Gen Psych Midterms Lesson 1 PDF

Jean Piaget Focused on children looked at overall development proposed a series of discrete stages that were evident by qualitative difference  Schemas the basic building blocks or units of knowledge.  Process to allow one stage to transition to anothe...

Jean Piaget Focused on children looked at overall development proposed a series of discrete stages that were evident by qualitative difference  Schemas the basic building blocks or units of knowledge.  Process to allow one stage to transition to another Piaget believed that intellectual growth was the result of adaptation and the need to always be in a state of equilibrium  Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Theory A theory that focuses on intellectual development through the progressive adaptation to the environment. Sensorimotor Pre-operational Concrete Formal Sensorimotor (0 - 2 yrs old) Interact actively Coordinated motor and sensation Absence of object permanence Pre-operational (2 - 7 yrs.) Egocentric or self-centred animism intuitive rather than logical solutions Growth in language Concrete (7 - 11 yrs) Ability to conserve Reversibility of thoughts Understanding of numbers Formal Operation (11 - 15 yrs.) Complete generality of thought Propositional thinking Development of strong idealism  Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug and this was much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.  Lawrence Kohlberg From a wealthy family; New York Smuggled Jewish refugees through Palestine Studied moral reasoning of children growing Studied Psychology; University of Chicago Professor, Harvard University Lawrence Theory of Moral Kohlberg Development pre conventional level - young children make moral judgments to obtain rewards and avoid punishment Conventional level - children make moral decisions based on what they think others will think of them Post-conventional level - judge on the basis of ethical principles  Psychosocial Stages of Development Basic trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame & doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generatively vs stagnation Integrity vs Despair  Trust vs Mistrust Develop a sense of security and comfort develop mistrust of others and the world  Autonomy vs Shame & doubt develop a sense of responsibility and learn progressive independence become dependent and insecure  Initiative vs Guilt Learn to plan and develop judgment develop guilt over all personal needs and desires  Industry vs Inferiority Meet the standard set by school society and develop interests and skills develop low self-esteem and a lack of discernible skills  Identity vs Confusion acquire sense of identity and direction develop an identity crisis  Intimacy vs Isolation Establish meaningful relationships become isolated Generatively vs Stagnation Help others and the future generation languish in a lack of productivity  Integrity vs Despair Accept past meaningful life or despair  Sensation results when any of the sense organs are stimulated.  Receptors Specialized cells that repond to stimulus Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors  Exteroceptors are located at the outer surface of the body and are stimulated by stimuli external to the organism.  Interoceptors are located in the linings of the viscera: the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems.  Proprioceptors are found in the linings of the muscles, tendons, and joints and are stimulated by energy changes resulting from the movement of these structures.  Threshold The minimum amount of stimulus or energy capable of exciting a receptor  Vision The range of wavelengths to which the eye is sensitive is from about 400 to 800 millimicrons. Human Eye 3 Layers of the Human Eye Sclerotic Coat Choroid Coat Retina  Light Receptors Rods — sensitive to light Cones — sensitive to color and normal light intensity  Fovea Centralis The area with the clearest vision  Blind spot The point where the optic nerve ends, devoid of rods and cones.  Myopia Inability to see far objects  Hyperopia inability to see near objects clearly  Presbyopia where the person is unable to focus clearly on near objects caused by aging  Astigmatism caused by the irregularity in the shape of the cornea.  Retinal Disparity refer to the difference in images received by each eye when focusing on an object.  Dark Adaptation the process which prepares the eyes to see under low illuminations.  Purkinje Phenomenon a shift in the relative brightness of colors as the intensity of illumination changes.  Color used loosely to mean all tints and shades.  Hue is the perceived dimension of color as red, green, blue and etc.  Brightness related to the intensity of the stimulus, generally the amount of illumination.  Saturation refers to the purity of the hue Psychological Primaries Red, Blue, Green and Yellow Complementary Colors any 2 hues opposite each other  Surface Colors Appearance of color we see in daily life  Color Blindness is a visual defeciency involving the colors red and green  Monochromacy complete colorblindness; all colors appear as shades of gray.  Dichromat refers to people with partial colorblindness.  3 types of dichromats deuteranopes protanopes tritanopes  Deuteranopes are those who are unable to distinguish between green-yellow-red section of the spectrum.  Protanopes see red as black or missing and green appears as whitish gray.  Tritanopes cannot see blue colors.  trichromats individuals with normal color reception.  Afterimages retinal impressions persist after the removal of a stimulus.  Positive Afterimages resembles the original colors.  Negative Afterimages displays complementary or opposite colors Theories of Color Vision 1. Young-Helmholts theory (1852) 2. Hering Theory (1874) 3. Ladd-Franklin Theory (1892)