GE101 Midterm Exam Reviewer PDF

**INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING THE SELF** **Self-Understanding:** - To have a sense of meaning/purpose - To foster healthier relationships - To utilize one\'s natural strength - To boost confidence **Personality** - comes from the two **latin** words \"**per**\" and \"**sonare**\", wh...

**INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING THE SELF** **Self-Understanding:** - To have a sense of meaning/purpose - To foster healthier relationships - To utilize one\'s natural strength - To boost confidence **Personality** - comes from the two **latin** words \"**per**\" and \"**sonare**\", which literally means \"**to sound through**\". It is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. It is believed that personality arises from within the individual and remains consistent throughout life. **Determinants of Personality:** - Environmental Determinants - Biological Determinants - Situational Factors of Personality - Cultural Factors **Four Types of Personality**: Sanguine - Pleasure seeking and sociable (Childhood) Choleric - short tempered (Early Adulthood) Phlegmatic - Analytical and Literal (Parenthood) Melancholic - Relaxed and Thoughtful (Old Age) **Personality Traits** - It is characterized by the consistency, stability, and individual differences. - It is what differentiates you from other people. It is what makes you unique. **Self-Concept** - Understanding of \"**WHO YOU ARE**\" as a person. **Self-Understanding** - Understanding of \"**WHAT YOUR MOTIVES ARE**\" when you act. **The Big Five Personality:** **Openness to Experience** - Imagination, curiosity, the enjoyment of abstract thinking and ideas, and attunement towards personal emotions. **Conscientiousness** - Behaviors associated with; competence, order, dutifulness, attitude towards achievement, self- discipline and planning. **Extraversion** - A measure of sociability and outgoingness. Associated with warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, energy, excitement-seeking and positive emotions. **Agreeableness** - Attitudes about the goodness and trustworthiness of others, and ability to emphasize with others. Neuroticism - Tendency for relational instability, measured by the facets of anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self- consciousness, impulsivity and vulnerability. **THE SELF ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE** The Relationship between external reality and self - According to philosophical perspective self is love of wisdom - It is also considered as \"The Queen of All Sciences\" **Socrates** - He identified the self as a duality of body and soul, where soul represents the ideal, unchanging essence, while the body is temporal and imperfect. He also emphasize self-knowledge and quoted \"To live but die inside\". **Plato** - students of socrates and proposed a tripartite model of the soul composed of Reasons, Spirit, and Appetite. **St. Augustine** - He viewed the soul as immortal and distinct from body. Initially describing it as a \"Cage\" for the soul. He also emphasized that true understanding and happiness come from a relationship with god. **David** **Hume** - He argued that the self is a fiction created from perceptions. He also claimed that there is no permanent identity, as experiences and impressions are constantly changing, leading to the conclusion that self is not a unified entity. **Immanuel Kant** - He believed that the self regulates experience and is responsible for the unity of consciousness, distinguishing between phenomena and the noumena (The thing- in-itself). He also believed that self synthesizes sensory experience into a coherent understanding of reality. **Gilbert Ryle** - He rejected the notion of the self as an independent entity, suggesting that instead that it is a pattern of behavior or tendencies. He also criticized previous philosophical approaches as resulting from conceptual confusion. **Maurice Merleau-Ponty** - He viewed the self as an integrated whole of mind and body, arguing against their separation. He also emphasized that perception and consciousness are intertwined, reflecting the interconnection between self and world. **THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE** **SELF** -- Self according to Socrates; self is dichotomous which means composed of two things: The physical realm or the one that is changeable, temporal, and imperfect. The best example of the physical realm is the physical world. The physical world is consisting of anything we sense -- see, smell, feel, hear, and taste. It is always changing and deteriorating. The ideal realm is the one that is imperfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal. **Socrates** also stated that the **self is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time**. For example, a human being remains the same person during their childhood to adulthood given the fact that they undergone developmental changes throughout their lifespan. **Self is Separate** - this means that self is distinct from others, unique and has own identity even twins have their own self identity **Self is Self-contained and Independent** - This means that the self is has its own distinction that allows the self to be self-contained with own thoughts, independence characteristics and volition. **Self is Consistent** - This means that a particular self\'s traits characteristics, tendencies, and potentials are more or less the same and can be studies, described and measured. **Self is Unitary**- it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person. **Self is Private** - This suggests that self is isolated from the external world, living within its own. **SELF AND SOCIETY** -- According to George Herbert Mead self represents the sum total of people's conscious perception of their identity as distinct from others. Mead argued that the self like the mind is social emergent. This means that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not logical or biological in nature. Individuals develop their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them. In this sense, the self is shaped by the reflections of others\' judgments, creating a mirror in which we see ourselves. **SELF AND CULTURE** -- Culture influences your personality and how it is displayed, such as if and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others. **Social Constructionist Perspective** - It argue that the self should be seen as a static entity that stays constant through and through. Rather, the self has to be seen as something that is constant struggle with external reality and is malleable in its dealing with society. **According to Mauss** - every self has two faces the \"**Moi**\" and \"**Personne**\" **Moi** - refers to a person sense of who he is, his body and his basic identity. **Personne** - is composed of the social concept of what it means to be who he is. **SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT** **William James --** He was **the one of the earliest psychologists to study the self** and conceptualized the self as having two aspects the "I" which is thinking, acting, and feeling self and the "ME" which is the physical characteristics and psychological capabilities that makes who you are. He is also the founder of **functionalism**. **Carl Rogers** -- He is the founder of **Client-Centered Therapy**, his therapy aimed to make the person achieve balance between their self-concept (real self) and ideal self. **Sigmund Freud** - The father and founder of **psychoanalysis**. He theorized that the unconscious self serves as the repository of past experiences, repressed memories, fantasies, and urges. **THE THREE LEVEL OF MIND:** - **Id** - Pleasure Principle - **Ego** - Reality Principle - **Superego** - Moral Principle - **Eros** - Sex/Libido - **Thanatos** - Aggression **George Mead** - He theorized that self is a created and developed through human interaction (**Symbolic Interactionism**). **Abraham Tesser** - He believed that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us (**Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory**). **Leon Festinger** - He believed that we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people (**Social Comparison Theory**). **Albert Bandura** - known for his theory of social learning by means of modeling. He proposed concept of self-efficacy. **WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHTS** **Confucianism -** It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people. It focused on having harmonious social life. - **Subdued Self -** Personal needs are repressed for the good of many, making Confucian society hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society. **Taoism** - It is concerned with living in the way of the Tao or universe. They adopt a free-flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything. It rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism. **Buddhism** - The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs. Thus, the self is also the source of all these sufferings. **Heteronormativity** - is the belief or assumption that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation. The gender binary - is the concept that there are only two distinct genders: male and female. **Cisnormativity** - is the assumption or belief that being cisgender (having a gender identity that matches the sex assigned at birth) is the default or normal experience. **Sexual** **Orientation** - who someone is attracted to (e.g., heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, asexual). **Gender** **Identity** - How someone personally identifies in terms of gender (e.g., man, woman, non-binary). **Gender** **Expression** - How someone expresses their gender through appearance, behavior, and clothing (e.g., masculine, feminine, androgynous). **Sapiosexual** - is someone who finds intelligence to be the most attractive quality in a potential partner. **Code**-**switching** - refers to the practice of shifting between different languages, dialects, or cultural behaviors depending on the social context. **Gender**-**fluid** - someone whose gender identity is not fixed and can change over time. **Bigender** - a person identifies with two genders, either simultaneously or shifting between them. **Heterosexual** - Attracted to individuals of the opposite gender. **Homosexual** - Attracted to individuals of the same gender (often used specifically for gay men and lesbians). **Bisexual** - Attracted to individuals of both genders. **Transsexual** - A person who has transitioned or is transitioning from one gender to another (this term is less commonly used today, with \"transgender\" being preferred). **Pansexual** - Attracted to individuals regardless of gender, with an emphasis on attraction to the person rather than gender. **Asexual** - Does not experience sexual attraction to others, or experiences very little sexual attraction. **Non**-**Binary**: A person whose gender identity doesn\'t conform to traditional male or female categories. They may identify with aspects of both genders, neither, or a mix of genders. **Gender** **Non-Conforming**: A person whose gender expression does not adhere to traditional gender norms. **Ally** **Continuum** - refers to the ongoing process of becoming and being an ally to marginalized groups, including the LGBTQIA+ community. **Inclusive Communication among Diverse Gender Identities** - Using correct pronouns and addressing people by their preferred names. - Avoiding assumptions about a person\'s gender based on appearance. - Being open to learning and respecting people's gender identities and expressions. - Supporting inclusive policies and practices in workplaces, schools, and communities. - Listening with empathy and without judgment to understand the experiences and needs of diverse individuals.