminal record - 4 main kinds of immigrants coming to Canada: - **Economic immigrants - majority of immigrants (59.6%)** - People who are financially stable and able to earn money. Most optimal kind of immigrant - **Family class - second most amount of immigrants (24.2%)** - People who immigrate to a country to be with their families - **Refugees - third most kind of immigrants (13.6%)** - People who cannot return to their homeland due to war, persecution, or any kind of harm - **Others - least common kind of immigrants (2.6%)** - Immigrants who come to a country under special circumstances and permitted by the government - **Skilled workers** - People who have specialized knowledge, training, or education and are qualified to fill specific job positions in the new country. They often immigrate through programs designed to meet a country’s labor market needs. - **Permanent residents** - People who have been granted the right to live and work in a country permanently but are not citizens. Permanent residents usually enjoy most of the same rights as citizens, except for voting in elections. - **Temporary workers** - People who are allowed to work in a country for a limited period. These individuals typically hold temporary work visas and may be employed in specific sectors, such as agriculture or hospitality. - **Multiculturalism** - The presence of multiple cultures and ethnic groups in a society, where diversity is encouraged, and different cultures are respected and celebrated. - **Mother Tongue** - A person's first language. Generally the language that their family speaks. - **Home language** - The language that is spoken in a person's home. - **Chain migration** - The process where immigrants sponsor and bring family members or people from their home country to join them in their new country. This can create a pattern where more individuals from a particular community migrate over time. - **Ethnic Enclave** - An area that is mostly made up of people from a specific background. - **Mosaic** - A system where people are encouraged to keep their own cultures. - **Melting Pot** - A system where people are encouraged to blend into the culture of a place. ## Indigenous Canadians - **First Nations** - The largest group of Indigenous peoples in Canada, with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. - **Métis** - People of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, often associated with the fur trade. - **Inuit** - Indigenous peoples who primarily inhabit the Arctic regions of Canada. - **Status Indians** - Indigenous peoples who are registered under the Indian Act, a Canadian law that governs relations with First Nations. - **Non-Status Indians** - Indigenous individuals who are not registered under the Indian Act and may not have access to the same legal rights as Status Indians. - **Standard of Living in Nunavut** - Nunavut, a northern territory in Canada, has a lower standard of living compared to other regions of Canada due to factors such as high cost of living, limited access to resources, and a harsh climate. The standard of living can vary greatly, with remote communities facing higher living expenses and fewer services. - **Reserve** - A reserve is land set aside for the use of Indigenous peoples in Canada. These lands are often governed by specific laws and policies that differ from the rest of the country. Reserves can face challenges such as limited resources, poverty, and isolation. - **Residential Schools** - Residential schools were institutions in Canada that were established by the government and church organizations to assimilate Indigenous children into European-Canadian culture. These schools often subjected children to neglect, abuse, and forced separation from their families. ## Industries - **Primary Industries** - Industries that involve extracting or harvesting natural resources directly from the Earth. - **Farming** - The 1992 Cod Moratorium was a government decision to temporarily stop all cod fishing off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. This decision was made because the cod fish population had dramatically decreased due to overfishing, and the ecosystem was in danger. The moratorium lasted for several years, and many fishermen were affected as the fishing industry was a major part of the local economy. - **Fishing** - **Mining** - **Forestry** - **Secondary Industries** - Secondary industries take raw materials from primary industries and turn them into finished goods or products. - **Manufacturing** - **Construction** - **Production of goods** - **Tertiary Industries** - Tertiary industries provide services rather than goods. - **Healthcare** - **Education** - **Retail** - **Transportation** - **Entertainment** - **Quaternary Industries** - Quaternary industries involve knowledge-based activities. - **Research** - **Technology** - **Education** - **Information services** - **Scientific research** - **Software development** - **Financial planning** - **Quinary Industries** - Quinary industries involve high-level decision-making, creativity, and specialized knowledge - **Government leadership** - **Non-profit work, education** - **Healthcare** - **Cultural activities** ## Energy - **Renewable Resources** - Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated over time, meaning they won’t run out if used responsibly. - **Non-Renewable Resources** - Non-renewable resources are natural resources that cannot be replaced once they are used up, or take millions of years to form. Once they’re gone, they can’t be replenished in a human timeframe. - **Fossil Fuels** - Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. - **Oil Sands** - Oil sands (or tar sands) are deposits of sand and clay that contain a thick from of petroleum called bitumen. Bitumen can be extracted and refined into oil, but the process is energy-intensive and has significant environmental impacts. - **Fracking** - Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a method of extracting oil and natural gas from underground rock formations by injecting water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure to crack the rocks and release the fossil fuels. While fracking can boost energy production, it can also lead to environmental concerns such as groundwater contamination and earthquakes. - **Nuclear Energy** - Nuclear energy is produced through the process of nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom (usually uranium) is split, releasing large amounts of energy. This energy is used to generate electricity. While nuclear energy is low in carbon emissions, it creates radioactive waste that must be carefully managed and poses safety risks. - **Hydroelectric Energy** - Hydroelectric energy is power generated by using the movement of water, usually through dams on rivers, to spin turbines that generate electricity. It’s a renewable and clean energy source, as it doesn’t produce greenhouse gases, but it can have negative effects on local ecosystems and wildlife. - **Geothermal Energy** - Geothermal energy is heat from the Earth’s interior, used for heating and electricity generation. This energy is extracted from the Earth’s hot rocks and water reservoirs. It is a renewable source, as the Earth’s heat is virtually limitless, though its use can be limited by geographic location. - **Ecological Footprint** - An ecological footprint measures the amount of natural resources and energy a person, community, or country uses, compared to the Earth’s ability to regenerate those resources. A large ecological footprint means a higher demand on resources and more environmental impact, while a smaller footprint suggests more sustainable living practices. ## Ideas and Concepts - **Explain in paragraph format** - **What are the effects of the tectonic plates slowly moving around?** - Movement can cause ground shaking. - Can create new landforms. - Collisions can form mountain ranges. - Diverging plates can create ocean basins. - Can alter climates and environments. - **How does the rock cycle work?** - Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces or sediments. - Piles of sediment can form sedimentary rocks. - Heat and pressure can transform rocks into metamorphic rocks. - Magma can cool into igneous rocks. - **How did glaciers help shape Canada?** - Glaciers shaped valleys and coastlines. - They left rich soil in certain areas. - Melted glaciers formed lakes and rivers such as the great lakes. - The landscape changes support various wildlife. - **How do the 6 factors that affect climate affect different parts of Canada?** - Northern Canada: High latitudes result in colder temperatures, long winters, and short growing seasons. Southern Canada: Lower latitudes enjoy milder climates with longer growing seasons, supporting diverse agriculture and more populated areas. - The warm North Pacific Current leads to a temperate climate, milder winters, and more precipitation, allowing for lush forests and rich biodiversity for bc - Winds from the west can be dry, resulting in less precipitation and more temperature extremes, which can contribute to drought conditions for the prairies. - Higher elevations result in cooler temperatures and more precipitation, often in the form of snow. This can happen in places such as the rocky mountains. - Mountain ranges can block prevailing winds, leading to rain shadows in places such as the Appalachian mountains. - Proximity to oceans moderates temperatures, resulting in milder winters and cooler summers. This influences local agriculture and ecosystems. This happens to places such as bc or atlantic canada - **How does climate change affect different parts of Canada?** - Northern Canada: Ice melting, thawing permafrost, and shorter ice roads. - Prairies: Droughts, extreme weather, and insect infestations. - British Columbia: Wildfires, glacier retreat, and coastal erosion. - Central Canada: Heatwaves, flooding, and biodiversity loss. - **What are the causes of climate change? What are some solutions?** - Human activities release gases that warm the planet. - Find alternative activities - Cutting down forests reduces CO2 absorption. - Planting more and cutting less - Farming produces methane emissions. - Sustainable practices to cut down on emissions - **What are some concerns about Canada’s population?** - Canad has an aging population. - Urban areas face housing shortages. - High immigration rates without the proper resources. - Rural areas declining in population - Fewer young people leading to more elderly. - **What sort of impacts has China’s 1 child policy had on its society?** - Fewer young people leading to more elderly. - More boys than girls are being born. - Concerns over reproductive freedoms. - Many girls given up - **What could Japan do to try and fix its rapidly shrinking population problem?** - Starting financial incentives for having kids. - Better services for parents such as childcare. - Promote women’s participation in the workforce, especially mothers. - **How has Canada's population changed in the last few decades? How will it change in the next few decades?** - Canada has experienced steady population growth, largely due to immigration. - A huge increase in older adults as the baby boomer generation ages. - More people are living in urban areas, with major cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal becoming increasingly populated. - Canada’s population is expected to keep growing, primarily due to immigration. - Number of seniors will likely increase, leading to greater demand for healthcare and social services. - **What are some causes and effects of rapid population growth?** - A baby boom - More resources needed to keep up with the number of people - Fewer infant deaths mean population increases. - More people moving to urban areas - Higher crime rate - **What are some causes and effects of rapid population decline?** - Less interest in having children. - Young people are leaving for better opportunities. - A larger senior population compared to young people. - Many services might close such as schools. - **How important is immigration to Canadian society?** - Immigrants help fill labor shortages, which is good for canada’s economics - Immigration brings diversity to Canada’s culture. - As we have an aging population, more young immigrants are good. - **What are some pros and cons of the mosaic or melting pot system? Which one do you think is better?** - **Mosaic advantages:** include cultural diversity, higher tolerance and understanding for different cultures and overall a more inclusive society. - **Mosaic disadvantages:** potential for segregation, emphasizing cultural differences may lead to isolated groups, harder to achieve a sense of national unity as well. - **Melting pot advantages:** a strong sense of national unity and can make it easier for immigrants to adapt into a new country. - **Melting pot disadvantages:** a loss of cultural identity immigrants can feel that they have to abandon their culture, immigrants that have a harder time adapting may feel that they are being discriminated against. - **What are some of the main problems with modern cities?** - Cities are growing too quickly without the infrastructure to properly support the people. - Lots of car use resulting in traffic jams and longer wait times. - Rent and cost of housing are skyrocketing. - High crime rates make people feel unsafe. - Limited green spaces. - **How can we design more sustainable cities and neighbourhoods?** - Incroparating more green spaces. - Having a reliable public transport system makes it easier to travel the city without a car. - Improving and encouraging waste management to minimize landfill use. - Using a mixed use development style to reduce the need for long commutes. - Using a more green source of energy. - **Why is low-density urban sprawl a problem?** - People need to drive longer distances, contributing to traffic, pollution, and higher fuel use. - Expanding cities into natural areas can destroy ecosystems, farmland, and wildlife habitats. - Sprawling cities require more infrastructure which is more