Philippine History Finals Reviewer PDF

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY FINALS REVIEWER Lesson 1: One Past but Many Histories Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History Retraction of Jose Rizal Retraction Issue: Alleged reversion to Catholic faith and marriage to Josephine Bracken. Pro-Retraction: Claimed tr...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY FINALS REVIEWER Lesson 1: One Past but Many Histories Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History Retraction of Jose Rizal Retraction Issue: Alleged reversion to Catholic faith and marriage to Josephine Bracken. Pro-Retraction: Claimed true by Roman Catholic defenders. Anti-Retraction: Deception alleged by anti-retractionists. Key Figures: o Rafael Palma (Biografia de Rizal – anti-Catholic, opposed by the Church). o Romberto Poulo (claimed Rizal's Masonry affiliation changed his religious beliefs). o Fr. Balaguer (claimed to have received Rizal's retraction document). o Fr. Antonio Obach (alleged Rizal wrote a retraction but later reclaimed it). o Ricardo Pascual Ph.D. (Rizal Beyond the Grave – concluded retraction document was a forgery). Retraction Text Highlights: o Declares himself Catholic. o Retracts writings against the Church. o Denounces Masonry. o Calls for forgiveness and public manifestation. Arguments Against Retraction: o Original document was kept secret, later “found” 39 years later. o No marriage certificate for Rizal and Bracken. o Rizal's execution was inevitable regardless of retraction. o Behavior before execution did not indicate conversion. o Mi Ultimo Adios and letters reflected nationalism, not religious submission. The Cry of Balintawak Date Controversy: August 20, 23, 24, 25, or 26, 1896. Location Controversy: Balintawak, Pugad Lawin, Kangkong, Bahay Toro, or Pasong Tamo. Versions of the Cry: o Pio Valenzuela's Version (August 23, 1896) ▪ First meeting at Kangkong (August 22, 1896). ▪ Debate on launching the revolution at Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896). ▪ Teodoro Plata opposed the revolution. ▪ Katipuneros tore cedulas and shouted “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!” o Gregoria de Jesus' Version (August 25, 1896) ▪ The Cry happened near Caloocan. ▪ Bonifacio and Katipuneros fled to hills before the uprising. o Santiago Alvarez’s Version (August 24, 1896 - Cry of Bahay Toro) ▪ Meeting held at Melchora Aquino's barn. ▪ 1,000 Katipuneros attended. ▪ Decision made to revolt against Spain. o Guillermo Masangkay’s Version (August 26, 1896 - Cry of Balintawak) ▪ Bonifacio presided over the meeting at Balintawak. ▪ Teodoro Plata and others opposed early revolution. ▪ Bonifacio convinced people to revolt.  ▪ Cedulas were torn, symbolizing independence. ▪ Spanish forces attacked, leading to armed conflict. Lesson 2: Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in Philippine History History of Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines Pre-Colonial Period (Before 16th Century) Barangay System: Communities of 30-100 families. Land Concept: Shared stewardship, not private ownership. Agriculture: o Kaingin (slash-and-burn method) and plow-harrow farming. o Barter trade with Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans. Maragtas Code: Only recorded land sale (Panay Island bought by Bornean Datus). Spanish Era (1521-1896) Pueblo System: Christianized natives given 4-5 hectares to cultivate but land was owned by the Spanish king. Hacienda System: Large estates controlled by Spaniards and religious orders. Encomienda System: o Land grants given to Spaniards (encomenderos). o Natives paid tributes and rendered labor. o System led to abuses and revolts. Major Laws: o Laws of the Indies – granted land to religious orders. o 1865 Land Registration Law – most natives unaware, leading to land dispossession. o Ley Hipotecaria (1893) – systematic registration of property. o Maura Law (1894) – forced farmers to register land within a year or lose ownership. Revolution of 1896: o Peasant uprisings against land exploitation. o Malolos Constitution (1896) confiscated friar lands. American Era (1898-1935) Key Policies: o Philippine Bill of 1902 – allowed individuals to own 16 hectares, corporations 1,024 hectares. o Torrens System (1902) – introduced land registration. o Public Land Acts (1903, 1919, 1936) – land policies regulating ownership. o Friar Lands Act (1904) – resettled tenants on ex-friar lands. o Rice Share Tenancy Act (1933) – legalized 50-50 share between landlords and tenants. Problems: o Poor farmers couldn't afford land registration. o Rich individuals accumulated land, worsening tenancy. o Uprisings: Colorum and Sakdalista movements. Commonwealth Era (1935-1942)  Manuel L. Quezon’s Land Reform Efforts: o Social justice program. o Purchase of haciendas for redistribution. o RA 4054 (Rice Tenancy Act) – protected tenants, but poorly enforced. o Commonwealth Acts 461 & 608 – security of tenure for tenants. Japanese Era (1942-1945) HUKBALAHAP (March 29, 1942): Anti-Japanese resistance force. Peasants seized lands but lost them post-war. Evolution of Initiatives on Land Reform in the Philippines During Quezon's Administration (1935-1944) RA 4054 (Rice Tenancy Law): First law on crop sharing (50-50 between landlord and tenant). o Issue: Poor implementation due to resistance from municipal councils and powerful hacienderos. Commonwealth Act No. 461: Stipulated that tenant dismissal needed approval from the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice. Commonwealth Act No. 608: Established security of tenure between landlords and tenants, prohibiting unlawful ejection. National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARICC): Established to support peasant rights. Court of Industrial Relations (CIR): Handled disputes between agricultural workers and landowners. Homestead Program: Continued under CA No. 441 with the creation of the National Land Settlement Administration. Challenges: Budget constraints, non-compliance from landlords, peasant uprisings, and WWII halted progress. During Roxas Administration (1946-1948) Republic Act No. 34: Introduced a 70-30 crop sharing system between tenant and landlord. Land Acquisition in Batangas: 8,000 hectares bought from the Ayala-Zobel family and sold to landless farmers. Challenges: Lack of support infrastructure led to farmers selling land back to landowners. During Quirino Administration (1948-1953) Executive Order No. 355: Created the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) to speed up peasant resettlement. Challenges: Limited resources post-WWII hindered success. During Magsaysay Administration (1953-1957) RA No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act – governed landlord-tenant relations, protecting tenant rights. RA No. 1160 (1954): Focused on land resettlement and rehabilitation through the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). RA No. 1400 (1955): Land Reform Act – "Land to the Landless" program. RA No. 1266 (1955): Expropriated Hacienda del Rosario in Cabanatuan City. Court of Agricultural Relations (1955): Established to handle land disputes.  Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA): Supported farmers by providing facilities and assisting with marketing. Challenges: Only 41 out of 300 haciendas distributed due to limited funds and landlord resistance. During Garcia Administration (1957-1961) No new legislation passed, but continued Magsaysay’s land reform programs. During Macapagal Administration (1961-1965) RA No. 3844 (Agricultural Land Reform Code): Enacted on August 8, 1963, abolished share tenancy and aimed to convert tenants into owner-cultivators. Macapagal was dubbed the “Father of Agrarian Reform.” Implementation: Piloted in several provinces, benefiting 7,466 farmers with 18,247 hectares of land. Challenges: Lack of funds for implementation hindered full success. During Marcos Administration (1965-1986) RA No. 6389 (Code of Agrarian Reform): Created a framework for agrarian reform, replacing the Land Authority with the Department of Agrarian Reform. RA No. 6390: Accelerated land acquisition and agricultural credit. Presidential Decree No. 2: Declared the entire country as a land reform area. Presidential Decree No. 27: Emancipated tenants from soil bondage, transferred land ownership to them, and set landholding ceilings at 7 hectares. Five Components of Agrarian Reform: o Land Tenure Program o Institutional Development o Physical Development o Agricultural Development o Human Resources Challenges: Limited to rice and corn lands, monopolies in coconut and sugar industries, foreign business land use, and farmer leader arrests during Martial Law. Lesson 3: Spanish Colonial Economy and Policies Taxation Tribute (1565-1884): Payment to recognize Spanish sovereignty. o 8 reales (1 peso) → 10 reales (1589) → 12 reales (1851) → abolished in 1884. o Replaced by Cedula Personal tax. Forced Labor (Polo y Servicios) Polo: Males (16-60 years) required to work 40 days a year. Polistas: Those who rendered forced labor. Falla: Fee paid to be exempted from labor. Economic Policies  Tobacco Monopoly (1781): o Established by Jose Basco Y Vargas. o Limited to Nueva Ecija, Cagayan Valley, Ilocos, and Marinduque. Galleon Trade (1565-1815): o Trade route between Manila and Acapulco. o Obras Pias – Fund for charitable institutions. Lesson 4: Spanish Colonial Policies and Their Impact on the Philippines The Encomienda System Definition: A grant given by the Spanish King to Spanish settlers (encomenderos) to collect tribute from natives. Purpose: o Protect the natives. o Convert them to Christianity. o Maintain order in the colony. Abuses: o Encomenderos overtaxed natives beyond legal limits. o Forced labor and exploitation. o Led to resistance and revolts. Key Figures: o Domingo Salazar (First Bishop of Manila) – denounced encomendero abuses. o Martin de Rada (Superior of Augustinians) – protested against unjust treatment of natives. Abolition: o Royal Decree of 1589 – ended encomienda abuses but did not fully eliminate the system. Abolition of Slavery Advocated by: Bishop Domingo Salazar and religious leaders. Royal Decree of August 9, 1589: Declared all slaves in the Philippines free. Cultural Development Under Spanish Rule Language & Literature: o Spanish became the language of administration and education but was limited to elites. o Philippine literature was mostly religious. o Notable writers: ▪ Jose Dela Cruz (Huseng Sisiw, 1746-1829) – poet and playwright. ▪ Francisco Baltazar (1789-1862) – wrote Florante at Laura. o Doctrina Christiana (1593) – first book printed in the Philippines. Printing Press: Introduced by Spanish friars in 1593. Famous Filipino Printers: o Tomas Pinpin – first Filipino printer. o Siete Infantes and Bernardo Carpio – engravers. Fine Arts: o Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (Christian Virgins Exposed – won silver medal). o Juan Luna (Spoliarium – won gold medal at Madrid Exposition). Religious Influence in the Philippines  Missionary Orders and Arrival: o Augustinians (1565) o Franciscans (1577) o Jesuits (1581) o Dominicans (1587) o Recollects (1606) Pope Gregory XIII: Established the Diocese and Cathedral of Manila. Impact of Religion: o Conversion of natives to Christianity. o Churches and schools established. o Religious festivals (fiestas) became part of Filipino culture. Education Under Spanish Rule Limited to elites: Only upper-class Filipinos and Spaniards had access to education. Important Schools Established: o University of Santo Tomas (1611) – oldest university in the Philippines. o Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1601) o Colegio de Sta. Isabel (1632) o Assumption Convent (1892) Education Decree of 1863: o Provided free primary education. o Required schools for boys and girls in every town. o Spanish language was compulsory. Fear of Educated Filipinos: o Spanish authorities restricted higher education to prevent Filipinos from gaining political awareness. Economic Policies Under Spanish Rule Opening of Manila to World Trade (1815): o Ended the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. o Allowed foreign investors to operate in the Philippines. Key Developments: o Improved roads, bridges, and communication systems. o Rise of foreign banking institutions. o Increased agricultural production and export of cash crops. Social Effects: o Emergence of an educated middle class (ilustrados). o Economic inequality – elites benefited while farmers remained poor.