General Biology 1 (1st Quarter) PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 (1st Quarter Lessons)  Scanning Probe Microscope (Nanoscale levels) THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE I. The...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 (1st Quarter Lessons)  Scanning Probe Microscope (Nanoscale levels) THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE I. The Invention of Microscope  King Charles II of England- he was very interested in the study of the anatomy of insects. He asked Robert Hooke to work alongside him.  Romans- experimented with glasses by creating lenses with thick middle and thin edges; these became popular in the 13th century in eyeglasses that can magnify objects 6x-10x.  The word lens was derived from the Latin word “lentil” because it closely resembled the shape of lentil beans.  Zacharias Janssen- inventor of the first compound microscope with the help of his a.) Eyepiece (ocular lens)- lens at the top father Hans, by stacking several lenses of a microscope that the viewer looks together. through. The standard eyepiece has a  Robert Hooke (1665)- examined thin sliced magnification of 10x and may exchange of corks wherein he called the small with an optional eyepiece ranging from compartments as “cellula”. This was 5x – 30x. published in his book ‘MICROGRAPHIA: or b.) Eyepiece Tube- carries and holds the some Physiological Descriptions of Minute eyepiece in place aligning them perfectly with the objective lenses. Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with c.) Diopter Adjustment- corrector for Observations and Inquiries’. minor near- and far-sightedness.  Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek- created a d.) Interpupillary Adjustment- allows the microscope with a higher magnification. He oculars to be moved closer together or observed specimens such as bacteria, blood farther to match the user’s eye width. cells, protists which he called “animalcules”. e.) Head- connects the eyepiece and First scientists to observe sperm and egg objective lenses. cells of both animals and humans. f.) Arm- connects the head and the base. g.) Base- support of the microscope. h.) Objective Lenses- most important part of the microscope that collects the light II. Parts of the Microscope passing through the specimen and focus There are Different Types of Microscopes: the light beam to form a magnified image. The four objective lenses:  Simple Microscope (single lens)  Compound Microscope (Most common Scanning Objective Lenses (4x)- overview of the optical microscope; more than two lens) slide  Light Microscope (Most commonly used in Biology) Lower Power Objective Lens (10x)- general viewing  Electron Microscope (Beam of electrons purposes and high-resolution images)  Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope High Power Objective Lens (40x)- fine details (3D view of specimen) Oil Immersion Objective Lens (100x)- most powerful magnification. However, a special immersion oil (e.g., xylene oil) is needed because the refractive index of air and glass slide are slightly Omnis cellula e cellula = All cells arise from different. preexisting cells. i.) Nosepiece or Revolving Turret-  Robert Remak (1855)- a Jewish Scientist circular structure housing the objective that was believed to have discovered the 3rd lenses; turned to switch lenses. postulate when he proved cell division by j.) Specimen Stage- platform that supports hardening the cell membrane. the slides and has stage clips to hold the slides in place. II. The Theory of Spontaneous Aperture- hole in the stage wherein the beam of Generation light passes through. This theory was proposed by ARISTOTLE in the 4th Stage Controls: Larger knob (Forward and Century in which he believed that living organisms backward) Smaller bottom knob (moves left and could come from non-living matter. right).  Francesco Redi (1668)- an Italian k.) Coarse Focus Knob- bigger movement Physician that experimented on fresh meats to bring the specimen to near focus. in jars: first jar left open, second jar covered l.) Fine Adjustment Knob- minimal with gauze, and third jar sealed airtight. movement to sharpen the focus quality. Eventually, maggots grew on this open jar. m.) Illuminator- light source located at the  John Needham (1748)- an English Priest base (e.g., Halogen bulbs or LED lights) that believed boiling could kill n.) Condenser- collect and focus light from microorganisms, and so he boiled chicken the illuminator into the specimen (400x- broth in a container with a seal but few days above). later microorganisms were present. He is o.) Iris Diaphragm- located below the the only one that supported the theory, but condenser and can be adjusted to his testing was flawed because the broth change the intensity and size of the wasn’t boiled long enough at the right cone of light projected. temperature.  Lazarro Spallanzani (1767)- an Italian THE CELL THEORY Scientist that repeated Needham’s experiment by boiling chicken broth in two I. The Three Cell Theory Postulates flasks with the one sealed and the other is not. He observed that microorganisms grew  All organisms are composed of one or more on the unsealed flask. cells.  Louis Pasteur (1861)- used two S-shaped  Cells are the smallest and basic unit of flasks that are unsealed and boiled the structure and function in organisms. broth. Broke the neck of the first flask, and  Cells arise only from pre-existing cells. later became cloudy indication microbial growth through dust particles. The following scientist are the proposal of these theory:  Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1838)- a Germann Botanist at the University of Jena, Germany (Plant cells).  Theodor Schwann (1839)- a German Physiologist at the University of Louvain, Belgium (Animal cells).  Rudolf Carl Virchow (1858)- a German Physician who noticed that affected cells play a key role in diseases. He stated