General Biology 1 12 Q2 M12 PDF

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 2 – Module 12: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government age...

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 2 – Module 12: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City Development Team of the Self-Learning Module Writer: Joseph M. Ocate Editors: Ephraim M. Villacrusis Reviewers: Ephraim M. Villacrusis Illustrator: Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Carolina T. Revera, CESE OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division Education Program Supervisors Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE) Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM) Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City  General Biology 1 12 Quarter 2 Self-Learning Module 12 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 12 on Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource. This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.  For the Learner: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 12 on Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module. Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand. Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson. Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform. Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the lesson. Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson. Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.  EXPECTATIONS The module is about the aerobic and anaerobic respiration. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. define aerobic and anaerobic respiration; 2. differentiate aerobic and anaerobic respiration; and 3. appreciate the importance of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. PRETEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. All of the following are products of cellular respiration EXCEPT: A. Adenosine triphosphate C. Glucose B. Carbon dioxide D. Water 2. Which process is the first stage of anaerobic respiration? A. Citric acid cycle C. Glycolysis B. Fermentation D. Oxidative phosphorylation 3. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? A. Aerobic respiration creates oxygen, while anaerobic does not. B. Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while aerobic does not. C. Anaerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while aerobic does not. D. Aerobic respiration needs carbon dioxide to occur, while anaerobic does not. 4. Which of these is a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans? A. Aerobic respiration releases less energy than anaerobic respiration does. B. Anaerobic respiration produces ethanol but aerobic respiration does not. C. Glucose is completely broken down in aerobic respiration but not in anaerobic respiration. D. None of the above. 5. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the process of: A. Aerobic respiration C. fermentation B. Electron transport D. oxidative phosphorylation  RECAP Figure 1. Solar panels on roof of Asian Development Bank in Ortigas Center (Photo from ADB.org) The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established in December 19, 1966 which is headquartered in Ortigas Center. The company also has 31 field offices worldwide to support social and economic growth in Asia. The bank acknowledges the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. The ADB was closely modeled on the World Bank which has a similar weighted voting system in which votes are allocated in proportion to the capital subscriptions of members. ADB publishes an annual report summing up its operations, budget and other materials for review of the public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program enrolls about 300 students every year in academic institutions located in 10 countries in the Region. The scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries upon completion of their study programmes. ADB is an official Observer to the United Nations. The Asian Development Bank (ADB), as an institution that supports sustainable development in its program, agree years ago that its own building would be a showcase for sustainability. ADB decided to install a large rooftop solar system for several reasons. First, they believe in solar energy. If we are asking our developing member countries to adopt this technology under the Asia Solar Energy Initiative, they should also lead by example and produce solar energy from ADB headquarters. Second, they want to showcase how commercial buildings in Asia can reduce their carbon footprint and diversify energy supply with renewable energy. Finally, they want to increase demand for solar PV panels to reduce production costs and accelerate deployment of the technology. Activity 12.1. The solar panel installed on the roof of ABD building can be compared to what cell organelle of a plant and animal? Draw the cell organelle and explain your answer.  LESSON CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. A glucose molecule is slowly broken down into carbon dioxide and water during cellular respiration. Any ATP is generated directly in the glucose transforming reactions along the way. Tet ATP is generated much more later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is driven by electrons passing through the electron transport chain, a sequence of proteins found in the mitochondrion’s inner membrane. These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers NAD + and FAD which become NADH and FADH2 when they gain electrons. Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically and anaerobically. Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm as well as in the mitochondria. It is a set of reactions occurring in the presence of the oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a set of reactions occurring in the absence of oxygen which breaks down food into simple organic compounds, generating energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Basis for Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration comparison C6H1206 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + C6H12O6 → C2H50H + CO2 + Equation energy energy Oxygen is absorbed and carbon Exchange of gases does not take Exchange of dioxide is released place however some gases like gases sulfur and nitrogen gases are released by some organism. Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP Maximum yield of 2 ATP Energy molecules per glucose molecules per glucose for produced obligate anaerobes Complete breakdown of glucose Partial degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water with without the use of oxygen the use of oxygen. The presence (obligate anaerobes). Cause Oxidation of enough oxygen in the cell burning sensation in the muscle makes the cell perform its job during strenuous exercise (in smoothly without burning fermentation). sensation. More efficient in harvesting Less efficient in harvesting energy from glucose with energy from glucose with 2% Efficiency estimated 39% energy efficiency energy efficiency (for oblate (36-38 ATP) in eukaryotic anaerobes)  organisms but much higher ATP production (38-40 ATP) in prokaryotic organisms Electrons in NADH are Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron transport transferred to electron transport Electron chain chain; but in fermentation transport electrons in NADH are transferred to organic molecule Mechanisms of ATP synthesis is Mechanisms of ATP synthesis is by substrate-level and oxidative by substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation/chemiosmosis. phosphorylation/chemiosmosis; Mechanisms but in fermentation substrate- level phosphorylation only during glycolysis. Multiple metabolic pathways Single metabolic pathway (in Pathway fermentation) Outputs are carbon dioxide, Outputs are lactate, alcohol and water and ATP carbon dioxide (in fermentation); Outputs but reduced inorganic compound. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Basis for Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration comparison Location Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative Mechanism phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in producing ATP molecules Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a redox Electron coenzyme that accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen that transport becomes NADH Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule. Process Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that take place in the cytoplasm. Cells Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells  ACTIVITIES Activity 12.2. Label the parts of a mitochondrion. 1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________ Activity 12.3. Label the three main stages of cellular respiration on the illustration of the complete process. Activity 12.4. Write the general chemical equation of aerobic respiration.  WRAP-UP Activity 12.5. Using the Venn diagram, compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration? anaerobic aerobic respiration respiration VALUING Activity 12.6. Explain the quote in relationship to the topic discussed. “One knows that after violent exercise, one breathes heavily for some time: the more violent the exercise, the longer one’s respiration is labored”- Archibald Hill  POSTTEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What are the products of anaerobic respiration? A. Glucose and oxygen C. carbon dioxide B. Lactic acid D. water 2. Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place? A. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm B. Mitochondria D. Cell membrane 3. How do cells release energy stored in ATP? A. by releasing adenosine in ATP B. by releasing a phosphate bond in ATP C. by trapping ATP from carbohydrates D. by combining ATP molecules in chlorophyll 4. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration energy is transferred by the ___. A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. oxidation of glucose D. respiration 5. ___ happens in muscles during vigorous exercise when there is insufficient oxygen. A. Anaerobic respiration C. Lactic acid B. Does not use oxygen D. Respiration  KEY TO CORRECTION PRETEST ACTIVITY 12.2. 1. C 1. INNER MEMBRANE 2. C 2. OUTER MEMBRANE 3. B 3. OUTER MEMBRANE 4. B 4. MATRIX 5. C 5. CRISTAE POSTEST ACTIVITY 12.3 1. A 2. C 1. GLYCOLYSIS 3. B 2. KREBS CYCLE 4. C 3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 5. C ACTIVITY 12.4 C6H1206 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP References Brenner, Charles. 2019. "Cellular Respiration." Access Science 82-90. D'Amico, Gabriela, Francis Lam, Thilo Hagen, and Salvador Moncada. 2006. "Inhibition of cellular respiration by endogenously produced carbon monoxide." Journal of Cell Science 126-138. Fidler, J.C. 1951. "A Comparison of the Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration of Apples." Journal of Experimental Biology 41-64. Hill, Geoffrey E. 2014. "Cellular Respiration: The Nexus of Stress, Condition, and Ornamentation." Integrative and Comparative Biology 645-657. Panawala, Lakna. 2017. "Difference Between Aerobic and Anaerobic." PEDIAA 1-12. Sanderson, Sarah A., Tanya Gupta, and Kimberly A. Penning. 2008. "Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration." Iowa Science Teachers Journal 17-22. 2020. Sapkota, Anupama. July 10. Accessed August 25, 2020. https://microbenotes.com/aerobic-vs- anaerobic-respiration/.