GECC-8-Midterm-Reviewer-Chapter-2-9.pdf
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GECC 8 – Art Appreciation GECC 8 Midterm Reviewer (Chapter 2-9) - Technique is a crucial element that differentiates art from craft Chapter 2: THE ART MEDIA THE ART MEDIA...
GECC 8 – Art Appreciation GECC 8 Midterm Reviewer (Chapter 2-9) - Technique is a crucial element that differentiates art from craft Chapter 2: THE ART MEDIA THE ART MEDIA MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS - Most common visual arts are MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE paintings, sculptures, and architecture. Medium - Latin word “medium” Painting - Denotes the means by which an artist - The art of creating meaningful effects on communicates his ideas a flat surface by the use of pigments. Different Types of Paint Visual Arts 1. Watercolor - invites brilliance and a - Mediums that can be seen and occupy variety of hues but is space difficult to handle as a medium 2. Fresco - must be done quickly Two classes of Visual Arts because it is an exacting medium 1. Dimensional or two dimensional arts a. Examples include are: a. Examples: painting, drawing, Michelangelo’s “The printmaking and photography Creation of Adam” in the Sistine 2. Three dimensional arts Chapel Ceiling a. Examples: sculpture, 3. Tempera - one of the favorite architecture, landscape, mediums of many painters throughout community planning, the Middle Ages and early industrial designs Renaissance, before oil was adopted. and 4. Pastel - a very flexible medium, crafts however, it is difficult to preserve the finished product in its original Auditory arts freshness - Mediums that can be heard and 5. Encaustic - one of the early mediums expressed in time. Some examples used by the Egyptians for the painted include music and literature. portrait on mummy cases 6. OIl - one of the most expensive art Technique activities today and is the heaviest of - The manner in which the artist controls painting media. his medium to achieve the desired 7. Acrylic - contemporary painters favor effect. this medium for its blend of watercolor's transparency and quick- THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM drying properties with the flexibility of oil. - The artist conceptualizes, feels, and 8. Mosaic - a picture or decoration made materializes his vision through his of small pieces of inlaid colored chosen medium stones or glass called “tesserae”. - Artists use multiple mediums to give 9. Stained Glass - meaning on their creative work common in further. Gothic cathedrals and churches 10.Tapestry - a fabric consisting of a warp THE ARTIST AND HIS TECHNIQUE upon which colored threads are - Even when using the same medium, woven by hand to produce a artists’ technique vary from one design another 11.Drawing - is usually done on paper using pencil, pen and ink or charcoal GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 12.Bistre - a brown pigment extracted is shaped by from the soot of wood hammering 13.Crayons - pigments bound by wax and d. Gold and silver - used as compressed into painted sticks for casting materials for small drawing objects 14.Charcoal - these materials are e. Lead - a bluish-gray metal obtained by heating wood or other used for casting and organic substances in the absence of forging oxygen 5. Plaster - is shaped over an armature 15.Silverpoint - the artist uses a technique made of metal wires and rods, along of drawing with a silver stylus. This with other metals and fibers. medium was popular during the 6. Clay - a natural earthly material that Renaissance period has the nature of plasticity when wet 16.Printmaking - a print is anything 7. Glass - a medium that is hard, brittle printed on a surface that is a direct and transparent substances that is result from a duplicating produced by process. fusion a. Woodcut b. Engraving c. 8. Wood - is easier to carve compared to Relief d. Intaglio e. Stencil other mediums printing 9. Terra cotta - the tenderest sculptural material Sculpture - The most important thing to consider in Architecture sculpting is the - One of the primary purposes of material architecture is to fulfill human needs, which serves as its guiding principle. 1. Stone - A hard, brittle material made These needs are: from minerals and earth, resulting in a granular, dull appearance. 1. Physical Needs a. Examples include granite, 2. Emotional Needs sandstone, basalt, marble, and 3. Intellectual Needs 4. Psychosocial limestone. Needs 2. Jade - A beautiful, vibrant stone, a. for recognition (prestige, civic and typically green in color, that was personal) extensively used in Ancient b. for response (for love, friendship China. and sociability) 3. Ivory - Derived from the primary FACTORS IN THE CHOICE AND USE OF sections of elephant tusks, it is used to ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS create carvings and billiard balls. 4. Metals - Its main quality is that it can 1. Structural Property be shaped into any direction or 2. Physical Property formed under great pressure without 3. Weakness of Material breaking. 4. Longevity of Material a. Bronze - one of the most 5. Other inherent properties universally popular metals for 6. Orher non-inherent properties sculpture. b. Brass - not popularly used by artists because of its CLASSIFICATION OF limitations as a medium ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS c. Copper - used (SALVAN, 1999) as a costing The materials used in architecture are classified medium and into three 1. Materials of Nature GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 2. Materials Made by Man 2. Wood - Not a permanent 3. Indigenous Materials material. - Common building material Materials of Nature before the 90’s/ These are direct products of - Advantages: abundance, nature. relative durability, and high Require only shaping and minor tensile and compressive conditioning. strength. Materials Manufactured by Man `Examples of materials of nature are the Constitute the majority of the building following: materials and require manipulation of man. 1. Stone Basically, products of nature - Oldest and most permanent manipulated to get the final product. material. Examples - Used in most of the great architecture of the world 1. Ceramic Materials - Manufactured in a. Concrete different ways. - a building material made of sand - Clay and gravel mixed with cement. - Glass = hard, brittle, smooth, - For stronger structures, ferro- and usually transparent concrete or reinforced concrete is ceramic. It is a fuse of silica used. and base of lime/ lead oxide through fire. b. Lime Stones - A type of stone with fine, even texture 2. Metals and its colors range from a light - Iron and other metals were cast cream to a buff from a light gray to in form to be utilized in diverse a darker, bluish gray. products. a. Bronze b. Wrought iron c. Granite - Elastic and fibrous - Coarse-grained stone is useful for - Worked upon anvil white it’s large, bold forms with little hot or cooling. carving. - Hardest and the most durable of the c. Copper types of stones. - Ductile - Has a protective green d. Marble carbonated upon its - It is a type of limestone sufficiently surface which gives an close in texture to admit of being interesting quality to the polished. material. - Two types of marble: (1) Breciated marble - angular d. Chrome-nickel steel fragments - It is a hard, non-corrosive (2) Serpentine marble - useful for metal which can lend variegated patterns. itself to welding, stamping, and forging. e. Sandstone - Widely used in buildings which e. Aluminum have informal character than - A white metal and noted for its formal ones. lightness. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation f. Monel Metal stand up well to tension, but have - A mixture of nickel and copper low thermal conductivity. with an addition of iron, silica, and manganese. - Non-corrossive. g. Nickel Silvers MEDIUMS OF THE - It is characterized as soft and has PERFORMING ARTS dull textures that combines well Performing arts are those that are with marble and wood. performed by artists usually on stage and often places. 3. Concrete Materials When heard and seen simultaneously, - Known for their easy availability, these arts become combined arts. durability, fluidity, and other physical properties. Music - Contributes greatly to the aesthetic Music is art and culture is reflected in quality of the building. art. Music deals with sound. Vocal Music - Mediums of music are 4. Plastics the sound produced by man. - Opens up new architectural form Instrumental Music - Sound and designs in the field of produced by an instrument. architecture. - Smooth, hard, permanent, light, The Vocal Music transparent or opaque, and durable. It is the oldest and natural form of music. 5. Indigenous Materials Our voice is produced by the - Materials are found in the locality vibrations of the vocal chords in the and are widely used for sculpture larynx (voice box). and architecture. 1. Correct Posture - Standing correctly a. Sawali - These materials are the allows the air in the different body outer covering of bamboo poles as cavities to vibrate and flow fully. a woven material for cement backing. b. Coco Coir - A by-product material 2. Correct Breathing - of a coconut used as sandwich Diaphragmatic breathing is panels for insulation and to advisable. minimize the use of cement. 3. Correct Placement of the Voice - c. Bagasse - A sugar cane waste used Project the voice upward towards the for insulation or cement backing. head to produce a good tonal quality. d. Abaca - A fiber material obtained 4. Correct Diction - Diction has nothing from the leafstalk of a banana to do with air vibration but it is plant. Found mainly in the Bicol important singing utterance. Good region. diction includes correct e. Bamboo - Has low degree of pronunciation, clean enunciation, and elasticity, low concrete adhesion, distinc articulation. wide variable moisture content and 5. Correct Interpretation - The text are very useful in sculptural and and the music convey the meaning of architectural forms and designs. the song. The face, eyes, hands, and f. Palm Frond Stems - other parts of the body also assist in conveying the meaning of the song. Susceptible to termites and have to be replaced every 4 to 5 years, and CLASSIFICATION OF VOCAL MUSIC Long vocal forms include: should be shielded by solignum g. Mud Bricks - These materials are brittle, has less strength, cannot GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 1. Opera - drama set to music Alto or Contralto - the tone is with action, custom and richer and fuller. scenery. 2. Cantata - a story told in 2. Men’s Voices music; no action. Tenor - highest type in men’s 3. Oratorio - A form of dramatic voices. music also consisting of an Baritone - voice overture, areas, recitatives, is between tenor and and ensembles based on bass. biblical stories. Bass - lowest and deepest 4. Moro-Moro - A Philippine voice quality. drama set to music that depicts Christian and THE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC non-Christian conflicts. - Musical instruments are the second 5. Zarzuela - A Philipine drama medium in music. set to music that is similar to Different forms of instrumental music are the opera. classified into: Short vocal forms include: 1. Sonata 1. Folk Songs - Long composition for solo 2. Art Songs instrument, consisting of large 3. Kundiman’ sections called movements. 4. Balitaw - Movements are allegro, andante, and rondo. - 5. Donza-babanera 6. Anthem Example is Sonata in C Major by Wolfgang A. 7. Motet Mozart 8. Madrigal 2. Suite 9. Ballad - Series of musical pieces that 10.Chorale tells a story 11. Round/Cannon - Music that tells a story is 12.Area called Program Music - Music that tells NO story is VOICE CLASSIFICATION called Absolute Music Voice differs considerably according to timbre 3. Symphony (quality) and range. As to timbre, they are - Sonata for the orchestra classified into women’s and men’s voice. - Ludwig Van Beethoven being the greatest musician for his 1. Women’s Voice immortal symphonies Soprano - Tone is lighter in 4. Concreto character, less somber and - Sonata for solo and orchestra frequently more designed to show-off the flexible. It is classified into virtuosity of the soloist. ○ Coloratura soprano 5. Chamber Music - highest and lightest of all - Written for two solo voices. instruments (violins and ○ Mezzo-soprano - it is a flutes) medium high in - Also with basso continuo (low tonal quality string and keyboard) ○ Lyric Soprano - less - Classified into: Sonata da high and flute-like. camara and Sonata and da chiesa GECC 8 – Art Appreciation Different Musical Instruments 1. Realism - The attempt to portray the subject as 1. The Strings it is. - Guitars, Violins, Ukulele, etc. - Artist's main function is to describe as 2. The Brasses accurately and honestly as possible - Trumpets, French Horn, Tuba, what is observed through the lenses etc. - Realism tended to stress the daily life 3. The Woodwinds of the common man. - Flute, clarinet, Piccolo, etc. 4. Percussion Instruments 2. Abstraction - “To move away or - Cymbals,Xylophone, Bass separate”. Drums, etc. - Abstract art moves away from showing things as they really are. Properties of Musical Sound A. Distortion - Subject is in misshapen 1. Pitch condition, or the - Highness or lowness of a tone in the regular shape is twisted out. musical scale B. Elongation - Sounds are caused by vibration - Subject is being - Musical note and noise are both lengthened, caused by something vibrating\ protraction or an extension. 2. Duration C. Mangling - This property sound depends on the - Subjects or objects are length of time over which vibration is cut, lacerated, maintained. mutilated or hacked repeatedly with blows. 3. Volume - This refers to force or percussive effects D. Cubism as a result of which the tone strikes us - Subject is shown in the as being loud or soft. use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the expense of other 4. Timbre or tone color pictorial elements. - Refers to individual quality of the E. Abstract Expressionism sound produced by other instruments. - Subjects shown with Literature strong color, heavy impastor, uneven - The world's languages are the means brush strokes and of literature and rough textures. combining arts - The ideal approach is to compare a number of translations 3. Symbolism - Literature and mixed arts are - A symbol is a visible sign of communicated through language something invisible, such as an idea Methods of Art or quantity. Production and - These well-known symbols arise from conventional usage, association, and Presentation general relationships. - The artist rises different methods to express the idea he wants to make clear. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 4. Fauvism never harsh or stern since they are formed by - It tries to reveal a new and higher a gradual change in direction. reality than that of daily life. - Subjects are used to show what is Types of Straight lines: inside a man’s mind as well as the appearance of his outside world. 1. Horizontal Lines - lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and quiescence. 5. Dadaism 2. Vertical lines - Lines poised for action. They - “Dada” in french means hobby horse. suggest poise, balance, force, aspiration, - The name was chosen because it was exaltation, and dynamism. nonsensical 3. Diagonal lines - Lines that suggest - Tried to shock and provoke the public action,life, and movement. The give with outrageous pieces of writing, animation to any composition in which they poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. appear. 6. Futurism Kind of Curved lines: - Paintings glorifies the mechanical energy of modern life. 1. Crooked or Jagged lines - Lines that express energy, violence,conflict, and struggle. 7. Surrealism - Influenced by Freudian psychology. Lines may also be classified into three - Surrealism uses art as a weapon against groups: evil and restrictions seen in society. 1. Lines which follow or repeat one another 2. Lines which contrast with one another 8. Expressionism 3. Transitional lines - Believed in the necessity of spiritual rebirth for man in an age that was fast Color - of all the elements of art, color has becoming influenced by materialism. the most aesthetic appeal and is a property of - The emotional expression in paintings light. could be described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence, chaos, tragedy and Three Dimensions of Color: defeat. 1. HUE - The dimension of color that gives Chapter 3: ELEMENTS OF VISUAL color its name. AND PERFORMING ARTS Kinds of Hues: Primary hues - Red, Blue, and Yellow Secondary hues - Orange, Green, and ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS Violet. Line - an important element at the disposal of every artist. 2. Value - Sometimes called " chiaroscuro ", Kinds of lines: refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. They give the expression of depth and 1. Straight Line - The basic framework of solidity and lend form to paintings. many forms, it suggests efficiency, simplicity, and strength. It moves in one Types of Value: direction only and it may be either horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. 1. Tints - Values that are above the normal 2. Curved Lines - Lines that suggest grace, Example: Pink , Sky- Blue subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility, joyousness, and grace. They are 2. Shade - Values below the normal Example : Maroon, Navy - blue GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 3. Intensity - Refers to the brightness or 1. Linear perspective darkness of a color and it gives color - The representation of an appearance of strength. distance by means of converging lines. 2. Aerial perspective Color Harmonies 1. Related color harmonies - The representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone and color. Monochromatic harmony - made up of several tones of one hue, these are the simplest and easiest to use. Space - In painting, as in architecture, space is of great importance. Example: Orange, tan, brown and other tones from the orange family. Form - Applies to the over-all design of a Adjacent or neighboring harmony - two or work of art. It describes the structure or shape three neighboring hues on the color circle are of an object and it directs the movements of used together. the eyes. Example: tones of green, yellow, and orange. Common shapes used by Artist: a. Circle: A series of points arranged equally and balanced about a point. 2. Contrasted color harmonies b. Triangle: A plane figure that is bounded by three sides, and having three (3) angles. Complimentary colors - Colors which lie c. Square: a plane figure that has four (4) directly or opposite each other in the color equal sides and four (4) right angles circle. Example: Red and Green, Yellow and Violet, Orange and Blue Kinds of forms: 1. Regular Forms Psychology of Colors - Colors are known to have varied psychological and emotional - are those whose parts are related to one connotations another in a consistent orderly manner. They are stable and symmetrical in about one or Meanings of Colors Conveyed by the Rose: more axis. Example : Platonic Solids Red rose - means ' I love you ' 2. Irregular Forms Pink rose - conveys a ' Thank you ' - are those whose parts are dissimilar and White rose - says ' You are heavenly ' unrelated to one another. They are generally Coral rose - Speaks of 'desire ' asymmetrical and dynamic. 3. Centralized Forms Texture - A color element that deals more - Consist of a number of secondary forms directly with the sense of touch. It is best clustered to produce a dominant, central, and appreciated when an object is felt with the parent form. hands. 4. Linear Forms - are arranged sequentially in a row or a series of forms along a line. Perspective - Deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by 5. Radial Forms means of which the eye judges spatial - are compositions of linear form that extend relationship. outward from central form in a radial manner. Types of Perspective: GECC 8 – Art Appreciation 6. Grid forms Tempo: refers to the speed of a certain musical piece - are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by 3 dimensional grids. A grid is a largo - very slow two or more intersecting sets regularly spaced adagio - slow and stately parallel lines. andante - at a walking pace andantino - alternatively faster or slower than andante allegreto - moderately fast Volume - the amount if space occupied in allegro - fast three dimensions presto -very fast Values of Color - the lightness or darkness of accelerando - gradually becoming color and the amount of light in an object faster ritardando - gradually becoming slower Psychological Effects of Values in Color Light values make the size of objects appear larger because these values reflect light. Dynamics: refers to the amount, strength, or Dark values seem to decrease the size volume of the sound with which the music is of objects because these values played from soft to loud. absorb light. Timbre: refers to the tone quality and helps differentiate one type of voice or instrument from one another ELEMENTS OF PERFORMING ARTS 1. MUSIC - uses a particular language to 2. DANCE - they can vary in form: know its elements in order to understand religious dance, magical dance, the musician’s mode of technique in order commemorative dance, ceremonial to create meanings dance, recreational dance and testimonial dance. Elements of Music Types of Dances Rhythm: is the variation of length and Folk dance/Ethnic dances accentuation of a series of sound are social dances that portray the Melody: refers to pitches or tone sounded one beliefs, interest, habits, customs, and after another in a logical meaningful series practices of the native. Pitch - indicates the highness or lowness of sound, and is determined Ballroom dances by the frequency of molecular vibrations. are dances of public entertainment, usually in pairs in ballrooms, Harmony: refers to the manner of sound nightclubs, auditoriums or in public combination wherein we add subordinate places. sounds to enhance the quality of the main sound Theatrical dances Chord - combination of two or more are performed for the tones sounded at the same time entertainment of the Concord - the chord seems to produce audience in a an impression of agreeableness theater. Discord - does not have the combination The Dance and Its Elements GECC 8 – Art Appreciation Theme Escape Literature is the most basic element of a dance. is for entertainment purposes, that is, to It conveys the message of a dance. help us pass the time in an agreeable manner of life. Design Interpretative literature is the pattern of movement in time and space. enables us to understand our troubles. Pattern in time refers to the unaccented beats of movements into measures. Uses of Literature Pattern in space refers to the path For moral values: presents moral values for traced by the dancers feet on the floor the reader to understand and appreciate. and the levels on which they move. For Propaganda: This kind of literature is Movement found not only in history books and refers to the bodily actions of the advertising and marketing books but also in dancer that include his steps, gestures some books describing one's personal of the arms, hands and body, and success and achievements in life. facial expression. For therapeutic value: It could be looked on Technique as a sophisticated modern elaboration of the is the skill of movement executed by idea of catharsis — an emotional relief the dancer. experienced by the reader thereby helping him recover from a previous pent-up emotion. Music is the auditory background The important elements of literature are: to which a dancer moves. Emotional Appeal - is attained when the Costume and body reader is emotionally moved or touched paraphernalia by any literary work. Intellectual Appeal - add knowledge or are properties worn by the information and remind the reader of dancer that help reflect the what he has forgotten message, customs, beliefs, Humanistic value - can be realized when and setting of the dance. the literary work affirms the dignity and worth of all people. Choreography refers to the figures and steps in dancing SPECIFIC ELEMENTS OF that enable the dancers to perform a LITERATURE dance in an organized manner. Scenery A. Short Story is a work of fiction that can refers to the background or setting be read in one sitting. It generally where the dance is performed to make it develops one major conflict. An more realistic and enriching. interpretative story presents us with an insight. 3. LITERATURE - It shows well-expressed Elements of a Short Story ideas or feelings through symbolic presentation, usually through short stories, 1. Plot poetry, drama or play, essay among others. This is the blueprint and skeleton of the story. Classification of Literature It Is the sequential arrangement of related GECC 8 – Art Appreciation events and actions of which the story is man’s thoughts and feelings, usually in composed. verse form. Elements of Poetry: 2. Characters - People or animals that take 1. Language refers to the poet who uses part in the story. every resource of language. 1. Direct characterization - the writer tells you how a character a. Denotative language - actual looks, behaves, and thinks. meaning 2. Indirect characterization - the b. Connotative language - implied writer lets you draw your own meaning conclusions. c. Poetic language - language that considers diction, vocabulary 3. Point of View - It refers from whose point level –simple or conventional of view the events in the story are told. d. Figurative language - most often a. 1st Person Point of View- Either simile and metaphor as an observer or as a participant. b. 3rd Person Point of View - Told in Poetry is the most challenging among the an omniscient or panoramic point types of literature for the following of view, and as a limited reasons: omniscient point of view. 1. Proper words or grammar 2. Denotative and symbolical meaning of 4. Setting - Locale or place where the event the chosen grammar took place; or a feeling that invites 3. Limitation imposed by the structure and meaning. rhythm of sounds 5. Theme - Refers to the message communicated by the story. Subordinate themes are called motifs. It gives the story 2. Tone - The atmosphere, feeling, attitude, its unity. stance, or the way the poet looks at this 6. Irony - Contrast among what seems and subject or the world. May be either serious, what is and could be. ironic, bitter, joyful, resigned, etc. According to Bascara (2004), it can be: 3. Imagery - Is the representation of sense experience – visual, auditory, tactile, a. dramatic - contrast between what gustatory, and bodily images. Visual is the the fictional character says and most common imagery. what the audience and reader know in the same words. 4. Sounds b. situational - contrast between expectation and result, intention a. Pleasant - full, open vowel sounds and outcome, illusion and reality. b. Unpleasant - short, abrupt vowel c. verbal - contrast between what is sounds which are irritating said and what is meant; often a vehicle of sarcasm, sadness and 5. Rhythm and meter affection. a. Rhythm - regular and irregular patterns of stressed and unstressed 7. Symbolism - Objects, persons, situations, syllables, metrical, or rhetorical actions that suggest other meaning. stress. 8. Style - Implies control of material b. Meter - accents that are arranged through the use of literary and figurative as to occur at approximately equal languages. It is the total working out of intervals of time. the story, taking all other elements into consideration. Verse - metered language End rhyme - B. Poetry is a branch of humanities that same final imaginatively and figuratively expresses sound of GECC 8 – Art Appreciation words at the 3. Relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. end of lines Free verse - not particular D. Novel is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and on rhyme and scenes that represent real life setting and actions in the form of a plot. Its purpose meter. is to give moral lessons and bring us pleasure. Elements of a Novel 6. Thought or meaning - refers to the 1. Setting - covers the time, place, experience the poem expresses. background, climate of beliefs, habits Two meanings are distinguished: and values of a particular region and historical period. a. Total meaning - The idea in a 2. Plot - considered as the skeleton or poem, a portion of the total framework of the novel. it contains experience it communicates. events or happenings. Conflict is an b. Prose meaning - Value and worth important element. of the poem. The total experience 3. Theme - It is the main idea or topic. it communicates. This does not mean moral value, as moral value is the message that 7. Shape of the poem teaches the reader. 4. Characters - The moving spirit of the Pattern of arrangement of the words novel. on the page. Each stanza has its distinct features of Categorized as: thought similar to a paragraph. a. Morality - Tell us the good guys from the bad guys. 8. Speaker b. Personality - Includes speech, According to Abuan (2000), all hairstyle, hobby, and attitude poems have a speaker, the voice that toward work, and all of the talks to the readers. complex attitudes and feelings Some identify himself as “I’ and “me” that define an individual. while others remain in the background. E. Drama is a presentation made up of words, sounds, and actions of characters. C. Essay is a literary composition on a All dramas must be performed on stage, particular subject. It is usually short, and film, radio, television or outdoors. it expresses the author’s personal thoughts, feelings, experiences, or Aspects of Drama: observation on a phase of life that has a. Drama as a script - dialogue read by interested him. the representing characters. b. Drama as a play - a script coming to a. Informal - light, humorous, and life and is the director’s interpretation entertaining. of the script. b. Formal - heavy, informative, and intellectually stimulating. Drama may either be: Elements of an Essay: a. Tragedy - Story of struggle against circumstances and 1. The issue introduced. sufferings. 2. The writer’s viewpoint and thought. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation b. Comedy - Story of achievement, Stage lighting is always electrical and only self-deception, optimistic view of assigned to responsible persons. life. Chapter 4: VISUAL STRUCTURE OF Elements of the drama are: THE WORKS OF ART 1. Plot - The soul of the drama, or its Concepts summary. It is the overall structure of a play. A. Perception - Is governed by different It is divided into: principles of art design that a. exposition/introduction - guide the artist in making the introduction of the character and art become more beautiful earlier events and present and interesting to the situation. observers. b. Inciting action - situation moves B. The combination of lines, colors toward a certain point. and forms c. Rising action - part of the - An artist can give the complication. observer new, varied, and d. Crisis or turning point - choices satisfying experience. and decisions lead to the C. Design inevitable. - Is the overall organizational e. Falling action - incidents follow visual structure of the formal without decrease in intensity. elements in a work of art. f. Denouement or resolution - D. Harmony clarifies and relaxes the tension. - Is the quality which produces an impression of unity 2. Character/dramatics personae - make- through the solution and believe persons, either protagonists or arrangement of consistent antagonists. objects or ideas. 3. Conflict - struggle or clash of wills and E. Balance conflicts. - Is a quality of an art which gives a feeling of rest, 4. Irony - discrepancy between expected repose, equilibrium or and actual. stability of an art. 5. Theme or idea - this is what the story is F. Proportion about. This is enacted throughout the plot. - is a quality of an art which 6. Climax - scene or incident or incident shows a pleasing relationship that is the fruition of the accumulated between themselves and its suspense. parts and between the parts 7. Music and Spectacle - Aside from the and themselves. background music, there is music of G. Rhythm speech and movement. It heightens the - is the regular, uniform or atmosphere. related movement made 8. Costumes and Make-up - Should be through the repetition of a comfortable and secure. Everything in the unit or motif. makeup area should have its own place H. Emphasis and should be covered when not in use. - is a quality of an art which 9. Dialogue - The conversation between and tends to carry the eyes from among the characters of the drama. the center of interest or 10. Setting, Scenery and Lighting - Should appear real. dominant part of any composition to the less Happy colors: white, yellow, amber, and important or subordinate pink lights parts. Dull and cold scene: blue and green Mysterious: red and purple GECC 8 – Art Appreciation Perception of the Work of Art - It is the most universal, dynamic and pleasing art principle The Five Principles of Art Design Classifications of Rhythm: Formal A. Harmony - is the repetition of a motif in uniform - is the quality which produces an and regular arrangement impression of unity through the solution and arrangement of Informal consistent objects or ideas. Every - is the repetition of a motif with orderly arrangement is in harmony. variation in its form, size and - It is the quality which unifies every arrangement part of an arrangement. C. Unit or Motif - Repetition of a unit creates a feeling There are five aspects of harmony: of movement or rhythm. 1.Harmony of lines and shapes - If it is repeated in one direction it - Lines are made harmonious produces a border design, and in two by either repeating the shape directions, a surface or all-over of the lines or by connecting pattern. transitional lines to D. Balance contrasting lines. - is a condition or quality which gives Transitional line or a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium merely transition or stability - Is usually a curved, - It is the "visual weights" of lines, graceful line which forms weights or sizes and colors connects two that we really balance. opposing or - Visual weight is that "quality which contrasting lines. gains and holds attention Contrasting or opposing lines Kinds of Balance: -The latter are straight lines which intersect Formal or Symmetrical Balance. each other and form angles. Can be subdivided into two: 2. Harmony of size 1.Bisymmetrical balance - is the same as proportion. - is the balance of identical objects 3. Harmony of color (identical in form, value, size, - The use of two or more texture, color) placed on each side of colors in decorating an article the central axis and equally distant or object. from the center. 4.Harmony of texture 2.Symmetrical or obvious balance - The character of texture can - is the balance of objects with nearly be determined by feeling the identical description. object with the fingertips or Informal or Asymmetrical Balance by looking at it. - It is the balance of unequal visual 5. Harmony of Idea weights, the heavier one being nearer - combining antique room and the axis and the lighter one farther. modern furniture in the same E. Proportion room does not show harmony - Is the art principle which shows a of idea. pleasing relationship between a B. Rhythm whole and its parts and between the - is the regular, uniform or related parts themselves. movement made through the - It is the arrangement of space repetition of a unit or motif divisions in pleasing relationships. - It is the basis of mostly all primitive Examples: tables, windows, arts because it is the principle which closets, houses, books, is most quickly felt. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation newspapers, magazines and - Novelty or newness, a minor art picture frames. principle, applies to this method By action or movement There are three aspects of - Dynamic illustrations usually attract proportion: more attention than passive ones. Proportion in the grouping of H. Other Art Principles objects Novelty or Newness - Refers to the relative sizes of - Novelty in visual art signifies the elements within a quality of being new or unique, often composition. associated with breaking away from Proportion in space divisions traditional methods and styles to - Helps create a cohesive and create something fresh and well-organized composition, distinctive. guiding the viewer’s eye and - This could manifest through enhancing the overall innovative techniques, aesthetic appeal. unconventional materials, or novel Proportion in scales subject matters that provoke thought - Refers to the relative size of and inspire a different aesthetic elements within a experience. composition, ensuring they Variety or Variation are visually harmonious and - Variety is like spice in art! It's about balanced. introducing different elements or F. Emphasis unexpected changes to break the - is the principle of art which tends to monotony and keep the viewer carry the eyes from the center of engaged. interest or dominant parts of any - It's what keeps a piece of art lively composition to the less important or and interesting. variety ensures that subordinate parts. artworks don't become predictable or G. Methods of Emphasizing Objects boring. By arrangement or grouping of Utility, Adaptability or Function objects - In visual art, utility, - If objects are grouped together, the adaptability, and function one to be emphasized should be play significant roles that located at the center and should be contribute to the the biggest and brightest in color understanding and By decoration appreciation of various art - Objects which have decorations are forms. Utility shares a better or more emphasized than those relationship with the without them. practical aspects of art, while By color contrast adaptability refers to the - Contrasting colors such as the ability of art to evolve and combinations and the triads are more remain relevant in different emphatic than analogous or any contexts. Function captures other related harmonies. how art serves roles beyond By the use of plain background mere aesthetics, influencing space social interaction and - Simple decorations which are placed communication. against sufficient plain background - The interrelationship among will be more emphatic than when the utility, adaptability, and background space is small function illustrates the By the use of unusual lines, shapes, complex nature of visual arts. sizes of color While utility emphasizes GECC 8 – Art Appreciation practicality, adaptability Pre-Historical Painting (40,000 BC- ensures relevance, and 9000 BC) function highlights the - focused on animal spear and other interactive role of art in rudimentary materials. society. Together, these - drawn on caves, stones and on earth-filled elements portray how visual ground. - primarily focused on hunting and stylistic arts are not only skillful treatment. expressions but also dynamic mediums that engage with Greek Art audiences on multiple levels 1. Formative or Pre-Greek period - motif 1. Contrast was sea and nature. - Contrast in visual art 2. First Greek period - largely Egyptian is primarily defined as influence the arrangement of 3. Golden Age (480-400 BC) opposite elements, 4. Hellenistic Period (4th century-1st BC) - heightened individualism, tragic mood, such as light versus and contorted faces (encaustic painting). dark, smooth versus The subject matters of painting in Greece: rough, and large young wide males versus small. This draped female technique serves to wounded soldiers break up the unity of a scenes from everyday life piece and, instead, introduces variation Roman Art that grabs the viewer's 1. Etruscan period (2000 - 1000 BC) - ancestor worship; catacombs and attention. By sarcophage. highlighting 2. Roman period (2000 BC - 400 AD) - differences, contrast statues, sarcophage, frescoes, designs plays a crucial role in with vine motifs. influencing the viewer's perception Medieval Period and interpretation of 1. Early Christian art – cross, fish, lamb, the artwork. alpha and omega, triumphal wreaths, - Contrast can be grapes, doves, and peacocks and later- defined as the haloed Christ, saints and the Virgin Mary, and martyrs. juxtaposition of two 2. Byzantine art - Christ as the Creator, and elements that are Mary, as the Mother of God. different, but which 3. Gothic art - religious and grotesque; work together to more calmer and plastic style. create a balanced whole. In art, contrast Franco-Flemish Painting is used to direct the Portable easel and oil paintings were viewer’s attention to a utilized. Illustrations consisting of altar particular area of the pieces with general wings that open and painting, and can be close. used to create a Renaissance Art variety of different 1. Early Renaissance (14th - 15th century) effects - The styles of painting are simplicity pretty, gesture and expression. Chapter 5: DEVELOPMENT OF 2. High Renaissance (16th century) VISUAL ARTS - Painting style consists of the deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more GECC 8 – Art Appreciation dramatic with the dark clouds and flashes of EGPPTIAN SCULPTURE (4) light. PERIODS 3. Mannerism Period 1. FIRST DPNASTIC PERIOD - The - subject matter is on human figure with use subject matters of sculpture are the of oil painting color. sun, moon, stars, sacred animals. - Color were sumptuous, warm, and sensual. 2. OLD KINGDOM PERIOD - - Famous painters in this period: Giotto, Statues were either single figure or Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and family groups. Michaelangelo. 3. MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD - Faces of statues depicted individual Baroque Art moods but their bodies were still Painting style is ornate and fantastic rigid and straight in posture. appealing to the emotion, sensual and highly 4. NEW KINGDOM PERIOD - decorative; with light and shadow for Figures were lifelike and vigorous dramatic effect. looking. Famous painters in this period: Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco,Diego Velasquez, and PALATTES - Shield pieces of stone with Murillo. relief carvings. WALL CARVINGS - Bas or high reliefs Rococo Art found in walls of tombs. The painting style emphasized voluptuousness, picturesque and intimate STATUES - Figures of men and women in presentation of farm and country. sitting and standing positions usually Famous Rococo painters: Watteau, impressive. EX: SPHINX. Fragonard, Hogarth, Reynolds, and Igres. GREEK SCULPTURE (3) Romantic Art PERIODS - The emphasis of painting is on the 1. DEDALIC PERIOD - Marble was painter’s reaction to past events, landscape, used as material. Nude male statues and people. were usually executed. - Famous painter in this period: Francisco 2. CLASSICAL AGE - This was the Goya golden age or age of Pericles in Greece. 19th Century Painting (Modern Art) 3. LATER GREEK PERIOD - Male 1. Impressionist and female figures were shown with - Paul Cezzane was the greatest very little or no clothing at all. impressionist. - Father of Modern Art. ROMAN SCULPTURE 2. Expressionist - More represented in bust forms of - Vincent Van Gogh was the Father of famous men and women. Expressionism. - Figure showed their individual 3. Simple Art imperfections as if they were in real - Paul Gauguin was simple in his artistic life. style. BPZANTINE SCULPTURE 1. EARLP BPZANTINE SCULPTURE - No statues adorned SCULPTURE the churches and basilicas; only Sculpture is an aesthetic art. The technique symbols or signs as mosaic. is modeling. 2. LATER BPZANTINE SCULPTURE - Statues replaced mosaic symbols and signs. Biblical PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE statues adorned churches, basilicas Consisted of rude forms carved in stones and and even homes. woods in order to produce figures and images to commemorate heroes and heroines ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE and perpetuate the memory of men. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation - Subject matter of Romanesque One of the earliest pieces of sculpture: Sculpture were on biblical characters Venus of Willendorf and human figures. in Central Europe (30,000 and 25,000 GOTHIC SCULPTURE BC) Cave paintings - Statues of human figure were given a of Altamira in Spain natural and life-like look both in (15,000 and 10,000 bodies and facial expressions. BC) RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE The Development of Western 1. EARLP RENAISSANCE Architecture: SCULPTURE - Great and detailed (1) Ancient world (2) Medieval period (3) attention was given to anatomical the Modern world (4) the Contemporary shapes, proportions and perspectives. world. 2. MIDDLE RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE - Sculpture became Architecture in the Ancient World more secular than religious in nature. (1) Architecture of Mesopotamia (2) 3. LATER PART OF THE Architecture of Ancient Egypt (3) Aegean RENAISSANCE - Subject matters and Ancient Architecture (4) Etruscan and of sculpture were on legends and Ancient Roman. myths of Greece and Rome. 1. Architecture of Mesopotamia BAROQUE SCULPTURE Predominant building type in Mesopotamia: - Sculpture depicted beauty of the art The Temple and the expression of emotion. Principal building materials: mud bricks and fired bricks ROCOCO SCULPTURE a) Architecture of the Sumerians - - Designed purely for ornamental The typical building of the purpose, highly ornate and exquisite Sumerians was Ziggurat. 19TH CENTURP SCULPTURE b) Architecture of the Assyrians - 1. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOLS - The Sargon's palace stood as a Depicted perfect human anatomy representative of the Assyrian endowed with a calm, reflective sculpture. look. c) Architecture of the Neo- 2. ROMANTIC-REALISTIC Babylonians (575 BC) SCHOOLS - Depicted realistic The Ishtar-gate of Babylon for figures with psychological attitudes Babylonian King-Nebuchadnezzar II. of the French Revolution. One gate of the Palace - Ishtar gate d) Architecture of the Persians - The 20TH CENTURP SCULPTURE Royal Palace at Persepolis is a representative 1. Abstract sculpture remains tied with biology. of Persian architecture. 2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted a sculpture of anxiety and 2. The Architecture of the Ancient Egypt terror. The primitive Egyptian architecture in the 3. The expression of being lost in an Valley of the Nile used readily available infinite nothingness. materials. 4. On 1910, a sculpture of geometric shapes emerged. This led to a new The two types of Egyptian architectures: tool in sculpture - the blow torch. simple steriometric shape of mass and rhythmically articulated columnar hall. ARCHITECTURE a) Architecture of the Old Kingdom (3000- - started with the Neolithic Age, the New 2130 BC) Stone Age, which lasted roughly The Mastaba (Arabic for bench) from 8000 to 3000 BC. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation The stepped pyramid of Zoser The Mycean Architecture (1400-1200 BC) (near Cairo) The Citadel of Tiryns The pyramids at Gizeh (near Cairo) - a defensive character. - conveys security and safety; perhaps also The Mastaba dominance and power. - rectangular brick or stone structure with slopping flat or recessed sides, B. Ancient Greek Architecture erected over on subterranean tomb - is essentially columnar and trabeated – chamber. dynamic visual experience - permanence, security and concern for after life. The stepped pyramid of The Greek temple consist of three parts: the Zoser platform or base, the columns and - a complex structure consisting of an superstructure or entablature. The enclosed rectangle of 545 x 278 combination of the three parts is called an outlets surrounded by a 10-metre architectural order. high wall of limestone. - supremacy and power of the king Doric order even after his death. - The capital consists of two elements, a The pyramids at Gizeh lower, called echinus (circular and cushion- - signify the height of the pharaonic like) and an upper, the abacus (square) that power. provides the immediate support of the - permanent and stability together with entablature. - a muscular order. transcendence. Corinthian order b) The Architecture of the Middle - a variant of the Ionic order. Kingdom (2130-1580 BC) - The Ionian and Corinthian orders were - Rock-cut tombs at Beni-Hasan regarded as feminine. - portico or vestibule, columned hall, 4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman and sacred chamber. Architecture c) The Architecture of the New Kingdom The Etruscan Temple (1580-322 BC) - a place of shelter protected by the wide Old Kingdom: pyramids overhang of its roof. New Kingdom: grandiose temples An example of architectural reality: 5. The Ancient Roman Architecture Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput - The typical Roman values of order, located at Deir-El-Bahari in 1500 persistence, tenacity in reaching the goal, BC. superiority over the barbarians, and the outgoing conquering mentality. The architectural style and form in this period was focused on sequences, progression, 6. Architecture in the Medieval World symmetry, balance and harmony with The architectural form and style in this era natural setting. are classified into: Other temples established at this time were (1) Early Christian and Byzantine the Mortuary Temple of Ramses II, the Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture; (3) Temples of the Ancient Gods, the Temple Carolingian, Ottonian and Romanesque of Amon-re at Karnak and Temple of Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture. Amon-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor. A. Early Christian Architecture Two building types: 3. Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture Christian Basilica - a rectangular building. a) The Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 Martyrium - a circular building. BC) Example: The architectured form of Santa The palace at Knossos, Crete (1600 –1400 Sabina, Santa Costanga, Old St. Peter's BC Basilica and the Church of the Holy - Conveys the values of efficient Sepuchre in Jerusalem. administration and order - testifies to efficiency and practicality. The Byzantine Architecture GECC 8 – Art Appreciation - San Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia. of man, acting not by the grace of God, but - symbolizes the necessary persistent effort more by the power of his own agency. of the Christian to reach his final - Examples: Santo Spiritu Dome, Pazzi destination. Chapel in Florence, Palazzo Medicu in Florence, Palazzo Rocelli also in Florence b) The Islamic Architecture (850-1600 AD) and Saint Andrea. - the development of a new kind of interior space, using the Roman and Byzantine dome b) The Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 as a point of departure. AD) - "Baroque" - odd, irregular and Examples: The Great Mosque of Samarra on grotesque. the Tigris River, the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the Mausoleum Taj - Baroque Art grew out of Renaissance art. Mahal of Agra, India. - Examples: St. Peter Basilica of Rome, San Carlo Alle Qualtro Fontane of Rome, and the San Lorenzo Church of Turin, Italy. c) The Carolinian, Ottonian and Romanesque Architecture 8. Architecture in the Contemporary (800-900 AD) The Carolinian World Architecture Romanticism (1750-1850 AD) and - characterized by an emphasis on the beyond westwork, on the temporal power of the The architecture of the Engineers emperor. (1800-1900 AD) The Architecture of the Chicago The Romanesque Architecture (100-1200 AD) School Three types of church buildings were The architecture of Art Nouveau established: pilgrimage churches, monastic Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism churches and imperial cathedrals. Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up Examples: Santiago de Compostela to 1914 (pilgrimage church) the Monastery Church Romantic Naturalism of Cluny in France, Imperial Cathedral of - the use of natural materials was favored. Germany, St. Marks Cathedral in Venice, Examples: Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, Italy, St. Ambrosio Church in Milan and and German Embassy at Petersburg, Street Cathedral of Pisa at Northern Italy. Facade of Altes Museum. d) Gothic Architecture (1150-1500 AD) The Architecture of the Engineers - produced just one primary building type, - bridges, railroad stations, large halls for the city cathedral. work and exhibitions. - The features of the Gothic style are: the - iron and steel -- the materials that pointed arch, the flying buttress and the rib revolutionized the whole building industry. vault. Examples: Seven Bridge of England, the - Gothic architecture is a carved or moulded Bridge over the Menas Straits. architecture. Examples: The choir of Abbey Church of St. The Architecture of the International Dennis, The Laon Cathedral of Paris, Notre Style - characterized by the spirit of Dame De Paris, Chatres Cathedral in France, functionalism. The REMS and AMIENS Cathedrals in France, Salisbury Cathedral in France, and - also known as Rationalism St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany. Famous architects: Walter Gropius, Le Mies, etc. 7. Architecture in Modern World The Eiffel Tower This period is divided into Renaissance - demonstrated modern materials like iron Architecture and Baroque Architecture. and steel - conveys the triumph of man a) The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD) over the forces of nature. - makes man standing in the center of the Examples: Bauhaus Building at Germany, dome revealing self-sufficient individuality the Tugendhat Hous at Czechoslovakia, the Villa Savage in France, the Centennial Hall GECC 8 – Art Appreciation in Germany, and the Einstein Tower in Sculptures - produced primarily in Germany. terracotta. These sculptures depict animals, humans, and deities. Chapter 6: ASIAN ARTS Vedic Period (1200-500 BC): ANCIENT NEAR-EASTERN AND Early Vedic Period: Simple ISLAMIC ART geometric shapes, such as circles, triangles, and squares. This style is Near East often seen in pottery, seals, and Jericho Jordan (7000 BC): metalwork. Plaster-covered skulls. Later Vedic Period: Numerous Ziggurats of the Sumerians (3500- terracotta figurines depicting various 2340 BC): Oldest monumental deities and mythological figures. building. These figurines often showcase more Persian Empire (539-331 BC): detailed features and elaborate Reached its apex under Darius I and costumes. Xerxes I. Hindu Art Islamic Holy Book of Islam (Koran): Hinduism: Vishnu, the preserver, or Condemns the workship of idols and Shiva, the destroyer. refers to Allah (the Arabian word for Fertility is frequently emphasized in God) as the single creator of all. Hindu figural sculpture, whose sexual Calyphs of the first dynasty (661750): anatomical features are the exclusive Sponsored religious and secular focus of other artworks. architecture. The purely aniconic Early Hindu architecture: Structures carved mosaic decoration in the Philippines from granite boulders showcase the intricate was meant to proclaim Islam details and symbolism associated with Hindu ascendancy in the region. beliefs. Great Mosque of Kaironan (800-900 BC): Monumental architectural form. Mongols khans (founders of the Il- Buddhist Art Khanid dynasty): Renowned for their Buddhism, the second major religion destructive forces, they were also in India. great art patrons. Three basic forms of Buddhist Timurid dynasty: Manuscript architecture: illustration is considered the greatest 1. Stupa (burial mound art. 2. Chaityn Hall (nave with a stupa in the apse) and Indian Art 3. Vibara (monastic cell and Indus Valley civilization in Harappa, refectory). Pakistan (3000-1500 BC): Kushandynasty (50-320 AD): Seals - small, rectangular objects that Artists began to depict divinity in human were often carved with intricate form. designs, including animals, humans, Sacred signs of the Buddha: and geometric patterns. Some feature ○ Urna (a third eye on a unique symbol known as the the forehead), "Unicorn ○ The wheel (chakra) or lotus seal." symbols on the feet, ○ The Pottery - features geometric patterns, webbed fingers, ○ The elongated animals, and human figures. earlobes. GECC 8 – Art Appreciation Ajanta, a pilgrimage site with 29 cave with cord patterns and temples in central India. sculptural elaboration at the top. 2. Yayoi (350-300 AD): Inspired by mainland traditions, EAST ASIAN ART replaced ceramics as ceremonial ware. China 3. Kofun (300-352 AD): Named after the tomb mounds that were built for Neolithic phase (5000-1766 BC): membership of the ruling class during Bronze ritual vessels is the most this time. impressive ancient Chinese art form. Zhou dynasty (1045-256BC): Bronzes are simple in shape and inlaid CHAPTER 7. PAINTING IN THE with gold, silver, and semiprecious PHILIPPINES stones to form abstract curvilinear patterns or scenes of figures in Spanish Period landscape. American Period Modern Qin dynasty (221-207BC): The Great Period Wall was constructed, including a tomb for the emperor. (1.1) Painting during the Spanish Period Tang dynasty (618-906 BC): The ⚫ First stone churches built in Intramuros in the 17th century. Leading figure painter was Wu Daozu ⚫ Painting in churches started in Manila and the leading landscape painter was area with the priests as Wang Wei. painterdecorators. ⚫ Some of the painters during this period Korea were Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo, Justiniano Asuncion, and Alfonso Focused much energy on Buddhist Ongpin. sculpture and temple construction. ⚫ The Augustinian fathers also offered Painters worked in brush and ink, and drawing lessons to the Filipinos where ceramic and lacquer artists excelled. they had the freedom to choose colors of Neolithic phase (4000-1000 BC): the figures. Consists mainly of "comb pattern" (1.2) The Academia pottery. ⚫ A Royal Degree promulgated on March Bronze Age (600-100 BC): Objects 13, 1846 founded the Academia de include bells, mirrors, and other Dibujo y Pintura in the City of Manila. ceremonial objects found in tombs. ⚫ Agustin Saez - director and lone faculty Koryo dynasty (918-1392): member of Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in the City of Manila on March Concentrated on Bu
