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The Human Population and Urbanization Population Growth - Population growth 4. Natality - The birth rate, also known as the birth rate, is the number of individuals refers to the change in the number of...

The Human Population and Urbanization Population Growth - Population growth 4. Natality - The birth rate, also known as the birth rate, is the number of individuals refers to the change in the number of born per unit of time in a population. individuals in a population per unit time, affecting any species but primarily humans. 5. Mortality - also known as the death rate, is the number of individuals who die within Demography - is the study of human a specific period of time. populations, focusing on three main demographic processes: birth, migration, POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE and aging (including death). The age structure of a population, influenced by factors like birth, Thomas Malthus - best known for his death, and migration, represents the theory that population growth will always proportion of people in different age tend to outrun the food supply and that groups at a specific time. betterment of humankind is impossible without stern limits on reproduction. It shows the distribution of people across different age groups, such as Malthusianism. children, working-age adults, and the elderly. It influences economic The theory states that the supply of food growth, healthcare needs, and social cannot keep up with the growth of the services. human population, inevitably resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity. It is common in demography to split the population into three broad age Urbanization - Population shift from rural groups: to urban areas, resulting in decreased rural population, and societal adaptations, can children and young adolescents also lead to population growth in urban (under 15 years old) areas. the working-age population (15–64 years) the elderly population (65 years and older) CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION WHAT IS AGE PYRAMID? 1. Population Size - is the number of An age pyramid is a graph displaying individuals in population. population distribution by age and sex, providing insights into birth, 2. Population Density - is the number of death, and overall population growth. individuals in a population per unit area. TYPES OF AGE PYRAMID 3. Population Distribution - Describes how the individuals are distributed, or spread - Expansive Age Pyramid throughout their habitat. - Stationary Age Pyramid - Constructive/Constrictive Age Pyramid Expansive Age Pyramid Expansive population pyramids feature a broad base, showing a high proportion of young people. This shape typically indicates high fertility rates and lower life expectancies. Examples of countries having expansive pyramids are: India and Nigeria. This shape often shows in developing countries. Stationary Age Pyramid Stationary population pyramids, characterized by a stable, equal proportion of people in each age group, indicate low birth and death rates, with examples like Germany and Sweden. Constructive/Constrictive Age Pyramid A constructive age pyramid, a beehive-like shape with a bulge, indicates a declining birth rate and aging population, with examples like Japan and Italy. POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS of K-SELECTED STRATEGIES SPECIES - Mature late Population ecologists propose that - Greater longevity species evolve characteristics, - Increased parental care leading to adaptations that affect - Strong competitors population growth, with K-selected - Fewer offspring species and r-selected species on a - Larger offspring continuum of life-history strategies. POPULATION CHANGE K-SELECTED SPECIES There are three components of change: births, deaths, and are adapted to stable, predictable migration. The change in the environments. Populations of population from births and deaths is K-selected species tend to exist close often combined and referred to as to their carrying capacity (which is natural increase or natural change. represented by the letter "K" in the Populations grow or shrink depending on if they gain people equation for logistic population faster than they lose them. growth). Natural Change (Birth) These species tend to have larger, but Natural change in a population refers fewer, offspring, contribute large to the difference between births and amounts of resources to each deaths. When births exceed deaths, it results in natural increase. offspring, and have long generation times. Elephants would be an For instance, the Salt Lake City example of a K-selected species. metro area in Utah experienced a natural increase of about 12,700 R-SELECTED SPECIES people between 2014 and 2015, with approximately 19,100 births and are adapted to unstable and 6,400 deaths during that time. unpredictable environments. They have large numbers of small Natural Change (Death) offspring. Animals that are r-selected Natural decrease occurs when deaths do not provide a lot of resources or outnumber births, leading to parental care to offspring, and the population decline, particularly in offspring are relatively self-sufficient aging regions. From 2014 to 2015, at birth. Maine had 450 more deaths than births, while West Virginia had 940, Examples of r-selected species are contributing significantly to their marine invertebrates such as jellyfish population shrinkage during that and plants such as the dandelion. period. MIgration 4. Internal Migration Migration is the movement of people - Migration is on the rise, from one area to another. It is often influenced by factors such as expressed as net migration, which is economic opportunities, the difference between how many conflicts, and climate change. people move into and out of an area. 5. Regional Variations When net migration is positive, a - Population growth is uneven population has more people moving across regions. Sub-Saharan in than out. Africa is expected to account for a substantial portion of TRENDS IN THE WORLD AND global growth, nearly doubling its population by POPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 2050. Migration is the movement of people POPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES from one area to another. It is often expressed as net migration, which is The population of the Philippines is the difference between how many projected to reach approximately people move into and out of an area. 119.1 million by mid-2024, When net migration is positive, a representing a growth rate of 1.51% population has more people moving from the previous year. in than out. 1. Slowing Population Growth - The global population, currently over 8 billion, is expected to grow at a decelerating rate, reaching approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. 2. Aging Population - As birth rates decline and life expectancy increases, the proportion of older individuals (aged 60 and over) is projected to rise from 13% to 21% by 2050. 3. Urbanization - Urbanization is accelerating, with the global urban population expected to increase from 55% in 2018 to 68% by 2050.  FOOD, SOIL AND PEST maximize crop yield. MANAGEMENT a. Polyculture - where crops are grown - These components form the at the same time and same field foundation for sustainable b. Monoculture - where a single crop agriculture. As the global population is grown over a large area. grows and environmental challenges intensify, knowing these factors and 2. Aquaculture - The farming of aquatic how they interact is essential for organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and ensuring food security and seaweed, in controlled environments. environmental protection. Example: Raising tilapia or farming shrimp FOOD PRODUCTION in artificial ponds/tanks. - Is the process of turning raw ingredients into edible products. It EFFECTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION includes growing crops, raising animals, and planting. It occurs at Advantages home and industries, to maintain 1. Offers job opportunities for people sustainability and food safety. like chefs, vendors, waiters, and farmers. HOW DO WE PRODUCE FOOD? 2. Proper distribution of food, makes the food available to all. There are three (3) main systems that 3. Reduce poverty and improve produce most of our foods: economic growth. - Croplands - 77% - Rangelands - 16% Disadvantages - Aquaculture - 7% 1. Lead to climate change, from burning leftover crops that creates TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCTION pollution. 2. Waste and sewage from industries 1. Agriculture - The process of could cause damage to human health. cultivating soil, growing crops, and 3. Water and soil pollution especially raising animals for food, fiber, and from using chemicals like fertilizers other products. & pesticides. 4. Extinction of many species, and Example: Growing rice, corn, and raising greenhouse gas emissions. cattle or chickens on a farm. FOOD SECURITY I. Organic Agriculture (Low Input - Food security is a complex issue that Agriculture) - avoids synthetic intertwines with both environmental chemicals and emphasizes the use of and social factors. It is defined as natural processes and materials. ensuring that all people have physical, social, and economic II. Industrial Agriculture (High Input access to sufficient, safe, and Agriculture) - relies on fertilizers, nutritious food at all times. pesticides, and herbicides to  KEY COMPONENTS OF FOOD nutrients necessary for plant growth. SECURITY There are different types of soil: Sandy, 1. Availability - This means that Clay, and Loamy soil. enough food is physically present for the entire population, whether it’s Sandy - Sandy soils are light, dry, produced locally or brought in warm, low in nutrients and are often through imports. acidic. 2. Access - Refers to having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods Clay - Clay soils are heavy, high in for a nutritious diet. nutrients, wet and cold in winter and 3. Utilization - This means that people baked dry in summer. make appropriate use of food, based on knowledge of basic nutrition and Loamy - Loamy soils are mixtures care, and have access to water and of clay, sand and silt that avoid the sanitation for preparing food and extremes of each type. maintaining proper hygiene. 4. Stability - refers to consistency of Benefits of Soil food availability, access, and - Soil is important in terms of agriculture, utilization. soil is crucial for growing plants, though not all soils are suitable for every plant. A CHALLENGES TO FOOD SECURITY balanced mix of minerals, along with proper water retention and oxygen availability, is - Climate Change - Rising essential for healthy plant development. temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and extreme weather disrupt food Problems of Soil production. - Soil degradation happens due to overuse - Soil Degradation - Soil erosion, and deforestation, leading to severe global deforestation, and over-farming impacts around the world such as landslides, reduce arable land. floods, increased in pollution, desertification - Water Scarcity - Droughts and and a decline in global food production. overuse threaten agriculture. - Population Growth - Increased Conservation of Soil demand for food stresses - Planting trees and constructing terraces are ecosystems. highly effective methods to prevent soil erosion. Moreover, contour plowing and SOIL AS NATURAL RESOURCES no-till farming methods help maintain soil stability and prevent it from becoming too - Soil is a vital natural resource found loose. on Earth, playing a crucial role in supporting all forms of life through plant growth, water regulation, and providing habitat for various organisms. It forms through the continuous breakdown of rocks by weathering and contains essential Soil is indeed a vital natural resource, reducing the risk of land degradation crucial for many ecological and human and maintaining soil health. processes. Its importance can be understood through several key aspects: 6. Construction and Engineering: Soil is a critical component in 1. Foundation for Agriculture: Soil construction and engineering. The supports plant life by providing type and quality of soil affect the essential nutrients, water, and a stability and safety of buildings, medium for root growth. This makes roads, and other infrastructure. Soil it fundamental for agriculture, which testing is a standard practice in civil supplies food, fiber, and other engineering to ensure proper resources essential for human construction. survival. SOIL PROBLEMS 2. Water Filtration and Storage: Soil plays a critical role in filtering and - These are various issues that degrade purifying water. It acts as a natural the quality and functionality of soil, filter, removing pollutants and toxins affecting its ability to support plant from water as it percolates through growth, maintain ecosystems, and the ground. Additionally, soil can carry out vital environmental store water, which is essential for functions. maintaining groundwater levels and supporting ecosystems. Soil Degradation - Is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor 3. Habitat for Organisms: Soil is management, usually for agricultural, home to a diverse array of industrial or urban purposes. It is a serious organisms, including environmental issue. The following are the microorganisms, insects, and larger forms of soil degradation: animals. These organisms contribute to soil health by breaking down 1. Soil Pollution organic matter, aiding in nutrient The contamination of soil by cycling, and supporting plant growth. harmful substances which can affect the quality, fertility 4. Carbon Sequestration: Soil acts as and the ability of the soil to a carbon sink, storing carbon dioxide support plant growth. This is from the atmosphere. This process usually caused by chemical helps mitigate climate change by waste disposal which can be reducing greenhouse gasses. Healthy toxic to plants, animals and soils can sequester more carbon, even humans. making soil management practices 2. Soil Erosion important for climate mitigation. A gradual process in which soil particles deteriorate, this 5. Erosion Control: Healthy soils, is typically caused by natural especially those with good organic forces such as wind and content and structure, help prevent water, or through human erosion. Plant roots stabilize the soil, activities. Soil erosion can  lead to reduced agricultural SOIL AND PEST MANAGEMENT productivity and degradation of natural landscapes. - Soil and pest management is about 3. Soil Acidification keeping the soil healthy and This is a process by which a controlling pests in farming to grow soil becomes increasingly better crops while protecting the acidic. Acidification can environment. impair nutrient availability, harm plant roots, reduce soil Different methods to manage soil and biodiversity, and negatively pests impact agricultural productivity and soil health Soil Management 4. Soil Salinization Healthy Soil: Good soil helps plants This occurs when there is a grow strong by providing nutrients gradual increase, gain or and holding water. accumulation of soluble salts Testing Soil: Farmers check the in the soil, this is often soil’s pH and nutrients to know what caused by improper farming it needs. practices, which can cause Adding nutrients: Things like reduced soil fertility, hinder composts or manure are added to plant growth, reduce crop improve the soil. yields and degrade soil Crop Rotation: Changing crops structure. each season helps prevent pests and keeps the soil rich. Ways to prevent soil problems Cover Crops: Special plants are Improve irrigation - using better grown to protect the soil from techniques and technologies to water erosion and improve it. crops efficiently, ensuring that plants get enough water without wasting it Pest Management or causing harm to the soil. Pests: These are insects, weeds, or Manage Waste - by reducing diseases that can harm crops. contamination, promoting soil health Integrated Pest Management through composting, and minimizing (IPM): A mix of methods to control pollution and erosion. pests while being safe for the Replant trees - This helps by environment. reducing erosion, improving soil Natural Predators: Using other structure and fertility, enhancing insects or animals to control pests. water retention, and preventing Good Farming Practices: Cleaning nutrient runoff. fields, rotating crops, and planting Regularly test soil - provides crucial resistant crops. information about nutrient levels, pH Pesticides: Used only when balance, and contamination, allowing necessary and in a safe way. for informed adjustments to maintain soil health and prevent degradation.