GE-LITE-Coverage-1-3.pdf

## Coverage ### Module 1 **Blog** is a combination of two words, web and log. It works the same way as pen and paper would, but the privacy becomes irrelevant given that a blog can be seen by anyone online. **Blogger** is a person who writes blogs. **Communication** is a process in which informatio...

## Coverage ### Module 1 **Blog** is a combination of two words, web and log. It works the same way as pen and paper would, but the privacy becomes irrelevant given that a blog can be seen by anyone online. **Blogger** is a person who writes blogs. **Communication** is a process in which information is exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means. **Communication device** is a hardware component that aids a computer to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers. **Compact disc** is a flat, round, portable metal disc. **Computer** is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use. **Desktop computer** is designed to be placed on a desk, and is typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. **Exploitation** refers to an action of making use of and benefiting from digital resources such as changing grades by hacking the system. **Hard disk** is a data storage hardware device that offers a greater storage capacity than a floppy disk, Zip disk, or USB flash drive. **Information** refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research. **Information age** is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry to an information technology-based economy brought by industrialization. **Information and Communications Technology (ICT)** refers to technology that supports activities involving information such as gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data. Increasingly, these activities also involve collaboration and communication. **Smartphone** is a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, internet access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded applications. **Software piracy** refers to an act of installing a copy of software into one's computer without permission, and/or producing a copy disregarding the copyrights. **Storage** holds data, instructions, and information for future use. **Supercomputer** is an extremely fast computer that can perform millions of instructions per second. **System unit** is a box-like case that contains the electronic components of the computer which are used to process data. **Technology** has made communication much easier and faster through telephones, computers, and mobile devices. **Trend** refers to a particular style in fashion, devices, or entertainment. There could always be a new trend coming along to replace the old. **USB flash drive** is a portable storage device that has more storage capacity than a floppy disk or Zip disk. It is small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or put in one's pocket. **User** is anyone who communicates and interacts with a computer or makes use of the information it generates. **Workstation** is similar to a personal computer but has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. ### Information Technology (IT) Pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other IT infrastructure that help relay or manage information deemed important in modern-day living. **Input device** is any hardware component that allows one to enter data or instructions into a computer. **Intelligent system** is a far more complex machine capable of learning. **Laptop computer** is a battery-powered computer that is more portable than a desktop, allowing one to use it almost anywhere. **Libel** refers to publication of a false statement that damages one's business or personal reputation. **Mainframe** is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. **Media** refers to communication devices. Communication devices are used in interaction and/or communication. **Minicomputer** is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. **Modem** is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. **Motherboard** is a circuitry of the system unit which is commonly a part of, associated with, or linked to a circuit board. **Output device** is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more people. **Personal computer** is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. **Plagiarism** is the act of using someone's intellectual property (e.g., ideas and written works) and claiming it as one's own. **Port** is an endpoint of communication in an operating system. ### Information and Communications Technology: An Overview The concept of technology has evolved throughout the years. As the rate of human progress continues to increase, society has adapted in such a way that technology no longer appeals to mechanical or electrical systems alone. The term technology presently includes advancements in communication and how information is handled, thus enabling governments, organizations, industries, and ordinary individuals to improve on their decision-making, business processes, and everyday living. The term information and communications technology or ICT was defined in a study conducted by Zuppo (2012) as “related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communication.” However, this definition was considered too broad that Zuppo created an ICT hierarchy to identify key aspects such as ICT in education, business, and the economic sector. These classifications, however, contain some degree of commonality. The need for devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets, is identified in all instances. This fact is perhaps due to the human need to “belong.” According to Baumeister and Leary (1995), the “belongingness hypothesis” states that people have a basic psychological need to feel closely connected to others, and that caring, affectionate bonds from close relationships are a major part of human behavior. This need can be fulfilled through the different modes of communication, be it face-to-face, online, through voice, or simply through a text message, manifested in the number of people with mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and the latest technologies such as “wearable devices.” Nowadays, it is no longer surprising to find a person owning several of these gadgets, which may not necessarily be for different purposes. ICT is ubiquitous and access to it is relatively affordable and somewhat effortless. This makes the demand much higher as different sectors, industries, and organizations now also incorporate ICT in their daily business processes. **Components of a Computer** What makes a computer work? By definition, a computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. It contains both hardware components and software applications. **The hardware** pertains to the computer’s physical devices. It is any part of the computer that can be seen and touched. A computer’s hardware consists of interrelated electronic devices that are used to manipulate the computer’s operation, input devices, and output devices. **Input Devices** Working with a computer would be ineffective if one does not intermingle with it because the machine cannot accept and receive instructions and/or deliver an output on its own. Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user or from another computer system on the internet while output devices send back the administered data to the user or to another computer system. The following are some of the most common and important input devices of a computer: - **Keyboard** is the most common input device that accepts letters, numbers, and commands from the user. - **Mouse** lets one select options from on-screen menus. A mouse is used by moving it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling the wheel that is located between the buttons. - **Trackball** has a ball that can rotate using a finger or the palm of a hand to move the pointer. - **Touchpad**, also called a trackpad, is a touch-sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by touching and dragging his or her finger on the pad. Touchpads are commonly built-in on laptop computers. - **Microphone** allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and instructions. While there are available stand-alone microphones for computers, most of the time, users buy a headset-a combination of microphone and earphones-for the sake of practicality. **The general classifications of computers are as follows:** - **Personal computer** is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. - **Workstation** is a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. - **Minicomputer** is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. - **Mainframe** is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. - **Supercomputer** is an extremely fast computer that can perform millions of instructions per second. **MODULE 2** **Bluetooth** uses radio waves to connect to other devices; the connection via Bluetooth is called pairing. **Central processing unit (CPU)** is the brains of the computer in which most calculations take place. **Computer software** is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that a computer needs in order to do a specific task. **Control bus** is used by CPUs to communicate with other devices within the computer system. **Data bus** can transfer data to and from the memory of a computer, or into or out of the central processing unit (CPU). **Decimal number system** consists of ten digits from 0 to 9. These digits can be used to represent any numeric value. The base of the decimal number system is 10. It is the most widely used number system. **E-learning** involves the use of a computer or electronic device in delivering instruction to students. Students and teachers can communicate with each other through online lessons, activities, and exams. **E-commerce** helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier, faster, and more efficient. **Ethernet cable** transmits signals between a computer and a network device such as a router, a switch, or other computers. **FireWire** is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from devices which have typical high data rates, such as external hard drives. **Hexadecimal number system** includes a subscript of 16 or in most cases, appended with the lowercase letter 'h' to denote hexadecimal notation. **High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)** is a connector for transmitting audio/video data compatible with computers, projectors, and digital televisions. **How Computers Work** The basic parts of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard or other input device, and a screen or other output device. How does a computer add or subtract, and how can its memory remember the answers it computes? A computer does not have a human brain inside but acts in many ways as though it does have a real one. However, while we understand human language, the computer can understand machine language. When a person types on the computer’s keyboard, the human brain identifies the letters, numbers, and characters combined to create words and sentences. But the computer does not recognize letters as letters of the alphabet; it sees the letters as a series of 0’s and 1’s called the binary language. **Computer Number Systems** Humans use the decimal number system to count, measure, and compute. The decimal number system has ten digits, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A computer, on the other hand, can only understand two digits-a 0 and a 1. These two numbers play an important role in the way computers communicate with one another. This type of number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix bi, which means 2. There are other types of number systems, such as the octal number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means 6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to represent its values). However, these special number systems are merely a way to bridge the computer’s binary language to a somewhat understandable human (decimal) language since computer data can be complicated. If your computer hardware uses a 32-bit bus (hardware), use only software programs running 32-bits. This is to avoid the hardware from overheating. Imagine a 32-bit bus computer working double time to make up for the excess 32-bits from a 64-bit application software. A 64-bit bus, on the other hand, can process either a 32-bit or a 64-bit software application. **How Computers Connect to Other Computers** The next step in knowing how a computer is able to connect to other devices is to understand how a computer connects to another computer. Earlier, computer peripherals using wired or wireless connections are mentioned. It is also similar when a computer wants to connect to another computer with or without wires. **Computer Network Systems** Computers are able to communicate with one another over networks. A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers. This interconnection gives these computers the capability to share information and resources. There are several types of networks, mostly depending on the number of computers in it, how they are used, and what type of technology is used in its connectivity. - **Personal area network (PAN)** is a type of connection which is often limited to an individual person and his or her personal devices. Normally, these devices must be within the range of 10 meters with each other. For example, a person traveling with a laptop, a smartphone, and a portable printer could interconnect the devices without having to plug anything in, using some form of wireless technology. - **Local area network (LAN)** is a connection in which a group of computers and other devices, such as network printers, share a common communications line within a certain area such as a building or a small campus. LANs are often found in schools and offices to secure the organization’s information. This is done through a computer server in which user’s access may be restricted to avoid unwanted users. For example, some schools use LANs within their campuses so that students can connect to the internet to do online research. Students are required to login their information (such as their student ID) to connect to the internet. However, through the school’s campus server, restrictions to sites such as online games, pornographic materials, and the like are implemented. This means that students will not be able to access these websites inside the campus. - **Wide area network (WAN)** may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may differ within its coverage. A WAN may be made up of several LANs and PANs. A WAN can also be made up of several more WANs. This is why WAN is considered synonymous to the internet. **Methods of Communication** There are many different types of connection media that are used in contemporary society to connect computer networks to one another. Connections are often categorized generally into two- wired communication and wireless communication. - **Wired communication** Different types of cables are used to connect to a given network. There are coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, Ethernet cables, and traditional telephone lines. These will be discussed at length in later chapters. This chapter focuses on a stand-alone computer system and the types of wired connections that are available. **Computer systems have different connections which usually depend on the motherboard’s form factor. Popular wired connections nowadays include the following:** - **USB** Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection or interface that allows the computer to communicate with system peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. as well as other devices like digital cameras and portable fans. - **FireWire** It is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from devices which have typical high data rates, such as external hard drives. The transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB. - **Ethernet cable** An Ethernet cable transmits signals between a computer and network devices such as a router, switch, or other computers. - **HDMI** High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a connector for transmitting audio/video data which are compatible to computers, projectors, and digital televisions. **Older computer units have connections that include the following:** - **VGA** The 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector has been provided on many video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors. It is now slowly being phased out in favor of the faster and more compact HDMI connector. - **Serial** An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature of a personal computer used for connections to modem, printer, mouse, and other peripheral devices. Now, it has been replaced by USB connections. - **Parallel** Similar to the serial connection, parallel connections were used before to connect other computer peripherals such as printers. It has also been replaced since then by the USB connections. - **PS/2** The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to identify which peripheral will be connected to which port. Purple is for keyboard and green is for the mouse. - **Audio jacks** The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used for microphones (as input), and speakers (as output). It uses color codes as well to indicate the type of input and output lines. - Pink: Mic in - Blue: Line in - Green: Front speakers out - Black (or dark blue in some older boards): Rear speakers out - Orange: Center/subwoofer out - Gray: Middle speakers out These connections are now being replaced by USB and HDMI connections. **→ Wireless communication** Wireless communications include microwave transmission, satellite communication, cellular transmission, and radio transmission such as WiFi connectivity. Wireless technologies differ hugely from one another, but the most popular types are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a professional technical association with members all across the globe, identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless standards. - **Wi-Fi** Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit information wirelessly across a network. Wi-Fi’s signals are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz), which are higher than radio and TV signals to avoid interference. Wi-Fi is often used in schools, companies, and business establishments, among others. This is to provide network connections to multiple users without the need for cables. Majority of Wi-Fi users use mobile devices, such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones to connect via an access point or Wi-Fi hotspot. - **Bluetooth** Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other devices. The connection via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once paired, devices are able to send and receive information provided they are within a given range which is typically 10 meters. **How Humans Communicate with Computers** Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can be very confusing and taxing. As such, people who invented the computer identified two areas in computer systems – computer hardware and computer software. Through computer software, humans are able to “communicate” with the computer. **Computer Software** The computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the computer needs in order to do a specific task. Another term used for computer software is computer programs. Everything the computer does can basically be controlled through these programs. Programs are a set of codes or instructions which are usually designed or written by computer programmers using a specific programming language. The most common type of programming language used by programmers is called object-oriented programming. This programming language includes Microsoft’s C# (pronounced as ‘see-sharp’), Sun Microsystem’s Java, and an open-source programming language, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). **Programmers have developed two types of computer software – the system software and application software.** - People might be more familiar with the application software as most of the day-to-day tasks done in front of a computer involve the use of application programs (e.g., typing a school assignment using Microsoft Word, editing a photo using Adobe Photoshop, browsing through Facebook using Google Chrome, or listening to music using Apple’s iTunes). - The system software also called an operating system (OS) is the most important software running on a computer since it manages the computer’s memory and instructions and has the ability to control all the connected hardware and installed software applications. The OS allows a person to interact with the computer - from the hardware components and peripherals to all the installed software applications and files one has stored on the computer. The interaction can occur in two ways: - By using a command-line operating system (e.g., DOS) in which the computer responds according to the text command that is typed - With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system (e.g., Windows) such as pictures and buttons through mouse clicks and keyboard entries **System Platforms** Desktop systems differ from mobile systems in terms of how each platform treats the application software installed in the system. A desktop or a laptop computer usually needs an application program to run a certain application on it, or possibly, multiple ones at the same time. A typical example is that of a web browser capable of running multiple web sites with different “applications” all at the same time. In this scenario, Google Chrome is open as the user waits for an email from a friend via Gmail, while another browser tab has YouTube open as he or she watches video tutorials. Another browser tab with Wikipedia open is possible as the user is also researching on different computer peripherals. All of these websites are accessed using a single web browser. A web browser is considered to be an application software. However, this scenario is typically played within a desktop platform. With today’s trend leaning towards mobility, more and more mobile devices are now capable of doing things which typical desktop computers can do. This is why companies that develop smartphones, for example, have identified specific system software and application software for these mobile devices (Hope, 2017). Using a smartphone in accessing the same websites is a different experience. Instead of using a web browser to access all three web sites, mobile applications are used. Mobile applications have the capacity to run directly on top of the operating system without using web browsers. Facebook, YouTube, and Gmail are typical examples of desktop applications that have mobile counterparts. **System Software** Two of the most popular desktop system software or OS nowadays are Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s macOS. In mobile devices, Apple uses iOS for their devices’ system software. But while Microsoft is also using Windows for their mobile devices’ operating system, it is not the leading mobile OS in the **Online Applications Software** As previously discussed, application software consists of programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for users. Specific application software products, called software packages, are available from different vendors. Usually, these software packages cost money although a lot of application software is now being made available for free. Often called shareware, freeware, or public-domain software, this software can be downloaded for free but usually with fewer capabilities compared to the ones sold. As such, online application software is now introduced with the improved internet speed being made available to consumers. There are various products available including software tools that were previously identified only as computer applications. Office productivity tools such as Microsoft Office Suite were only available offline, but now, Microsoft has developed Microsoft Office 365 which has been made available to students and teachers for free via their Office 365 Education. Numerous web and mobile applications are also made available to users which oftentimes feature the same functionalities as the offline version. Google introduced its online applications capable of doing the same thing as Microsoft’s Office Suite. Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides are the online counterparts of MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, respectively. Other online productivity tools are also available for organizations, such as data collection and analysis, especially for those in the marketing industry. PCMag.com has listed down available online survey engines for 2017 and analyzed the top contenders. Included in the list are Zoho Survey, Survey Gizmo, Campaign Monitor GetFeedback, Checkbox Survey, Fluid Surveys, SurveyMonkey, WorldApp KeySurvey, Outside Software eSurveys Pro, SoGoSurvey, and SurveyPlanet. Survey Gizmo is the Editors’ Choice getting a 4.5 rating and is said to be best for **MODULE 3** **Android OS** is Google’s open and free software stack that includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications for use on mobile devices such as smartphones. **Assembly language** is used primarily for direct hardware manipulation and direct access to specialized processor instructions. It is also used to address critical performance issues. **Blog website** is an informal website consisting of time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal format, commonly listed in reverse chronological order. **C programming language** is a general-purpose, imperative programming language developed in the early ‘70s; C is the oldest and most widely used language, providing the building blocks for other popular languages. **C sharp (C#)** is a programming language based on C++ and Java that helps developers create XML web services and Microsoft’s NET-connected applications for Windows operating systems and the internet. **Cable modem** provides high-speed internet connections through the cable television network. This service costs about twice as much as dial-up access. **Chat room** is a location on an internet server that permits users to chat with each other. **Chat** is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile device. **Computer programming language** is a language used to write computer programs; it involves a computer that performs some kind of computation or algorithm, and possibly controls external devices such as printers, disk drives, etc. **C++ programming language** is an intermediate-level language with object-oriented programming features, originally designed to enhance the C language. **Database** is a collection of data used for automated systems. **Dial-up access** takes place when the modem in the computer uses a standard telephone line to connect to the internet. It is an easy yet an expensive way for users to connect to the internet. **Domain name** is the text version of an IP address. Figure 3.4 shows an IP address and its associated domain name. **Domain name system (DNS)** is the method that the internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. **High-level language** is a programming language such as C, Fortran, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. **Hypertext preprocessor (PHP)** is a server-side interpreted scripting language. It was designed for creating dynamic web pages and other web pages that effectively work with databases. **Internet** is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. **Internet2** is a not-for-profit networking consortium in the U.S. which aims to improve the internet, such as relieving bottlenecks in the current architecture. **Interpreter** is a computer program that directly executes, i.e., performs instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without previously compiling them into a machine language program. **Java programming language** is a programming language that was first introduced to the public in 1995 and is widely used to create internet applications and other software programs. **Low-level language** is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer’s instruction set architecture. **Netiquette** refers to the etiquette guidelines that govern behavior when communicating on the internet. **Wiki website** is a collaborative website that allows users to create, add to, modify, or delete the website content via their web browser. **Wireless internet service provider (WISP)** is a company that provides wireless internet access to users with wireless modems or web-enabled mobile devices, such as smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). **Wizard** is an automated assistant that helps complete a task by asking questions and then performs actions based on the answers. **Word processor** allows the user to write a letter, design a flyer, and create other types of documents **World Wide Web (WWW)** consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents **The Internet** The internet (capitalized as in Internet when it first came into widespread use) is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers via dedicated routers and servers. When computers are connected to the internet, end-users could start sending and receiving different types of information. These types of information can be sent and received via electronic mails (emails), text or video chats and/or conferencing, and computer programs, among others. Now, most telephone companies all over the world also function as internet service providers. In the Philippines, the PLDT, Inc. (formerly known as Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company) is the largest network company; Smart Communications, Inc. and Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc. (commercially known as Sun Cellular) are collaborating with PLDT while Globe Telecom has acquired Bayan Telecommunications (commonly known as BayanTel or Bayan). These telecommunication companies use high-speed fiber-optic cables to transmit data. But no one actually owns “the Internet.” Large internet service providers own infrastructure through which internet is delivered. Today, according to the 2018 Global Digital suite of reports from We Are Social and Hootsuite, there are more than 4 billion people anywhere in the world connecting to the internet for various reasons. Some of the uses are illustrated in Figure 3.1. **The Internet: Then and Now** Even though today’s internet bears little resemblance to its forebear of almost 50 years ago, it still functions in basically the same way. The internet has evolved into something different from the special-purpose, restricted-use network its planners originally envisioned it to be (Norton, 2012). The Internet started from the Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Wide Area Network which is called the ARPANET. This was established by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s so that the military’s research unit could collaborate or partner with business and government laboratories. **Figure 3.2** Before it became known as the Internet, ARPA’s network served universities, defense contractors, and a few government agencies. Afterwards, other universities and U.S. institutions were connected to ARPANET that resulted in the growth of ARPANET different from everyone’s expectations. ARPANET then attained the name of “Internet.” The advancement of hypertext-based technology known as World Wide Web, WWW, or just simply as the Web has provided the channels for displaying text, graphics, animations, etc. Its other features of enabling easy search and offering navigation tools prompted the internet’s unpredictable worldwide growth. **The Internet2 Environment: Future Empowerment** Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium founded in 1996 by 34 university research institutions in the U.S. It provides a collaborative environment where U.S. research and education organizations work together and develop advanced technologies and innovative solutions such as telemedicine, digital libraries, and virtual laboratories to assist education, research, and community development. Internet2 manages the Internet2 Network, a next-generation optical and internet protocol network that is capable of delivering enhanced network services and is better, faster, and more efficient than the typical internet or broadband connections. Internet2 maintains a secure network testing and research environment. It began operating the Internet2 DCN (dynamic circuit network), an advanced technology that allows user-based allocation of data circuits over the fiber-optic network. As of May 2016, this community comprises 317 U.S. higher education institutions, 81 corporations, 64 affiliates and affiliate members, 43 regional and state education networks, and more than 65 national research and education networking partners representing over 100 countries. The Philippines, via the Philippine Research, Education and Government Information Network (PREGINET), is among the international peers reachable via Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN), one of the Internet2’s peering relationships. Just in August 2017, a national training course on nuclear neurology was held in which nationwide webcast among hospitals was made possible through the high-speed connectivity provided by PREGINET and the video conference server hosted locally at the Department of Science and Technology-Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI). By supporting telemedicine or telehealth in the country, this information infrastructure, therefore, enables Philippine hospitals to keep abreast of new medical diagnostics and world-class treatment options without having to travel abroad. **Internet Today: Still Growing** Today, the internet connects thousands of networks and billions of users around the world. The number of internet users as of January 2018 is 4.021 billion which means that more than **The World Wide Web** The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred to as the collection of public websites that are connected to the internet worldwide, together with the client computers which include personal computers, laptops, iPads, and cellular phones that access its content. **Web Technologies** The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the internet and computer networks. This is based on three fundamental technologies that are said to be part of the WWW development: - **Hypertext markup language (HTML)** is a standard markup language used for creating web pages. HTML is classified as the set of markup symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on a World Wide Web browser page. - **Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)** is classified as the set of standards allowing users of the World Wide Web to interchange information seen on web pages. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP connections. - **Web servers and web browsers** is a software application for recovering, presenting, and navigating information resources on the World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that are currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more. **The World Wide Web Today** Last March 12, 2017, WWW turned 28 years, a milestone that recalls the invention of the WWW which has changed humanity forever, and developed a new virtual world within a generation.