GE101 Modules 1-5 Reviewer PDF

Module 1 Reviewer/GE 101/Introduction to Understanding the Self SELF-UNDERSTANDING - It is multi-dimensional and can be broken down into these individual aspects.  To have a...

Module 1 Reviewer/GE 101/Introduction to Understanding the Self SELF-UNDERSTANDING - It is multi-dimensional and can be broken down into these individual aspects.  To have a sense of meaning/purpose - It is knowing about one’s own tendencies,  To foster healthier relationship thoughts, preferences and habits, hobbies, skills,  To utilize one’s natural strength and areas of weakness.  To boost confidence DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY 1. Environmental Determinants 2. Biological Determinants 3. Intellectual Determinants 4. Psychological Determinants 4 Types of Personality 1. Sanguine – positive thinking 2. Phlegmatic – calm, self-control 3. Melancholic – sad 4. Choleric – short temper The Big Five/The Five-Factor Model 1. Openness – curious, imaginative 2. Conscientiousness – persevering, punctual, self- disciplined 3. Extraversion – active, optimistic, fun-loving, affectionate 4. Agreeableness – forgiving, helpful 5. Neuroticism – worrying about little things, feeling inadequate What are Personality Traits? - It is characterized by consistency, stability, - and individual differences. - It is what differentiates you from other people. It is what makes you unique. Self-concept - It is your idea about someone - Answer the question “Who Am I” - is an overarching idea we have about who we - are — physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are (Neill, 2005). - We form and regulate our self-concept as we grow, based on the knowledge we have about ourselves. - Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 1 Module 2 Reviewer/GE 101/Self According to the Philosophical Perspective What is PHILOSOPHY? RENE DESCARTES - It means love of wisdom - Self is a combination of two distinct entities: - It is an activity people undertake when they seek to - The cogito or the thing that thinks (the mind). understand fundamental truths about themselves, the - The extenza or the extension of the mind (the body). world in which they live, and their relationships to the - The body is nothing else but a machine that is attached world and to each other. to the mind. The human person has it but it is not what makes a man a man. SOCRATES - cogito ergo sum or "I think therefore, I am" - He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in a DAVID HUME systematic questioning about the self. - The true task of a philosopher is to know oneself. - Empiricism – knowledge can only be possible if it is - He thought that this is the worst that can happen to sense and experienced. anyone: to live but die inside. - The self is a bundle/ collection of different perceptions, - Every man is dualistic – composed of body and soul. The which succeed each other with an inconceivable body signifies the imperfect and impermanent aspect of rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement. man, WHILE the soul signifies otherwise. - Impressions are the basic objects of our experience or sensation. It forms the core of our thoughts. It is the Socratic Method - a form of inquiry and discussion products of our direct experience with the world. - Ideas are copies of impressions. It is not as lively and vivid as impressions. PLATO IMMANUEL KANT - He said that there are three components of the soul: - The rational soul is forged by reason and intellect. It has to govern the affairs of the human person. - Without the self, one cannot organize the different - The spirited soul is the one in charge of emotions and impressions that one gets in relation to his own should be kept at bay. existence. - The appetitive soul is in charge of base desires like - The self is an actively engaged intelligence in man that eating, sleeping, drinking, and having sex. It must be synthesizes all knowledge and experience. controlled as well. - The self is not just what gives one his personality but it - When this ideal state is attained, then the human is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human person's soul becomes just and virtuous. persons. ST. AUGUSTINE GILBERT RYLE - His view of the human person reflects the entire spirit - What truly matters is the behavior that a person of the medieval world when it comes to man. manifests in his day-to-day life. - He believed that an aspect of man dwells in the world. - The self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but It's imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the simply the convenient name that people use to refer to Divine AND the other is capable of reaching all the behaviors that people make. immortality. - The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to MAURICE MERLAU-PONTY anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. - The mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another. THOMAS AQUINAS - One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience. All experience is embodied. One's body is - Man is composed of two parts: matter and form. his opening toward his existence to the world. Because - Matter refers to the communion stuff that makes up of these bodies, men are in the world. everything in the universe. - Form refers to the essence of a substance or thing. - The soul is what animates the body. It is what makes us humans. Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 1 Module 3 Reviewer/GE 101/The Self, Society, & Culture What is the SELF? What influences personality? Nature or Nurture or both?  Self is SEPARATE - Each child is born with certain givenness, - Self is distinct from other selves disposition coming from his parents' genes and - Self is always unique and has its own identity general condition of life, the impact of one's family is still deemed as given in understanding the self.  Self is SELF-CONTAINED - Learning is critical in our capacity to actualize our  Self is INDEPENDENT potential of becoming humans. - Its distinctness allows it to be self-contained with - A child absorbs and imitates whatever he/she sees its own thoughts, characteristics, and volition. around him/ her. - It does not require another self for it to exist.  Heteronormativity - The assumption that all  Self is CONSISTENT people are heterosexual and that this norm, e.g. all - It has a personality that is enduring and can be married people are husband and wife. expected to persist for quite some time.  Gender Binary - This is the classification of sex - Allows it to be studied, described, and measured. and gender into two distinct and disconnected states of male/masculine and female/feminine,  Self is UNITARY e,g., all people identify as either man or a woman. - Center of all experiences and thoughts that rum  Cis Normativity - The assumption that everyone’s through a certain person. gender aligns with the cultural expectations of sex - It is like the chief command post in an individual assigned at birth (cisgender) and that this is the where all processes, emotions, and thoughts norm, e.g., only women wear dresses and have converge. long hair.  Sex = Biological  Self is PRIVATE  Gender = Cultural - Each person sorts out information, feelings, and  Sexual Orientation = Relational Interpersonal emotions, and thought processes within the self.  Gender Identity = Psychological - This process is never accessible to anyone but the  Gender Expression = Behavioral self.  The self is EVER-CHANGING and DYNAMIC  SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE Gender Terms - merged view of the persona and their social context where the boundaries of one cannot easily be  Sapiosexual - Person who finds intelligence the separated from the boundaries of the other. most sexually attractive feature  Code Switching - Modifying one’s behavior to  Marcel Mauss said that the self has two faces: adapt different sociocultural norms 1. Moi – person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his  Gender-fluid - Gender identify that is constantly basic identity, his biological givenness. shifting 2. Personne – the social concepts of what it means to  Bigender - Person who identifies as having two be who he is. distinct genders  Gender-binary - Idea that there are two distinct  GEORGE MEAD & LEV VYGOTSKY genders, one male and one female, and nothing in - The cognitive and emotional development of a between child is always a mimicry of how it is done in the  They - The singular, gender neutral pronoun social world, in the external reality where he is in.  Heterosexual - Person whose sexual orientation - A young child internalizes values, norms, practices, is toward another of the opposite sex and social beliefs and more through exposure to  Homosexual - Person whose sexual orientation is these dialogs that will eventually become part of toward another of the same sex (lesbian or gay) his individual world. Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 1 Module 3 Reviewer/GE 101/The Self, Society, & Culture  Transsexual - People who identify with a gender The Ally Continuum that differs from their assigned sex at birth may desire to transition to their preferred gender 1. Apathetic - No understanding of the issues  Pansexual - Person who are sexually attracted to 2. Aware - Knows basic concepts, not active on people regardless of their sex or gender identity behalf of self or others  Asexual - People who do not experience sexual 3. Active - well-informed, sharing and seeking attraction diversity when asked, prompted  Non-binary/genderqueer - People who identify 4. Advocate - Committed, routinely and proactively with a gender that does not fit into the traditional championing inclusion categories of man or woman may define their gender as falling between or outside of these Inclusive Communication Among Diverse Gender categories. Identities  Gender non-conforming - People whose garden expression is different from conventional 1. Offer your pronouns first in a conversation. expectations of masculinity and femininity 2. Directly ask people for their pronouns when  Cisgender - Person who identify with sex they happen in small group situations. were assigned at birth 3. If introductions are happening in large group setting, the organization should make sure cis- Yes, it is professional to use “they/them” as singular gendered members also state their pronouns. pronouns, and it is an INCLUSIVE thing to do. 4. If your interaction does not necessitate or require you to make a full introduction with a person, then Mx. is acceptable if you do not know the preferred it's not the time to ask for pronouns. address - if no professional address indicated “How do 5. Remove gendered words from your language you identify? What are your pronouns?’ because there is no reason to have to address people with gendered language before you know Transgenders v.s. Cross-dressers v.s. Drag Queens them personally. – Transgender people identify with a gender different 6. If you must use a pronoun, use they/them from the one they were assigned at birth, pronouns until otherwise stated. crossdressers wear clothes typically associated with a different gender for various reasons, and drag queens perform in exaggerated female attire often for entertainment. Defamatory Language – “fag,” “faggot,” “dyke,” “homo,” “sodomite,” and similar epithets – “deviant,” “disordered,” “dysfunctional,” “diseased,” “perverted,” “destructive,” and similar descriptions – Associating LGBTQ people with pedophilia, child abuse, sexual abuse, bestiality, bigamy, polygamy, adultery, and/or incest – “deceptive,” “fooling,”, “pretending,” “posing,” “trap,” or “masquerading” – “tranny,” “she-male” “he/she,” “it,” “shim” – “bathroom bill” Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 2 Module 4 Reviewer/GE 101/The Self as Cognitive Construct What is the SELF? George Mead - It is the sense of personal identity and of who we - Theory of Symbolic Interactionism – the self is are as an individual. created and developed through human interaction. - Society helped in creating the foundations of who William James - Founder of Functionalism we are. We need others to affirm and reinforce who - He was one of the earliest psychologists to study we think we are. the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects – the "I" and the "me". Abraham Tesser 1. “I” - is the thinking, acting, and feeling self. - Self-evaluation Maintenance Theory – we can feel 2. "me" is the physical characteristics and threatened when someone out-performs us, psychological capabilities that makes who you are. especially when that person is close to us. Carl Rogers - Founder of client-centered therapy. Leon Festinger - His therapy aimed to make the person achieve - Social Comparison Theory – we learn about balance between their self-concept (real-self) and ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors as ideal self. well as our social status by comparing aspects of - The real self refers to the attributes that an ourselves with other people. individual is aware of. Meanwhile, the ideal self - Social comparison affects our self-esteem refers to the self that we wish to be. - A wide gap between the ideal self and the self- (Downward vs. Upward Social Comparison) concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality. Albert Bandura - Known for his theory of social learning by means of modeling. - Famous for his proposed concept of self-efficacy. - The Social Cognitive Theory asserts that a person is both proactive and agentic, which means that we have the capacity to exercise control over our life. This theory emphasized that human beings are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and self- organizing. - He believes that through our agency we humans are perceived as proactive agents of experiences. Sigmund Freud Through this agents or agency we humans play a - The Father and Founder of Psychoanalysis. big role in our self-development, adaptation and - The unconscious self serves as the repository of self-renewal. We humans plan things intentionally past experiences, repressed memories, fantasies, or we do things intentionally, with doing this we and urges. The three levels of the mind: Id wait for possible outcomes. We make our plans, (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle) and the actions and decision with the basis of our intention Superego (moral principle). in life. - The motivation for behavior is sex (eros) and - Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, aggression (thanatos). The energy of eros is called think, motivate themselves and behave. A strong libido and such includes urges necessary for sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment survival like thirst, hunger, and sex. Meanwhile, and personal well-being in many ways. thanatos is directed towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence. Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 1 Module 5 Reviewer/GE 101/The Self in Western & Eastern Thoughts Eastern VS Western To be a chun-tzu, man has to live by these principles:  EASTERN – also called as Oriental; represents - Li is the principle of self-restraint and sense of Asia. propriety. It includes following social etiquette  WESTERN - represents Europe and Northern and mannerisms. America. - Cheng means sincerity and unwavering devotion  Western culture basically is about the focus on to good. oneself and personal needs; Eastern culture is - Hsiao is love for the immediate family and then about focus on others and the feelings of others. society.  Western culture is predicated on putting egoism - Yi is the principle of righteousness. first while Eastern culture is about collectivism. - Xin is the principle of honesty in life. - Jen is the most important of all principles. It Egoism & Collectivism means being kind and humane to your fellow beings. It is about helping out others. - Chung is loyalty to one’s family and to one’s  Egoism is focused on oneself; collectivism is all country. about being focused on others.  Western culture is more inclined in more The self in Confucianism is a subdued self. It is conditioned acquisition of material things, the Eastern culture to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs or is tilted towards less assets (thus the mantra, less aspirations, but of social requirements and obligations. is more). Personal needs are repressed for the good of many, Eastern VS Western making Confucian society hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society.  Western culture is obsessed with being successful while the Eastern culture is more inclined towards TAOISM long life; for the Eastern culture long life is equated with wealth. - Taoism is living the way of the Tao or the universe. CONFUCIANISM - They adopt a free-flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything. - Confucianism is a system of ethics devised by the - Taoism rejects the hierarchy and strictness Chinese scholar K’ung Fu-tzu (latinized to brought by Confucianism and would prefer a Confucius) in sixth century BC China. simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to - Self is characterized by relational identity which describe how to attain that life (Ho, 1995). means that a person is defined by his/her - The self is not just an extension of the family or significant relationships. the community; it is part of the universe, one of - Self-cultivation or self-realization is seen as the the forms and manifestations of the Tao (Ho, ultimate purpose of life. 1995). - The chun-tzu (man of virtue or noble character; - The ideal self is selflessness but it is not forgetting commonly translated as “gentleman” or “superior about the self, it is living a balanced-life with man”) is above all, or a man of self-cultivation. society and nature, being open and accepting to change, forgetting about prejudices and egocentric ideas and equality. Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 1 Module 5 Reviewer/GE 101/The Self in Western & Eastern Thoughts BUDDHISM Individualism VS Collectivism - The Buddha taught that an individual is a Individualism Collectivism combination of five aggregates of existence, also  People are  Interdependent called as The Five Skandhas or the Five Heaps. autonomous & within their in- independent from groups The Five Skandhas or the Five Heaps their in-groups  Give priority to  Give priority to the goals of their 1. Form – our physical form their personal in-groups 2. Sensation – made up of our feelings – both goals of their in-  In-groups emotional and physical – and our senses groups primarily shape seeing, hearing, tasting, touching and  Behave on their their behavior smelling. basis of attitudes  Behave in 3. Perception – means thinking rather than norms communal way conceptualization, cognition, reasoning.  Concerned in 4. Mental Formations – includes habits, maintaining prejudices, and predispositions, and volition relationship with or willfulness. others 5. Consciousness – awareness of our sensitivity to an object, but without conceptualization. Western VS Eastern - The doctrine of anatman (Sanskrit; anatta in Pali) is the core teaching of Buddhism. Western Eastern - According to this doctrine, there is no “self” in the Duality- you are distinct Other persons are part of sense of a permanent, integral, autonomous being from other persons your self within an individual existence. Talk about their personal Talk about their social - What we think of as our self, the “me” that inhabits attributes roles our body, is just an ephemeral experience. Highlights personal Keeps a low profile and - The self is seen as an illusion, born out of achievements avoid boastfulness ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs; thus, the self is also the Individualistic- focus on Collectivistic- group and source of all these sufferings (Ho, 1995). the person social relations are more - The ultimate of goal is Nirvana (enlightenment). important The English word enlightenment sometimes refers Values competition Values cooperation to heighten intellect and reason. Values equality Values hierarchy - The original Buddhists used the word bodhi, which means “awakened”. The word “Buddha” is derived from bodhi and means “the awakened one” - It is our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and renounce the self which is the cause of all sufferings and in doing so, attain the state of Nirvana. Padayon, mga Ekonomista ng Bayan! 2