Philippine Popular Culture Reviewer PDF

PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER Culture is defined as a total way of life, next through socialization processes complex in nature as it encompasses both rather than being biologically inherited. material and nonmaterial things. Material things Cult...

PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER Culture is defined as a total way of life, next through socialization processes complex in nature as it encompasses both rather than being biologically inherited. material and nonmaterial things. Material things Culture is Diverse: Culture include: national symbols, clothing, food, encompasses a wide range of practices, technology, art, architecture, furniture, among beliefs, and values across different others. Nonmaterial cultures are values, norms, groups, reflecting the richness of human language, traditions, beliefs, artistic expression, experience. and social practices. -------- Language does not only serve as a Three Major Filipino Cultural Perspective: means of transmitting culture, but also a culture itself. It mirrors one’s identity. Traditional Concept/ Perspective: Beliefs are about what people think is Filipino culture is a conglomeration of true or important, norms conversely physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual dictate how they should act based on aspects. The historical cultures or those beliefs. Beliefs shape norms, and traditional cultures are not overlooked; norms can influence beliefs as well. rather, it’s well-preserved and paid a Norms are divided into 3 categories: great importance of succeeding Folkways (no punishment), mores (social generations. disapproval is the punishment), laws Nationalistic Perspective: True (punishable under the law; penal or national culture is inextricably linked to special law). the people’s need, ideas, emotions, and practices. Edward B. Taylor Cultural Dualism: traditional culture A cultural anthropologist who popularized and modern culture coexist in a specific the term “culture” in his study entitled period of time without posing threats to “Primitive Culture”. Along his study, he one another. used the following concepts: Common Filipino Values: Holistic Approach: Culture includes both material and Familism. A strong emphasis on family ties, nonmaterial culture making it a loyalty, and support, often prioritizing the needs complex whole. of the family over individual desires. Cultural Evolution: pertains to Bayanihan. A spirit of communal unity and how culture is changing over time cooperation, where community members help along with trends and human one another, often seen in acts of neighborly development. assistance during times of need. Cultural Relativism: You see other culture based on its own and Bahala na attitude. An outlook of acceptance not based on the judgment of and reliance on fate or divine intervention, often others who do not belong in that leading to a “come what may” approach in culture. uncertain situations. There are 5 characteristics of culture: Colonial mentality. A mindset reflecting a preference for foreign influences or values, Culture as adaptive: Culture evolves to often viewing them as superior to local culture meet the needs of a society in response and traditions, stemming from historical to changes in the environment, colonialism. technology, and social structures. Culture is Shared: Culture is not Crab mentality. A behavior where individuals created in isolation; it is collectively attempt to undermine or pull-down others who experienced and passed down through are succeeding, stemming from jealousy or social groups. insecurity. Culture is dynamic: Culture is not Euphemism. The use of mild or indirect static; it continuously changes and language to express something considered evolves over time due to interactions, harsh or blunt, often employed to maintain innovations, and shifts in societal values. politeness or avoid discomfort. Culture is learned: Culture is transmitted from one generation to the  PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER Jackpot mentality. A mindset focused on Frankfurt School: Influential theorists like quick, easy wealth or success, often through Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer luck rather than hard work, reflecting a desire critiqued mass culture as a form of social for instant gratification. control, suggesting it promotes conformity and passive consumption Mañana habit. The tendency to procrastinate rather than critical thinking. or delay tasks, often leading to last-minute efforts or unfinished business. Homogenization: Mass culture tends to Ningas-cogon. A behavior characterized by standardize cultural expressions, leading initial enthusiasm or fervor that quickly fades, to a loss of diversity as unique local leading to a lack of follow-through or cultures are overshadowed by commitment in projects or endeavors. mainstream trends. -------- Commercialization: Cultural products are Popular Culture: consists of the ideas, trends, often driven by profit motives, prioritizing and practices widely accepted and enjoyed by entertainment value over artistic integrity the mainstream society, including music, or social significance. fashion, and media. It is further defined through the lens of 3 Audience Passive Consumption: The concepts: (1) mass culture, (2) cultural residue, theory posits that mass culture fosters and (3) grassroots culture. passive consumption, where audiences accept and absorb content without Mass culture refers to cultural products critical engagement. and practices that are produced for large audiences. Commodification: This concept refers to Cultural residue refers to the lingering the transformation of cultural goods into influences and remnants of past cultural commodities that can be bought and practices that continue to shape current sold. Mass culture often prioritizes behaviors, values, and aesthetics. marketability over meaningful cultural Grassroots culture emphasizes expression, reducing art and culture to community-driven expressions and local mere products for consumption. traditions that arise organically from the people, rather than being imposed by Alienation: Mass culture can foster commercial interests. feelings of disconnection and Sources of Popular Culture: estrangement among individuals. As people consume standardized cultural Traditional Culture products, they may feel isolated from Oral Storytelling authentic cultural experiences and from Folk Music and Dance one another, diminishing personal and Arts and Crafts communal identity. Modern Culture Mass Media Critiques: Social Media - Simplistic View: Critics argue that Consumer Products mass culture theory oversimplifies the Social Interaction relationship between media and Theories of Popular Culture: audiences, neglecting the active role consumers play in interpreting and 1. Mass Culture Theory using cultural products. Proponents: Theodor Adorno, Max - Cultural Resistance: Some scholars Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse highlight how audiences can resist or Emergence: The theory emerged in the reinterpret mass cultural products, early 20th century, coinciding with the suggesting a more complex rise of mass media, industrialization, and interaction between culture and urbanization. Scholars began to analyze society. how these changes influenced cultural consumption. 2. Marxism and Popular Culture  PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER Main Proponents: Karl Marx and Culture Industry: The idea that cultural Friedrich Engels products (films, music, art) are produced and consumed in a way that serves the Base and Superstructure: The economic interests of capitalism, prioritizing profit base (mode of production) shapes the over meaningful artistic expression cultural superstructure (ideas, beliefs, through the creation of “false needs”. and institutions). Mass Deception: The notion that popular Class Struggle: Culture is a battleground culture distracts and pacifies the masses, for competing class interests. Popular preventing them from engaging in critical culture can both reflect the struggles of thought or recognizing social injustices. the working class and serve as a tool for the ruling class to maintain control. Standardization: Cultural products are often formulaic and homogenized, Ideology: Popular culture perpetuates leading to a loss of diversity and ideologies that normalize and justify authentic artistic expression. social inequalities, often obscuring the realities of exploitation and oppression. Passive Consumption: Audiences are viewed as passive consumers who accept False Consciousness: This concept refers and internalize cultural messages without to how popular culture can mislead critical engagement, reducing their ability individuals about their true social to challenge societal norms. conditions, preventing them from recognizing their exploitation and acting Ideology and False Consciousness: against it. Popular culture perpetuates dominant ideologies, obscuring the realities of Critiques social inequality and exploitation, leading - Reductionism: Critics argue that to a false sense of consciousness among Marxist analysis often reduces culture consumers. solely to economic factors, neglecting other influences like race, gender, 4. Hegemony - the way dominant groups and individual agency. in society maintain control not just - Overemphasis on Domination: Some through force or coercion, but through critics suggest that Marxism focuses consent. Gramsci argued that ruling too heavily on how culture serves the classes establish and spread their values, interests of the ruling class, ignoring beliefs, and norms so that they are the ways in which audiences can accepted by the majority of people as resist or reinterpret cultural products. common sense or natural. Main Proponent: Antonio Gramsci 3. Frankfurt School and Popular Culture Key Concepts Main Proponents: Cultural Leadership: The dominant class Theodor Adorno: A key figure who uses media, education, and institutions to critiqued mass culture for promoting promote its worldview, making it seem conformity and passivity, emphasizing like the only acceptable way to think or the role of the culture industry. live. Max Horkheimer: Collaborated with Consent over Coercion: Instead of using Adorno to analyze how culture serves direct force, ruling classes win the capitalist interests, co-authoring the approval of the masses by making their influential essay "The Culture Industry." values seem like the natural order of Herbert Marcuse: Explored how mass things. culture reinforces capitalist ideologies Counter-Hegemony: Gramsci also and suppresses critical thought and believed that alternative or "subaltern" individual creativity. groups could challenge the dominant hegemonic narrative by developing their Key Concepts: own cultural and ideological leadership.  PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER 5. Feminism: It seeks to address and June 14, 1950: BEC acquired a license for a dismantle systemic inequalities and TV station. However, due to material shortages gender-based discrimination or sexism and strict government controls on imports, which is a belief that one sex is more Lindenberg was forced to shift his focus to radio superior to another. Feminism as a whole broadcasting temporarily. is concerned with bringing about a better 1952: Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of society for women, men, non-binary President Elpidio Quirino, bought 70% of BEC’s people, and everyone in between. shares. Later on, it was changed into Alto Broadcasting System (ABS). Waves of Feminism October 23, 1953: the first official telecast 1st Wave: Advocacy for women’s right to through the launching of ABS’s DZAQ-TV suffrage, and equal rights in general. channel 2. To aid such telecast, four men Main proponents are Lucretia Mott and underwent training in the United State’s Radio Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Abolitionism of Corporation of America (RCA): the 15th Amendment of 1870. Was - Arcardio Carandang, in-charge of granted with equal rights by virtue of the setting up a TV service company, 19th Amendment of - Romualdo Carballo, oversee the transmission aspect 2nd Wave: Since the right to suffrage - Harry Chaney, acted as the spark plug was already granted, the main advocacy for the whole operation. of this to abolish the confinement of - Jose Navarro, learned filming women’s roles as just mothers and wives. techniques in television. Betty Friedan, wrote an article entitled Feminine Mystique which talks about how 1953: Fr. James B. Rueter, a Jesuits who had women during this time were confined experience on radio and TV, produced the first within the households. ever play on Philippine TV. The 3-hour play on live telecast show to students was dubbed as 3rd Wave: the advocacy was centered to “Cyrano de Bergerac”. address sexual harassment. The concept 1955: Radiowealth, a radio company started of “intersectionality” comes in wherein locally manufacturing TV sets. they argued that women’s experience of oppression was a product of their 1958: Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) backgrounds (race, culture, attitude, bought ABS from Judge Quirino. behaviors, etc.) 1967: CBN owners Eugenio Lopez Sr. and Fernando Lopez merged the two companies 4th Wave: Continuation of the 3rd wave (ABS-CBN). only that there is already an integrated digital activism. April 19, 1958: DZXL-TV 9 was established controlling both channels (ABS-CBN). 6. Post-modernism October 29, 1961: DZBB-TV Channel 7 was Blends different styles from various eras established by Robert Stewart. Later on became with irony and self-awareness government owned station. 1963: BEC’s channel 3 staged the 1st ever Interpreting History Through Television colored TV broadcast with the 1st locally produced show, Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato. September 7, 1927: Philo Taylor Farnsworth, at the age of 21, invented the first ever February 1, 1967: the corporate name of BEC electronic or analog television. was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. 1946: Television was first introduced in the Philippine by a Jewish-American, named James 1969: first live telecast via satellite in the Lindenberg. He later established the Bolinao country, Apollo 11. Radio Philippines Network Electronics Corporation (BEC). “Father of (RPN-9) expanded into television and Philippine Television”. introduced the iconic sitcom "John and Marcia", created by Ading Fernando and starring Nida Blanca and Dolphy.  PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER September 21, 1972: when President GMA (Global Media Arts) originally Ferdinand Marcos Sr. declared martial law, founded by Robert “Uncle Bob” Stewart freedom of press and freedom of expression as DZBB-TV 7. were suppressed. Spread of UHF Stations (1990s – 2000s): - Channels 9 and 13 were controlled by - SBN 21 Marcos ally Ambassador Roberto - ABS-CBN Sports+Action Benedicto, while Channel 7 operated - Net 25 under limited permits. ABS-CBN was - GMA News TV 27 seized, and its president, Eugenio - RJTV 29/ 2nd Avenue Lopez Jr., was imprisoned. - BEAM 31/ Jack City 1973: Radio Broadcasting System, previously - UNTV 37 managed by Philippine Productions as a block- - Aksyon TV 41 timer, was purchased by Felipe Gozon, 1990s: Eat Bulaga of GMA Network became the eventually rebranded as GMA Radio-Television first Philippine Television show to be franchised Arts now GMA Network. abroad. 1974: 2010s: The switch of Philippine television to - Salvador “Buddy” Tan, general high-definition (HD) broadcast. manager of KBS reopened Channel 2. Government-owned Networks: - ABS-CBN's DZAQ-TV Channel 2 was renamed as DWWX-TV Channel 2 by PTV (People’s Television Network) Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation IBC (Intercontinental Broadcasting (BBC). Corporation) RPN (Radio Philippines Network) 1975: KBS and BBC by Benedicto network became Radio Philippines Network (RPN). Significance of Television in the Philippines: 1983: Assassination of Benigno Aquino. GMA Network was granted with only ten seconds Reestablishment of Freedom of airtime of Aquino’s funeral march. Expression- Television became a crucial platform for expressing dissent and 1984: Imee Marcos attempted to gain control challenging authoritarianism after the of GMA Network but was blocked by GMA Marcos regime. Executives Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon. Cultural Influence and National Identity- Significance of Television during Martial Television helped shape a shared Law: (1) Government’s Propaganda; (2) News national identity by broadcasting and Entertainment; (3) Public Service programs that reflected Filipino values, stories, and aspirations. 1986: People Power Revolution and fall of Social Commentary and Advocacy- Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s regime. An era of Television programs often addressed renewed freedom of media landscape. ABS-CBN social issues, raising awareness about which was undertaken by the government- poverty, inequality, and corruption. owned Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation Technological Advancements and during Martial Law, was returned to its original Diversification- The introduction of cable owners – Fernando and Eugenio Lopez. television expanded programming PTV 4, renamed to Maharlika Broadcasting options and introduced viewers to System during Martial Law, was renamed again international content. to National Broadcasting Network (NBN) under The Rise of Filipino Language in Media- Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s administration The shift from English to Filipino in news (2001) and back to be PTV in 2011. programs like “TV Patrol” marked a significant cultural shift. Major Philippine Television Networks: Entertainment and Escapism- Television ABS-CBN (Alto Broadcasting System – continued to provide a source of Chronicle Broadcasting Network) by entertainment and escapism for Filipinos. Antonio Quirino and Fernando and Economic Impact- Television became a Eugenio Lopez CBN. major industry in the Philippines, creating TV5 Network, Inc. by Chino Roces jobs and contributing to the economy.  PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE REVIEWER Political Influence- Television played a significant role in shaping political discourse and influencing elections Impact of Television Drama in Understanding our History Humanizing historical figures: it is by portraying historical figures as complex individuals with personal lives and emotions, so dramas can make them Instructions for Mid-Term Exam in GE119: more relatable and memorable. Exams will be conducted during your Providing a visual context: In Dramas, it respective class schedules from October can bring historical events to life through 16-18, 2024 (Wednesday, Thursday, costumes, sets, and special effects, and Friday). helping viewers visualize the past. You have 1hour and 30 minutes to finish Sparking interest and curiosity: An the exam. Engaging storytelling can pique viewers' Wrong spelling, means wrong answer. interest in learning more about Philippine Erasures are allowed but only with the use of history. correction tapes. Potentially simplifying historical For those who have no correction tapes, I will bring 2 correction tapes during your exam, complexities: While dramas can be no need to worry. entertaining, they may also simplify Exam Coverage: complex historical issues or events for Identification 40 items (80 the sake of storytelling points) divided into 3 parts: Pros and Cons of using Television as an - Items 1-20: culture and popular culture (including its theories) Educational Tool: - Items 21-30: characteristics of Pros of using TV as an educational tool: culture shown in each scenario Engaging and entertaining: - Items 31-40: interpreting because Television programs can history through television make learning about history more Enumeration: covers all lessons (20 points) enjoyable and memorable. Total number of points 100. Passing score is Visually appealing: Visual 75. elements can help students better Manage your time well. In studying for this understand historical concepts. subject, focus on these pointers, read and Accessible: and because understand. Do not over study one subject Television is widely available, and neglect the other; know what to historical content is more prioritize first. accessible to many students. Study, but your health is important; get Cons of using TV as an educational tool: enough sleep and eat healthy. Potential for simplification: If you will not be able to take the exam on Television programs may the schedule I provided, as long as you have valid reason and a formal excuse letter oversimplify complex historical signed by your parents/guardians, I will still issues or events. allow you to take the exam the next meeting. Limited interactivity: Compared to other devices, television may offer less opportunity for students to interact with the material. Potential for bias: Some television programs may present a biased or Prepared by: incomplete view of history. ------- 000 ------------ 000 ------------ 000 -------- Gemarie Y. Jadaone, LPT Faculty