Zoology Lecture Notes PDF

**ZOOLOGY LEC** **Zoology** -- scientific study of all aspects of animal life **THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD** -- systematic procedure of investigation. \- Precise method of obtaining info \- Search for relationships among things and processes **FLOW** - **Observation** phase -- new observations ar...

**ZOOLOGY LEC** **Zoology** -- scientific study of all aspects of animal life **THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD** -- systematic procedure of investigation. \- Precise method of obtaining info \- Search for relationships among things and processes **FLOW** - **Observation** phase -- new observations are made. Previous data are examined - **Hypothesis** attempt to explain available data and observations. Hypothesis must be **testable** \- Potential answers to questions being asked \- Derived from prior observations or from theories based on observations \- If hypothesis is very powerful in explaining phenomena, it becomes **theory** - The hypothesis is then tested through **experiment and/or observation** \- Must be **repeatable** \- Factual information resulting from the experiments are called **data** \- Important of experiment: **control** which is a replicate set up exactly like the experiment, except it does not have the factor being tested - Draw **conclusion** based on the data \- Accepting or rejecting the initial hypothesis \- **Hypotheses are said to be supported, but not proven** \- New hypothesis are generated from conclusions, and the process starts again \- A **theory** results when a group of related hypotheses are supported by many experiments \- MOST SURE OF THEORIES 1\. Theory of Abiogenesis 2\. Theory of Natural Selection The **Activity Model** process of scientific inquiry shows more complex interactions **THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE** 1\. **Creationism** A. Based on the book of Genesis in Bible B. plants and animals, then man and woman 2\. **Spontaneous Generation Theory** A. Anaximander and Aristotle B. Theory of Abiogenesis C. Life originated spontaneously from non-living things D. Disproved by **Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur** **Disproving** **1. Francesco Redi** -- jars with decaying meat: one was sealed, covered with gauze, and the other left exposed \- Maggots arose from the eggs of flies and not on the decaying meat **2. Lazzaro Spallanzani** -- microorganisms cannot grow in sterile medium \- Boiling chicken broth and sealing it, microorganisms will fail to grow \- Microorganisms came from preexisting microorganisms \- However, it was believed that Spallanzani removed air in his experiment **3. Louis Pasteur** -- fermented sugar solution and yeast mixture in a flask with a long swan neck \- The long neck of flask allowed to involve air in set-up and at the same time permitted him to have a sterile medium \- Airbone particles were kept, it remained sterile **3. Panspermia Theory** \- Svante August Arrhenius \- Life by means of spores coming from the outer space \- Meteorites contain organic compounds \- However, it was dismissed, no life form can born on hostile environment and fiery entry into atmosphere **4. Philosophical -- Theory of Eternity** \- Life has no beginning and no end; life has been right here from the beginning of time **5. Oparin-Haldane Theory** \- Chemical Evolution Theory \- Russian Chemist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin and English Geneticist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane \- Life arose spontaneously from inorganic matter under the environment existed on primitive earth \- Tested by Stanley Lloyd Miller and Harold Clayton Urey Hot Water -- Vapor -- Spark (Thunder) -- Condenser -- Collecting Chamber = Organic Compound  6\. **Theory of Evolution** \- Charles Robert Darwin \- On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection \- All living things have developed from primitive organisms through changes occurring over billions of years **FIVE RELATED THEORIES** **1. PERPETUAL CHANGE** \- The world and the organisms are living in it are always changing \- Supported by fossil record \- Properties of organisms undergo transformation across generations through time \- Theory upon which the remaining are based **2. COMMON DESCENT** **-** All forms of life descended form a common ancestor through branch of lineages \- Branching revolution three known as **phylogeny** \- Serves as basis for taxonomic classification of animals \- Descent with modification \- Supported by molecular work \- Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya **3. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES** \- New species are produced by the splitting and transforming of older species **4. GRADUALISM** \- Large differences result from the accumulation of small changes over long periods of time \- Sometimes changes can happen quickly **5. NATURAL SELECTION** **-** Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment **ADAPTATION** **-** Natural selection explains why organisms are constructed to meet the demands of their environments \- This result when the most favorable variants accumulate over evolutionary time