Geo Exam Study Guide 1 PDF

Exam #1 Study guide- ch 1-3 Note: This study guide is subject to change. Once I have written the exam, I may add or delete a few items. All changes will be highlighted. Chapter 1: The Earth In Context Chapter 1 Practice What You Know (pages 42-43 in printed textbook): questions 12 (the when...

Exam #1 Study guide- ch 1-3 Note: This study guide is subject to change. Once I have written the exam, I may add or delete a few items. All changes will be highlighted. Chapter 1: The Earth In Context Chapter 1 Practice What You Know (pages 42-43 in printed textbook): questions 12 (the when is not important on question 12), 18, 21-24 Note: The listed questions are for study purposes only. You do not need to turn them in. But you really should answer them as you prepare for the exams. Figures to pay special attention to: Figure 1.21 A modern view of Earth’s Interior Layers Figure 1.22 A block diagram of the lithosphere emphasizing the difference between continental and oceanic crust Chapter 1 Study Guide question: Answers will be found in your textbook or class notes. Identify the continents and oceans on a map of the world. Also identify the Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea on a map of the world. What is the formula for a rate of movement? 𝑚 Practice rearranging simple formulas (formulas like 𝐷 = )- Not on test, but needed for class 𝑣 How did the Solar System form? How did the Earth and moon form? What is geology? Describe 2 ways geology affects your life personally. What % of the Earth’s surface is ocean? What % is land? What is differentiation? How did the core and mantle form? Name and describe the different materials that the Earth is made of. Draw and describe the structure of the Earth based on chemical properties Draw and describe the structure of the Earth based on physical properties. Include all layers in your diagram. Remember to use the terms lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere. What are the differences between oceanic and continental crust? (age, thickness, density, chemistry, rock type) Which is older- continental crust or oceanic crust? Why? Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics- The most important chapter in the book!! Chapter 2 Practice What You Know Questions (pages 82-83 in printed textbook): 1, 4 (ridge and trench only), 5, 9 (not the Moho part), 11, 12, 14-18 Figures to pay special attention to: Figure 2.2 Evidence for Pangaea based on the distribution of glacial features Figure 2.3 Evidence based on climatic belts Figure 2.4 Distribution of Fossil localities Figure 2.5 Further evidence of continental drift Figure 2.6 Bathymetric features of the ocean floor Figure 2.7 Examples of distinctive bathymetric features Figure 2.10 Harry Hess’s basic concept of seafloor spreading Figure 2.20 The locations of plate boundaries and the distributions of earthquakes (this one is really important!!) Figure 5.13 Volcanoes of the World (in chapter 5)  Figure 8.14 A Map of Epicenters (in chapter 8) Figure 2.22 Divergent plate boundaries Figure 2.24 Age of the seafloor Figure 2.27 The nature of convergent plate boundaries Figure 2.28 The concept of transform faulting Figure 2.31 The location of hot spot tracks Chapter 2 Study Guide question: Answers will be found in your textbook or class notes. Who developed the theory of continental drift? What was the name of Wegener’s supercontinent? What was the name of the ocean surrounding it? Briefly describe how the fit of the continents, mountain ranges, past climates, past glaciation, and distribution of fossils support Wegener’s idea of Continental Drift. What lines of evidence were added to develop Plate Tectonics? How does apparent polar wandering, magnetic reversals, and seafloor spreading support plate tectonics? Describe each of the following plate boundaries in detail and give examples of each: Divergent; Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent; Oceanic-Continental Convergent; Continental-Continental Convergent; and, Transform. Be able to identify specific examples of each plate boundary. (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, Aleutian Islands, Japan, Indonesia, Cascades, Andes, Himalayas, Alps. San Andreas Fault) Which type(s) of plate boundaries have earthquakes? Volcanoes? Is crust created or destroyed? What type of crust is destroyed? Describe what happens to the sea floor in terms of age, depth, and thickness moving from the center of a mid ocean ridge to a coastline. What is a subduction zone? Where do they form? Name two types of crust and 3 features formed in a subduction zone. Draw a diagram and label the different parts. What is a hot spot? How do they form? Name 2 examples. Describe how a hot spot track supports plate tectonics using an example. What does “intraplate” mean? Using your plate boundary map (there is one on page 63)- determine the type and name of the closest plate boundary traveling due East from Utah and due West from Utah. What is the tectonic setting of Utah? Explain in detail how Plate Tectonics explains the occurrence of each of the following: mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, deep-ocean trenches. What would the earth be like without plate tectonics? In March of 2011, a devastating earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. Explain the tectonic setting in detail that ultimately caused this earthquake. Describe seafloor spreading. How does seafloor spreading account for the distribution of ages of the ocean crust? Calculate the half and full spreading rates in cm/year for the locations in the table below. Keep in mind that there are 100,000 cm in 1 km (so 1100 km = 1100 x 100,000 cm). Ma = millions of years (So 64 Ma = 64,000,000 years) Location Distance From Age (Ma) Half-Spreading Full-Spreading Ridge (km) Rate (cm/year) Rate (cm/year) Pacific-Antarctic 1800 80 Nazca-Cocos 950 20 Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals Chapter 3 Practice What You Know Questions (pages 104-105 in the printed textbook): 1-3, 14-18 Figures to pay special attention to: Figure 3.3 Some characteristics of crystals Figure 3.7 Physical characteristics of minerals Table 3.1 Mohs hardness scale (You need to know how to use it and you need to know that glass = 5.5 and fingernail = 2.5, don’t memorize the whole scale) Figure 3.8 Mineral Cleavage and Fracture Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions: What is a mineral? What 6 conditions must be met for a substance to be considered a mineral? Are the following substances minerals? If not- Why not? Salt, Gold, Steel, Diamonds, Ice, Pearls, Coal, Brass, Copper, Sugar, Obsidian What are the key properties useful in identifying minerals (we discussed 10 of them)? Describe the process you would go through to identify a mineral. You need to know what they are and how they are used. You do not need to remember the specific details like the hardness of quartz or the specific gravity of feldspar. The only details pertaining to specific minerals that you need to know are listed below. Know how to identify a mirror plane and a rotation axis on a crystal Be familiar with the minerals we discussed in class. See notes below. Which minerals are mafic? Which minerals are felsic? Which minerals would you expect to find in the oceanic lithosphere? Which minerals would you expect to find in the continental lithosphere? Mineral Notes Mafic Minerals (dark color)- Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole Felsic Minerals (light color)- Quartz, Feldspar, Muscovite (Biotite is dark in color but is in the middle of the felsic-mafic scale. It is found more often as black specs in felsic rocks.) Quartz- most common, scratches glass, durable Halite- table salt, cubic cleavage, salty taste Calcite- fizzes in acid, rhombohedral cleavage Magnetite- magnetic Olivine- olive green color, sometime has black specs Pyrite- Fools gold Use the chart above for practice with mirror planes and rotation axis (use the red dot for your center point). Then practice on the figures below. Print this page or draw similar shapes and practice drawing mirror planes as seen in the figure above. Answers for rotation axis: Top row: 3, 4, 6, 2; Bottom row: 3, 2, 4, 6