Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies B Paper 2C Islam Knowledge Organiser PDF

 Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam About this resource This r...

 Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam About this resource This resource is designed to provide support on content covered in the GCSE Religious Studies B specification for Islam, Paper 2C: Religion, Peace and Conflict. This area of study comprises an in- depth study of Islam as a lived religion within the United Kingdom and throughout the world, and its beliefs and teachings on life, specifically about the issues of peace and conflict, and crime and punishment. There are four sections: Muslim Beliefs, Crime and Punishment, Living the Muslim Life and Peace and Conflict. This content can be found in the specification: https://bit.ly/3SLnusH Contents Section 1: Muslim Beliefs Section 2: Crime and Punishment Section 3: Living the Muslim Life Section 4: Peace and Conflict © Pearson Education 2024  Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam Section 1: Muslim Beliefs © Pearson Education 2024  1.1: The Six Beliefs of Islam What are the Six Beliefs 1. Belief in the oneness of Allah (Tawhid), which is the most of Islam? important belief. 2. Belief in the existence of angels as messengers of Allah (Malaikah). They are created from light and don’t have free will. They communicate messages from Allah to the prophets. 3. Belief in the authority of holy books, e.g. the Qur’an, the Hadith, and other revealed books shared with the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Judaism (Kutub).​ 4. Belief in Allah’s prophets, who are the link between Him and humans (Risalah). It is the Islamic term for prophethood and refers to the communication channel between Allah and humans. 5. Belief in the Day of Judgement and the afterlife (Akhirah). On that day, humans will account for their actions and Allah will reward them with al-Jannah (Paradise) or will punish them in Jahannam (Hell). 6. Belief in predestination/divine decree (Al-Qadr). Allah is all- knowing and knows what will happen. What is the nature of The Six Beliefs of Islam, known as the Articles of Faith, are found in the Kitab al-iman ('The the Six Beliefs of Islam? Book of Faith'), written in the 13th century by Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya. It has been used by many Muslim scholars throughout history to understand and explain the key Islamic beliefs. What is the history of The Six Beliefs come from a Hadith about the Archangel Jibril. He asked Prophet Muhammad the Six Beliefs? to summarise the Islamic faith, and Prophet Muhammad responded by listing these specific beliefs. How are the Six Beliefs The Six Beliefs of Islam are mainly used by Sunni Muslims. Shi’a Muslims accept the Six Beliefs of Islam understood and of Islam but may have a different understanding of them. Some of the Six Beliefs from Sunni expressed in Sunni and Muslims are shared beliefs with Shi’a Muslims, but sources of authority for Sunni and Shi’a Shi’a Muslim Muslims are slightly different. Shi’a Muslims have a different summary of beliefs (the Five communities today? Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din − see point 1.2). For example, the second root for Shi’a Muslims is Adalat, the idea that Allah is fair and just. Sunni Muslims accept this idea is important, but don’t place the same emphasis on it as Shi’a Muslims. What is their importance They summarise the shared beliefs of Islam and help Muslims understand their religion and purpose for better. Muslims? They unite Sunni Muslims from all over the world and make them feel part of the same community (ummah). They give direction and a reason for why Muslims behave and carry out their worship and practices. Sources of Wisdom and Authority The Six Beliefs of Islam: “That you affirm your faith in Allah, His angels, His Books, His meeting, His Messengers and that you affirm your faith in the Resurrection hereafter.” (Hadith of Prophet Muhammad - Kitab al-iman 1:4).  1.2: The Five Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din in Shi’a Islam What are the Five Roots of ‘Usul 1. Oneness of Allah (Tawhid), stated clearly in Surah 112: ad-Din? Allah is the one and only God. 2. Divine Justice (‘Adl). Allah acts in a fair and just way at all times. 3. Prophethood (Nubuwwah). Allah has appointed prophets and messengers to send his message to humanity. 4. Successors to Muhammad; Imams as a source of authority (Imamah). They were specially appointed by Allah. 5. The Day of Judgment and the Resurrection (Mi’ad). There will be a resurrection of soul and body and all humans will be judged. What is the nature of the Five The Five Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din, also known as the Roots of Religion, are the key beliefs Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din? for Shi’a Muslims. What is the history of the Five Shi’a Muslim scholars throughout history have used verses of the Qur'an and the Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din? Hadith to compile this list. These have been agreed upon by most Shi’a Muslims in order for their key beliefs to be summarised. What is the purpose of the Five Their purpose is to help Shi’a Muslims understand the foundation and basis of their Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din? beliefs and practices, and to unite Shi’a Muslims as a community (ummah). What is the importance of these They summarise the main beliefs of Shi’a Islam. They help Shi’a Muslims understand principles for different Shi’a the meaning of life and how to understand Islam. communities today? They give a reason for why Shi’a Muslims carry out their worship and practices. Shi’a Muslims may understand Imamah differently. Twelver Shi’a Muslims believe Allah picked 12 Imams after the death of Muhhamad, whereas Ismailis or Seveners believe in a different number of Imams. This is due to a difference of opinion on who the successor of the sixth Imam was, which caused divisions within Shi’a Muslims. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Tawhid: Say “He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent.“ (Qur’an - Surah 112 − Al-Iklās).  1.3: The nature of Allah What are some of the Tawhid - the main characteristic of Allah; it shows Muslims He is the one and only, unique characteristics God and cannot be given partners. Islam is a monotheistic religion. of Allah? Transcendence - Allah is beyond time and space. He can never be fully understood by humans. Immanence - Allah is always with humans to help them and respond to their prayers. Omnipotence - Allah is all-powerful. He is in control of everything that occurs. He has no weaknesses. Beneficence - Allah is kind and all-loving. Mercy – Allah forgives when people do wrong. He is compassionate and helps Muslims seek forgiveness. Fairness and Justice - Allah will never treat any creature of His creation in a way that is unfair; everyone will get what they deserve, in this life as well as after death. Adalat - ‘Adl is one of the Five Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din for Shi’a Muslims and reminds them to act justly towards others in the same way Allah is fair and just to His creation. Why are these They are contained in the Qur’an, which is the holy book revealed to Muhammad, and so, characteristics Muslims believe Allah wants Muslims to know all these characteristics. important? They are accepted by everyone, and this brings the ummah (community) together, making Muslims share their beliefs. They help Muslims have more understanding of Allah and, therefore, allow them to be closer to Him. Why is understanding So Muslims understand who they are worshipping. For example, during prayer, they would the nature of Allah direct their worship towards Allah alone. important to Muslims? The more Muslims understand Allah, the closer their relationship with Him becomes. For example, when understanding Allah’s mercy, they would turn to Him for forgiveness. Belief in Allah is the foundation of all other beliefs. The other beliefs and practices that Muslims have come from belief in Allah. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Tawhid: “…If Allah had willed, we would not have worshipped anything other than Him…We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], ‘Worship Allah and avoid Tāghūt.” (Qur’an – Surah 16:35–36, an Nahl).  1.4: Risalah (prophethood) What is the nature of Risalah Risalah means 'message' in Arabic. Muslims believe that Allah used prophets to (prophethood) for Muslims? communicate His message to people. The main role of each prophet was to teach people about worshipping one God (Tawhid) and living in a way that Allah wants. Most Muslims believe Allah sent 124,000 prophets, who travelled to every nation. All prophets shared the same beliefs but may have had different laws and practices. What is the importance of Prophethood is important to Muslims as it emphasises that Allah has sent guidance Risalah (prophethood) for throughout history to different people. This shows Allah’s justice for Muslims since Allah Muslims? constantly has communicated to different prophets in order for people to worship Him. What was the role of Prophet Adam is the first human created by Allah and is considered the first prophet by Adam? Muslims. Allah gave him the role of khalifah (Arabic word that means ‘steward’ or ‘vicegerent’). Adam’s role was to look after the world. Adam was married to Hawwa, and they were both put on the Earth after being deceived by Shaytan into eating from the forbidden tree. He taught humans how to repent, how to seek for Allah’s forgiveness. What were the roles of Ibrahim was one of the most important prophets, as he was raised in a pagan Prophet Ibrahim and Isma’il? environment but understood that there is only one God. He had his faith tested by Allah, who asked him to sacrifice his son, Isma’il; a test that he passed. This teaches Muslims to be prepared to submit to Allah. Muslims believe that Isma’il built the Ka'ba, the sacred shrine, in Makkah, which all Muslims face when they pray. Ibrahim and Isma’il are both commemorated during Hajj and on Id-ul-Adha. What was the role of Prophet Musa was commanded by Allah to tell the Pharaoh of Egypt and his people to worship Musa? Allah and to stop worshipping idols. He performed miracles which included the Parting of the Red Sea. His main role was to teach and practise the religion of his ancestors, confirming the scriptures and prophets who came before him. What was the role of Prophet Dawud was a righteous king known for defeating the giant Jalut. Dawud also received Dawud? the divine revelation of the Zabur, one of the holy books of Islam, which contains poetic prayers of praise for Allah, recited by Dawud. These Psalms of Dawud are referred to in the Qur’an as having been revealed to him by Allah. What was the role of Prophet Isa is one of the most influential prophets in Islam and his stories from the Gospels are Isa? understood, although not all stories are accepted by Muslims as true. Muslims believe that he was born miraculously to Maryam, who was a virgin. However, most Muslims do not believe that Isa was killed on a cross and resurrected; Muslims do not believe in Isa’s divinity as Christians do. Muslims view him as a human being only. That is why in Islam Isa is known as the ‘son of Mary’ rather than the ‘son of God’. The Qur’an refers to Isa as the Messenger of Allah. It is believed he will return before Judgement Day. What was the role of Prophet Muhammad is the founder of Islam and is considered the final prophet (he is known as Muhammad? the ‘Seal of the Prophets’) who was given the final revelation (the Qur'an). Muslims accept that the Qur’an is the complete message from Allah to humanity. Muhammad’s example (Sunnah) is something Muslims try to follow in their daily lives. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Risalah: ”We have believed in Allah and what has been revealed to us and what has been revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the Descendants…and what was given to Moses and Jesus and what was given to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them.” (Qur’an − Surah 2:136 − al-Baqarah).  1.5: Kutub (Muslim holy books) What are the Kutub and their history? Qur'an – The Arabic word Qur’an means ‘recitation’. It is the main holy book for Muslims. Its messages were revealed to Prophet Muhammad by the Archangel Jibril in a cave on Mount Hira, over a period of 23 years. It is considered the final revelation and the main source of wisdom and authority for Muslims. The Tawrat (Torah) - revealed to Prophet Musa. Contains laws that the followers of Musa had to live by. Zabur (Psalms of Dawud) - revealed to Prophet Dawud. It contains poetic prayers of praise for Allah recited by Dawud. Injil (Gospel of Isa) - revealed to Prophet Isa. Believed to contain the teachings of Isa, including Muhammad’s upcoming prophecy. Sahifah of Ibrahim (Scrolls) - revealed to Prophet Ibrahim which were written down by him and his followers. What are their The Kutub are significant since they show Muslims that Allah communicated with humans significance? throughout history. They also show the importance of the role of specific prophets who were given these. What are their The purpose of Kutub is to provide guidance for Muslims, particularly the Qur’an. They allow purpose? Muslims to learn about stories of the past prophets and what Allah expects from them. What are the Muslims believe that all the Kutub were revealed by Allah to certain prophets. The Qur'an is different Muslim considered to be the only one that has no errors. The Kutub before the Qur'an are believed to have views about the either been lost or that their original teachings or words have been modified. Some Muslims may importance accept some aspects of the Kutub before the Qur'an if they are in line with Islamic teachings. of the holy books? Sources of Wisdom and Authority Qur’an: “It is not but a revelation revealed. Taught to him by one intense in strength [i.e. Gabriel]. One of soundness. And he rose to [his] true form…And he revealed to His Servant what he revealed [i.e. conveyed]. The heart did not lie [about] what it saw…He certainly saw of the greatest signs of his Lord.” (Qur’an − Surah 53:4−18 – an-Najm). Tawrat (Torah): “…how is it that they come to you for judgement while they have the Torah, in which is the judgement of Allah? We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and light…And We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book [i.e. the Qur’an] in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the Scripture and as a criterion over it.” (Qur’an − Surah 5:43-48 − Al Mā'ida). Zabur (Psalms): “and to David We gave the book [of Psalms].” (Qur'an − Surah 4:163−171 – an Nisā).  1.6: Malaikah (Belief in Angels) What is the nature of This is the Arabic word for ‘angels’ in the Qur’an. angels? Angels are believed to be special creations of Allah that are created from light. They cannot sin as they don’t have free will. They follow the orders of Allah and communicate Allah’s message to humanity. What is the importance Angels are important due to their different roles. of angels? They are used by Allah to perform specific duties that ensures the universe works the way Allah intends. Some angels are given higher ranks (they are known as archangels). Three archangels are: Jibril, Izra’il and Mika’il. What is the role of He is the Angel of Revelation – Jibril communicated Allah’s messages to specific people; he Archangel Jibril? revealed the holy books to specific prophets, e.g. he revealed the Qur’an to Muhammad. What is the role of He is the Angel of Death – takes the soul from humans at the point of death at the appointed Archangel Izra’il? time. What is the role of He is the Angel of Mercy – friend to humanity who provides rain, gives rewards for good deeds Archangel Mika’il? and prays for humans to be forgiven. Why is belief in Angels are the bridge between Allah and the Prophets and, thanks to them, Muslims received Malaikah significant the word of Allah, e.g. thanks to Jibril, the Qur’an was written. for Muslims today? Angels such as Izra’il and Mika’il influence how Muslims live, as these angels remind Muslims of the importance of living as Allah wants them to, in order to be rewarded after death. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Izra’il: “Say, The angel of death will take you who has been entrusted with you. Then to your Lord you will be returned."(Qur’an, Surah 19, 32:11 – As Sajdah). Jibril and Mika’il: Say, "Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel – it is [none but] he who has brought it [i.e. the Qur’an] down upon your heart, [O Muhammad], by permission of Allah, confirming that which was before it and as guidance and good tidings for the believers. Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and His messengers and Gabriel and Michael – then indeed, Allah is an enemy to the disbelievers.”(Qur’an, Surah 2:97–98 – al-Baqarah).  1.7: Al-Qadr (predestination) What is the nature Al-Qadr (predestination) is the idea that Allah is all-knowing; He knows everything and has control of Predestination over everything, including all future events. Its nature has been debated by Muslims throughout for Muslims? history, which means there are different understandings of it. What is the Predestination is important for Muslims as they believe everything that takes place is due to Allah’s importance of permission. This highlights Allah’s omnipotence and omniscience (all-knowing). Predestination also Predestination for affects how Muslims view life after death, in particular the Day of Judgement. Muslims? How does al-Qadr For Muslims, life is a test from Allah. This means all humans have free will to make their own and human decisions. On the Day of Judgement, Allah will reward and punish people according to the actions freedom relate to they chose to do themselves. This is because Allah is fair and just. the Day of Judgement? What are All Muslims believe Allah has given humans free will. However, Muslims have different views on the the different limits of free will. understandings of predestination in Some Sunni Muslims believe humans have total free will to create their own actions. Sunni Some Sunni Muslims believe humans have some freedom of action but total freedom of and Shi’a Islam? thought. Only Allah has the power to create actions. Most Shi’a Muslims believe that Allah knows what will happen, but this does not mean that He interferes. Allah doesn’t want people to make the wrong decisions, but He accepts that this needs to happen sometimes, in order for humans to have free will. Allah knows what people will do but they still have the free will to make all choices for themselves. How does belief in Muslims would trust that Allah has a plan for them if things do not go their way or if experiencing al-Qadr affect suffering. When making plans for the future, they would say ‘insha’Allah’ (if Allah wills) to Muslims today? emphasise that nothing ever happens without Allah’s permission. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Al-Qadr: "Allah says: 'The vow, does not bring about for the son of Adam anything I have not decreed for him, but his vow may coincide with what has been decided for him, and by this way I cause a miser to spend of his wealth. So he gives Me (spends in charity) for the fulfillment of what has been decreed for him what he would not give Me before but for his vow." (Hadith of Prophet Muhammad - Sahih Al-Bukhari 78:685).  1.8: Akhirah (life after death)* What are Muslim Muslims believe that life on this Earth is temporary, and teachings about death is the pathway to a life that is eternal; death is not the Akhirah (life after end. death)? How someone behaved in this life will determine what will happen in the life after death. Muslims believe everyone goes through different stages after death until they reach their final destination. These stages include judgement, and paradise or hell. What are Muslim Muslims believe that every single human will be resurrected on the Day of Judgement. teachings about the nature of Allah will judge each individual fairly, with justice, based on how they lived their life on Earth. This judgement? judgement will decide if a person ends up in paradise Al Jannah (Paradise) or Jahannam (Hell). What are Muslim Muslims believe Paradise is the final resting place for those who have submitted to Allah. It is teachings about described as a place of peace where those who live there are close to Allah. Paradise and Hell? Muslims believe Hell is a place of eternal punishment for those who were evil. It is described as a place that is far from Allah where there is endless physical and mental suffering. How do teachings Akhirah is a belief that affects Muslims' lives in many ways. Muslims try to perform good deeds to about life after please Allah and avoid sinful behaviour that displeases Him. They would think about Allah before death affect the life performing any action, because they believe life is a test from Allah. of a Muslim? Muslims know that death is not the end, and they try to prepare for life after death by performing sacred duties, like reading the Qur'an and caring for those around them. They know that every action should be an act of worship to Allah, as these will lead them to a place of eternal reward. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Life After Death: “And whoever is blind in this [life] will be blind in the Hereafter and more astray in way.” (Qur’an, Surah 17:72 – al Isrā’). Judgement: “…And they will say, Who will restore us?...He who brought you forth the first time…” (Qur'an Surah 17:51 − al Isrā’). Paradise and hell: “…If He wills, He will have mercy upon you; or if He wills, He will punish you...” (Qur'an Surah 17:54 − al Isrā).  Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam Section 2: Crime and Punishment © Pearson Education 2024  2.1: Muslim attitudes towards justice What are Muslim teachings Many Muslims define justice as things to be about the nature of justice? placed in their rightful place. Therefore, anything other than this would be seen as injustice or oppression. Why is justice Justice is an important concept within Islam. important for Muslims? Justice is a characteristic of Allah and it is important to maintain order and ensure people are treated fairly. Justice is referred to in the Five Roots of ‘Usul ad- Din, in Shi’a Islam (‘Adl). Hence Muslims are expected to work for justice in all aspects of their lives. What are Muslim responses Victims of oppression or injustice have the right to be given justice since their rights have to why justice is important been violated. for victims? This can be both in this world, through punishing criminals, or in the afterlife where Allah will judge people and punish or reward them according to their actions. What are Muslim responses Many non-religious people would say justice is important, regardless of religion and belief. to non- religious attitudes This is because all humans are equal and deserve to have their human rights respected. about why justice is important? Most Muslims would agree with this; since all humans are created by Allah, they all have the right to get justice, whether they are Muslim or not. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Justice: “O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives. Whether one is rich or poor…” (Qur’an, Surah 4:135 − an-Nisā).  2.2: Muslim attitudes towards crime What are Muslim A crime is an action that breaks the laws of a state. Many teachings and Muslims would define a crime as an action that also goes responses to the against the laws of Allah. nature of crime? For many Muslims, a sin would be seen as a crime against Allah or oneself rather than against the state. What are Muslim Muslims would say the causes of crime can be many things, teachings and e.g. greed, poverty, politics, drugs, low self-esteem, etc. responses to the They would respond to the causes of crime by removing the ro causes of crime? ot causes. For example, if a crime is being caused by poverty, they would try to ensure charity such as Zakah is given so people don’t fee l like they have to resort to crime. What are Muslim Many Muslims would say that the problem of crime can teachings and happen when society doesn't have strong moral values. responses to the problem of crime? In response to this, Muslims would try to ensure that the upbringing of children is positive, and that members of society act morally and support one another. What are Muslim Many Muslims would view crimes as something not good since they are a distraction from teachings about crime? Allah. This can come from Shaytan tempting Muslims to commit crimes and making bad things look like they are good. Muslims are therefore taught to be aware of these temptations and try to overcome them daily. What action is taken by The Association of Muslim Chaplains gives care and support to Muslim criminals. They do Muslim individuals and this through supporting and training Muslim chaplains who work in prisons so that prisoners Muslim groups to end can be resettled and be prevented from re-offending. crime? The Mosaic Network is a mentoring programme founded by King Charles in 2007 aimed at connecting young people from deprived communities, with more relatable role models. Through this, young people would not turn to crime. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Attitude Towards Crime: “Allah orders justice and good conduct and giving to relatives and forbids immorality and bad conduct and oppression…And He will surely make clear to you on the Day of Resurrection that over which you used to differ.” (Qur’an, Surah 16:90 − an-Nahl).  2.3: Muslim teachings about good, evil and suffering What are Muslim Many Muslims believe that the nature of good and evil actions can be teachings about determined through intentions. the nature of good and evil actions? If someone does an evil action but didn’t intend to do it, e.g. it was an accident, then this wouldn’t be seen as evil. Likewise, for an action to be considered good, it must have good intention, e.g. to please Allah and get closer to Him. What are Muslim Some non-religious people may say that people suffer due to human actions. They may also argue responses to non- that believing in religion can cause suffering. For example, viewing suffering as a test and not taking religious attitudes much action due to this is a way believing in religion can make you suffer. about why people suffer? Many Muslims may respond by saying that suffering is mainly caused by human beings. Belief in religion can help cope with suffering and not be a cause of suffering. For example, it can give people patience and they can turn to prayer to help ease the suffering. What are different Many Muslims would say that the purpose of suffering is to test us. All human beings are tested in Muslim teachings some way, and how we overcome these problems will be rewarded in the afterlife. Suffering is an about why people opportunity for humans to grow and get stronger. suffer? Other Muslims may say that suffering is not there to test us, but it happens when Allah’s expectations are not met. By following Shaytan, it can cause oneself as well as others suffering. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Reward for Suffering: “[Allah] will reward them for what they patiently endured [with] a garden [in Paradise] and silk [garments]…” (Qur’an, Surah 76:12 − al-Insān).  2.4: Muslim attitudes towards punishment What are different Muslims believe that punishment should be Muslim teachings and underpinned by the concept of justice. attitudes towards the nature of punishment? For example, many Muslims would have a favourable attitude towards using retribution as a form of punishment since that would be fair. The nature of punishment would be to carry out justice. What are different Many Muslims would have the attitude that punishments should be used for criminals who Muslim teachings have committed crimes. Some of the punishments may be harsh whereas others may be more and attitudes lenient, depending on the crime and why the criminal broke the law. towards the use of punishment? The theory of situation ethics suggests we should do the most loving thing in each situation. When applied to punishment, if using punishment is the most loving thing to do, it should be done. It would be loving to punish a criminal so they may learn from this and so the victim’s family feel they have been treated with justice. Muslims would not use this to guide their decision on punishment. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah when deciding on punishment. They would agree that punishment is necessary for criminals so that the victim’s family feel they have been treated in a just way. What are Muslim Many Muslims would agree punishment is regarded as justice as the criminal is being treated teachings on why the way they deserve. It would be unfair that criminal actions didn’t have any consequences. punishment can be The criminal actions shouldn’t go unpunished. It is vitally important for the victims of a crime to regarded as justice? feel that their emotional and physical pain is being recognised. Victims need to feel they have received justice and need to feel safe. What are Muslim Punishment is needed in society so that the ummah is protected from those who carry out teachings on why evil actions in the form of crimes. Without punishment, criminals can be free to continue being punishment might be harmful for society which would leave members of the community in danger. This will help needed in society? create a just society. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Retribution for Murder: “O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those murdered…But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct.” (Qur’an, Surah 2:178 − al-Baqarah). Retribution for Injury: “And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution.” (Qur’an, Surah 5:45 − al-Mā’idah).  2.5: Muslim attitudes towards the aims of punishment What are Protection - Muslims accept protection as an aim of punishment different since the ummah must be kept safe from any harm and criminal Muslim actions. attitudes towards each Retribution – Retribution means the criminal is losing something, of the aims of e.g. freedom if imprisoned, money, time, etc. Muslims would accept punishment? retribution as an aim of punishment as it is a form of justice where the criminal is paying for their crime. Some Muslims may say that retribution doesn't allow forgiveness or reformation. Deterrence - Muslims would accept deterrence as an aim of punishment so that criminals are put off from committing crimes due to the harsh punishments they may receive. Some Muslims might believe punishments shouldn't be used to deter criminals as they may be too harsh or inhumane. Reformation - Muslims would accept reformation as an aim of punishment, as Muslims believe Allah is merciful and can forgive a criminal’s crimes if they sincerely repent and try to change their ways. Some Muslims may say that reformation cannot be used for very serious crimes and a criminal should be punished harshly. What are The Qur’an teaches many different forms and aims of punishment. This has been interpreted differently Qur’anic by Muslims over time. teachings about Some Muslims believe the punishments in the Qur’an should be carried out the way they are mentioned. punishment? Other Muslims say that those punishments were appropriate at that time but there should be different methods today. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Punishment: “Allah wants to make clear to you [the lawful from the unlawful] and guide you to the [good] practices of those before you and to accept your repentance. If you avoid the major sins which you are forbidden, We will remove from you your lesser sins and admit you to a noble entrance [into Paradise].” (Qur’an, Surah 4:26−31 − an-Nisā).  2.6: Muslim teachings about forgiveness What are Muslim Many Muslims would say forgiveness is to not punish teachings and responses someone for something wrong that they have done. about the nature of Forgiveness can be asked from Allah or from another person, forgiveness? depending on what wrong action has been performed. What are Since Allah is merciful and forgiving, Muslims are expected to also have this attitude towards Muslim teachings others if they have acted wrongly and they repent. The Qur’an teaches that if you forgive and responses about the others, then Allah will also forgive your wrongdoings. Muslims are encouraged to importance of choose forgiveness over punishment as that is what Muslims would want from Allah. forgiveness? How are Offenders can be forgiven by the community if the victim or their family chooses to forgive offenders forgiven by the them. Some victims forgive without receiving an apology whereas others will forgive if the community? criminal apologises and shows signs that they are willing to change. The community can then help them by guiding them to not reoffend and letting them join the community in acts of worship. Why is forgiveness of It is needed so that offenders feel accepted and are able to have another chance at reforming offenders by the their lives, so they can become closer to Allah. community needed? What are Muslim Muslims would accept restorative justice which is to get a criminal to speak with the family responses to the nature they affected in order for the criminal to understand the effects of their actions. This can be and use of restorative done in the presence of a leader in the community. justice? Some Muslims may not accept restorative justice as they consider this isn’t harsh enough for criminals to learn and change their ways. Why is restorative justice It may allow forgiveness to take place and for the criminal to change. This is important so that important for criminals? criminals have another chance at reforming their lives, so they can be closer to Allah. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Forgiveness: “If you pardon and overlook and forgive - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.” (Qur’an, Surah 64:14 − at-Taghābun).  2.7: Muslim teachings about the treatment of criminals What are Muslim Some Muslims believe that criminals should be punished harshly so teachings about the that they pay for their crimes. treatment of criminals? Other Muslims believe that punishment is something that only Allah can give, so punishment in this life should be minimal. Allah should be the one that punishes since He is the ultimate judge, not humans. What are the Torture - most Muslims wouldn’t accept torture as an acceptable treatment since it is excessive different Muslim and violates the dignity of a human being. attitudes towards certain treatment Human rights - most Muslims will ensure that criminals are given their human rights. These of criminals? include basic needs, e.g. water, food, shelter and the right to a fair trial. Fair trial - Muslims would ensure criminals are given a fair trial since that would be fair and just. This is why Islam has strict rules about witnesses giving statements that do not conflict. Trial by jury - if living in a country that doesn’t use Islamic law, Muslims would be expected to accept trial by jury. However, in an Islamic court, the decision is made by the Islamic judge. What are the The theory of situation ethics suggests we should do the most loving thing in each situation. When Muslim responses applied to how criminals are treated, one must consider what is the most loving thing for both to the application of criminal and victim. Using this theory, some may accept the use of torture if it is for the greater ethical theories to good, whereas others would say this is not loving. Giving criminals human rights and a fair trial the treatment of would be loving. criminals? Muslims would not use this to guide their decision on the treatment of criminals. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah when deciding on this. They would say that torture is not an acceptable way to treat criminals. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Treatment of Criminals: “Indeed, the righteous will drink from a cup [of wine] whose mixture is of Kafur.” (Qur’an, Surah 76:5 − al-Insān).  2.8: Muslim attitudes towards the death penalty What is the nature For Muslims, capital punishment or the death penalty is a type of punishment that involves taking of capital the life of a criminal who has committed a serious crime. It may be seen as a form of justice where punishment? a criminal is given what they deserve. What is the Muslims who agree with capital punishment would say it fulfils some of the different aims of purpose of capital p punishment. It protects society from the criminal, and it can also be a form of retribution and unishment? deterrence since the criminal pays for their crime and other criminals would be put off doing such crimes. What are different Some Muslims believe that capital punishment should be used today as evidence of its use can be Muslim teachings found in the Qur’an and Sunnah. They would say these laws always remain current and were put about the nature, there for a purpose. Criminals should be given the death penalty for certain crimes. The death purpose and penalty would only apply in a country that uses Islamic law. arguments surrounding the use However, other Muslims would say that capital punishment is not acceptable in the modern day. of capital Capital punishment may have been used in the early Islamic community, but we now live in a punishment? different time. Instead, the criminal should be given the chance to repent and reform so they become better. Only Allah has the right to take someone’s life and judgement should be left to Him after death. What are Muslim Most non-religious people view capital punishment as unacceptable, no matter how serious the responses to crime is. It violates the human right to life and alternative punishments should be used. non-religious attitudes towards Some Muslims may agree to this since only Allah is allowed to punish and we have no right to take the use of capital someone's life. Other Muslims would disagree as they think sometimes capital punishment is punishment? appropriate for the crime, e.g. murder, since there is evidence in the Qur'an and Sunnah that allows its use. The theory of situation ethics suggests we should do the most loving thing in each situation. When applied to capital punishment, one must consider what is the most loving thing for both criminal and victim. Using this theory, some may accept capital punishment if it is for the greater good, whereas others would say this is not loving. Giving criminals another punishment would be more loving as taking their lives may be too harsh. Muslims would not use this to guide their decision on capital punishment. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah when deciding on this. They would say that the Qur’an and Sunnah have clear evidence that capital punishment can be used sometimes. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Death Penalty: “It is not permissible to take the life of a Muslim but in one of the three cases: the married adulterer, a life for life, and the deserter of his religion, abandoning the community.” (Hadith of Prophet Muhammad - Sahih Muslim Hadith 16:4152).  Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam Section 3: Living the Muslim Life © Pearson Education 2024  3.1: Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam What is the nature of the The Ten Obligatory Acts are ten key practices of Shi'a Muslims they believe they have a duty Ten Obligatory Acts? to perform for Allah. These are: 1. Daily prayers (Salah)​ 2. Charity, almsgiving (Zakah)​ 3. Fasting during Ramadan (Sawm)​ 4. Pilgrimage to Makkah (Hajj)​ 5. 20% charitable tax (Khums)​ 6. Struggling for Allah (Jihad)​ 7. Encouraging Good (Amr bil Maroof)​ 8. Forbidding what is Evil (Nahy Anil Munkar)​ 9. Expressing love towards good and loving those who love Allah (Tawalla) 10. Keeping away from evil and from those who disrespect Allah (Tabarra)​. What is the significance of The Ten Obligatory Acts were identified as the foundations of Islamic practice for Shi’a the Ten Obligatory Acts? Muslims. They summarise the key actions and ways to worship Allah that are expected for Shi’a Muslims in order for them to live a life in the way Allah expects. What is the history of the The Ten Obligatory Acts are also known as The Furu ad-Din (branches of faith). Ten Obligatory Acts? Shi’a Muslim scholars throughout history have used verses of the Qur'an and the Hadith to compile this list. The Ten Obligatory Acts were given by the ‘Twelve Imams’ who Shi’a Muslims believe were twelve divinely ordained leaders, chosen by Allah. Shi’a Muslims believe they were the spiritual successors to Muhammad after his death. What is the purpose of the Their purpose is to help Shi’a Muslims practice Islam and express their beliefs (that can be Ten Obligatory Acts? found in the Five Roots of ‘Usul ad-Din). They give them direction on how to behave and live their lives and they also bring them closer to Allah.​ What is the difference Each of the Obligatory Acts have different rules and understandings. Some of the in practice and importance Obligatory Acts are practiced daily, e.g. Salah, whereas others are performed at certain of the times, e.g. Sawm. Ten Obligatory Acts for Shi’a Muslims today? What are different Sunni Muslims have a different list of practices (the Five Pillars). Most of these practices understandings of the Ten are also listed in the Ten Obligatory Acts (Salah, Sawm, Zakah and Hajj). Sunni Muslims Obligatory Acts within accept the Ten Obligatory Acts but may understand and practice some of them differently Sunni Islam? compared to Shi’a Muslims. This is because the sources of authority for Sunni and Shi’a Muslims are slightly different. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Salah and Zakah: “The believing men and women…establish prayer and give zakāh…” (Qur’an, Surah 9:71 – at-Tawbah). Amr Bil Ma’ruf and Nahy Anil Munkar: “The believing men and women…enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong…” (Qur’an, Surah 9:71 – at-Tawbah). Tawalla and Tabarra: “The believing men and believing women are allies of one another...” (Qur’an, Surah 9:71 – at- Tawbah).  3.2: Shahadah as one of the Five Pillars 1 What is the nature of The Shahadah is the Declaration of Faith: “There is no God except Allah Shahadah for Sunni and Muhammad is His Messenger.” and Shi’a Muslims? It is a statement that highlights two key beliefs of Islam and sum up what it means to be a Muslim: Tawhid (oneness of Allah) – The belief in the oneness of Allah Risalah (prophethood) – The belief that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah. Although optional, Shi’a Muslims sometimes add the phrase: “and Ali is divinely appointed by Allah” to express their belief in Imamah (successors to Muhammad), which is part of the Five Roots of ‘Usul ad- Din. What is the role of For both Sunni and Shi’a Muslims, the Shahadah’s role is to act as a creed (a formal statement Shahadah for Sunni of key beliefs). It is used at several points throughout a Muslim’s life. and Shi’a Muslims? What is the For both Sunni and Shi’a Muslims, the Shahadah is significant as it is a very short summary of significance of the key Islamic beliefs that are seen as the foundation for Muslims. Shahadah for Sunni and Shi’a Muslims? The Shahadah is something Muslims believe all prophets in history used and believed in. Why is reciting The Shahadah is considered the first of the Five Pillars in Sunni Islam since all the other Pillars Shahadah important come from this. To practice the other Pillars, there needs to be belief in Allah and Prophet for Muslims and what Muhammad. It is considered the minimum belief to be considered a Muslim. is its place in Muslim practice today? Muslims believe their entire life should be lived in submission to Allah and stating the Shahadah demonstrates this: it shows Muslims’ continuous commitment to Allah. Reciting the Shahadah is done at many points in a Muslim’s life: in the call to Salah, during Salah, when a baby is born and during a funeral. If someone chooses to convert to Islam, all they are required to do is recite the Shahadah. It is also used in Islamic art and architecture. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Shahadah: “Allah witnesses that there is no deity except Him…if they argue with you, say, ‘I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me’.” (Qur’an, Surah 3:18–20 – Āli ‘Imrān).  3.3: Salah as one of the Five Pillars What is the nature of Salah is seen as the main way Salah for Sunni and Muslims worship Allah. It is Shi’a Muslims? something Muslims are expected to learn from a young age, and it should be a part of their daily routine. What is the history of Salah is a practice that was established by Prophet Muhammad in order for people to only Salah for Sunni and worship Allah. Most Muslims believe that all prophets practiced a form of Salah, but Prophet Shi’a Muslims? Muhammad’s method is the way that should be followed. Muslims would practice Salah the way their Imams did since they believe they knew the correct way Prophet Muhammad performed Salah. What is the The purpose of Salah is to show submission to Allah, to continuously remember Him and to significance and keep away from evil. It is seen as a very important duty that should be performed by all purpose of Salah for Muslims. Sunni and Shi’a Muslims? Salah is significant since it is mentioned in the Five Pillars of Sunni Islam as well as in the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam. It is therefore something that is important to most Muslims. How is Salah For Sunni Muslims, there are five prayers that are performed daily at five different times. performed by Sunni Muslims? Fajr – morning prayer​ Zuhr – midday prayer​ Asr – late afternoon prayer​ Maghrib – sunset prayer​ Isha – night prayer Preparing for Salah: Wudu (ablution) - A ritual where Muslims wash their face, arms, head and feet. This is done before performing Salah. This is to ensure Muslims are physically and spiritually clean. Dress - Appropriate and clean clothes must be worn. Women are expected to cover their head. Actions followed during Salah: Direction - A Muslim would then face qibla, which is in the direction of Makkah. Recitations – There are different recitations (which include reciting certain chapters of the Qur'an, the Shahadah, praises of Allah, etc.) Movements – Certain movements called rakahs (such as standing, bowing, prostrating and kneeling) are performed during Salah. Every Friday afternoon, a special prayer called the Jummah prayer takes place, usually in a mosque. This must be performed in congregation and involves the imam (leader of prayer) giving a sermon before the prayer is performed. How is Salah Shi’a Muslims practice the act of Salah differently and give emphasis to different methods. performed by Shi’a Shi’a Muslims combine some of the Salahs and so pray the five Salahs at three times a day. Muslims? The preparation for Salah and the directions followed by Shi’a Muslims while praying are very similar to Sunni Muslims. However, whilst standing, most Sunni Muslims would fold their arms whereas Shi’a Muslims would keep their arms by their side. When prostrating, Sunni Muslims would put their forehead directly onto the floor or prayer mat whereas Shi’a Muslims place their head on something natural, e.g. on a plank of wood. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Salah: “So exalt [Allah] with praise of your Lord and be of those who prostrate [to Him].” (Qur’an, Surah − 15:98 – al-Hijr). Purpose of Salah: “Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing…” (Qur’an, Surah 29:45 – al-’Ankabūt).  3.4: Sawm as one of the Five Pillars What is the nature of Sawm (fasting) during Ramadan involves staying away from food, fasting during drink and sexual relations from sunrise until sunset. Muslims are Ramadan? also expected to stay away from sinful actions too. What is the role of The role of fasting is to mark Ramadan (the ninth month of the Islamic calendar) which is fasting during considered the holiest month. It is when the Qur'an is said to have been revealed to Prophet Ramadan? Muhammad. This is why reciting the Qur’an in this month is also emphasised. What is the Fasting during Ramadan is significant since Sawm is mentioned in the Five Pillars of Sunni Islam significance of fasting as well as in the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam. The Qur’an says Sawm is a mandatory duty during Ramadan? for Muslims to perform during Ramadan. It is therefore something very important to many Muslims. What is the purpose of Fasting during Ramadan helps Muslims become more righteous, practice self-restraint and fasting during show submission to Allah. By fasting, Muslims would be performing a duty that is expected of Ramadan? them in order to become closer to Allah. Who is excused from Some people not required to fast include children, those who are ill or on medication, those fasting and why? who are travelling a long distance, women on their period, women who are pregnant or women who are breastfeeding. This is because fasting should not be an unbearable burden on anyone or their health. Those who cannot fast can make up for missed fasts later in the year or give a certain amount to charity for each fast missed as a substitute. What is the nature of Laylat al-Qadr (The Night of Power) is considered to be the holiest night for most Muslims as it the Night of Power? is believed this was the night the Qur'an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad. What is the history of The exact date of this night is unknown, but Prophet Muhammad indicated that it is most likely the Night of Power? one of the odd nights in the last ten nights of Ramadan. What is the purpose of Muslims would show extra importance on these nights in order for them to become closer to the Night of Power? Allah and mark the significant event of the revelation of the Qur’an. Why is Laylat al-Qadr Muslims would spend these night in worship, seeking forgiveness, reciting the Qur'an and giving important for Muslims to charity. Many Muslims believe that this night is where Allah predestines the year to come for today? all people, so Muslims would pray to Allah to plan for them a successful year ahead. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Sawm and Ramadan: “O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous − [Fasting for] a limited number of days. So whoever among you is ill or on a journey - then an equal number of days [are to be made up]…The month of Ramadan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur'an…” (Qur’an, Surah 2:183-185 – al-Baqarah).  3.5: Zakah and Khums as one of the Five Pillars What is the nature of Zakah and Khums are both forms of charitable giving. They involve Zakah and Khums? Muslims who have a certain amount of wealth to give a portion to those in need. What is the role of Zakah Because all money comes from and belongs to Allah and Muslims have a duty to give some and Khums? money away to those who need it. What is the significance of Islam teaches that it is the right of people who are in need to receive wealth from those Zakah and Khums? who have money. Giving Zakah and Khums helps remove selfishness from Muslims and purifies wealth. What is the purpose of Zakah and Khums gives Muslims a system of charitable giving and ensures everyone in the Zakah and Khums? ummah has an acceptable standard of living. Why is Zakah important for Zakah is one of the Five Pillars of Sunni Islam. It is a way of worshipping Allah since a Sunni Muslims? Muslim is showing submission to Allah by giving away a portion of their wealth. Traditionally, it requires Muslims who have saved above a certain amount of money to donate 2.5% of their savings. Why is Khums important Khums is one of the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam. It is a way of worshipping Allah as it for Shi’a Muslims? recognises that all wealth belongs to Allah. It requires Shi’a Muslims to give away 20% of their yearly savings to those in need and to good causes. What are the benefits of Zakah and Khums benefits people individually as it allows them to have a standard of living receiving and giving Zakah that is decent. Zakah and Khums also benefits the ummah as it creates a society that or Khums? recognises that wealth belongs to Allah. It also creates values such as generosity and empathy towards others. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Zakah: “Zakah expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed for it and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt…and for the [stranded] traveler – an obligation [imposed] by Allah.” (Qur’an, Surah 9:60 – at-Tawbah). Khums: “…For Allah is one fifth of it and for the Messenger…” (Qur’an, Surah 8:41 – al-Anfāl).  3.6: Hajj as one of the Five Pillars What is the nature Hajj is a pilgrimage, a sacred journey, that takes of Hajj? place once a year on specific days during the final month of the Islamic calendar. It takes place in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. It is a physically demanding pilgrimage and that can be expensive, but it offers a huge spiritual benefit and allows Muslims to get closer to Allah. What is the role of Hajj is an opportunity to visit where Islam originated. It involves visiting the Ka’ba, considered the Hajj? ‘House of Allah’ (which is the holiest place in the world for Muslims) as well as other important places. What are the origins Prophet Muhammad taught Muslims how to perform Hajj. A lot of the Hajj rituals are based of Hajj? around remembering stories from the life of Prophet Ibrahim. What is the Hajj is mentioned in the Five Pillars of Sunni Islam as well as in the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a significance of Hajj? Islam. It is significant to Muslims as it is the only pilgrimage they are required to complete once in their lives. How is Hajj Hajj has several rituals that must be performed, each of which has certain rules to be followed. performed? Ihram - men wear two white cloths to cover their body. Women cover their body apart from the face. Tawaf - the Ka’ba is circled seven times, anti-clockwise. Sa’y - pilgrims walk between Mounts Safa and Marwa seven times. Wuquf - pilgrims spend the day at Mount Arafah, seeking forgiveness from Allah. Jamarat - pilgrims throw stones at three large pillars that represent Shaytan. Id-ul-Adha - pilgrims have an animal sacrificed. What are the A benefit of Hajj is that Muslims believe that once Hajj is completed properly, all previous sins are benefits and forgiven, and it is a new beginning for the pilgrim. Another benefit of Hajj is that it highlights challenges from equality and togetherness of the ummah since rich and poor cannot be told apart due to everyone attending Hajj for dressed similarly yet are performing the pilgrimage together. A challenge of Hajj is that it is Muslims? physically very demanding due to the amount of people present and the different rituals performed. Another challenge is that it can cost a lot of money which means not everyone can afford to go. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Importance of Prophet Ibrahim and Ka’ba: “We made the House [i.e., the Ka’ba] a place of return for the people and [a place of] security’…when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us.” (Qur’an, Surah 2:125-127 – al-Baqarah). Hajj: “Masjid al-Haram, which We made for the people…Proclaim to the people the hajj…let them end their untidiness and fulfil their vows and perform tawāf around the ancient House.” (Qur’an, Surah 22:25–29 – al-Hajj).  3.7: Jihad What is the origin of Jihad Jihad is something that be found in the Qur’an and Sunnah. It is something the early Muslims in Islam? practiced in different ways. What is the meaning of Jihad literally means to ‘struggle’. This can be a physical struggle or a spiritual struggle. Jihad in Islam? What is the significance Jihad is one of the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam, and it is also accepted by Sunni Muslims of Jihad in Islam? as important. Jihad is the daily struggle against temptation. It is an act of sacrifice, as Muslims give up their time and money for Allah. What are the different Greater Jihad is the spiritual struggle against evil temptations and the struggle to be a good understandings of Jihad Muslim. Greater Jihad is something that be found within the Five Pillars and Obligatory Acts. within Islam? Lesser Jihad is the physical struggle against injustice or defending Islam. Lesser Jihad is often associated with going to war and can involve armed conflict. What are the conditions For Muslims to perform lesser Jihad, many rules have been created using the Qur'an and for declaration of lesser Sunnah. The conditions to declare lesser Jihad include: it must be last resort, it must be for Jihad? self-defence, it must be authorised by a legitimate Muslim leader and its aim should be to restore peace. During lesser Jihad, many rules should also be followed such as: no innocent people are to be harmed, places of worship should not be harmed, excessive force should not be used, etc. What is the importance Greater Jihad is important to most Muslims as they perform it daily through their practice of of Jihad in the life of Islam. It teaches Muslims to show self-restraint and help them improve how to practice Islam. Muslims? Lesser Jihad is only considered important in certain situations such as war. Some Muslims believe lesser Jihad is not important today as the rules around lesser Jihad were revealed in a different context when Islam was a new religion and had to preserve itself. There are non-violent methods that can be used today. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Conditions of lesser Jihad: “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress…Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah [i.e. trouble]…But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression [i.e. assault] except against the oppressors.” (Qur’an, Surah 2:190-193 – al-Baqarah). Self-defence: “Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged.” (Qur’an, Surah 22:39 – al-Hajj).  3.8: The nature, origins, activities, meaning and significance of the celebration of Id-ul-Adha What is the Id-ul-Adha literally means ‘Festival of Sacrifice’. It is a significance of Id-ul- celebration that remembers the sacrifice of Prophet Adha in Sunni Islam? Ibrahim when Allah commanded him to sacrifice his son. Muslims celebrate this day because it reminds them of the importance of developing faith and trust in Allah. There is a special Id prayer that is performed, and charity is given, usually through the distribution of meat. What is the Id-ul-Fitr means ‘Festival of breaking the fast’ and takes place the day after Ramadan ends. It is a significance of Id-ul- celebration that marks the completion of Sawm (fasting). There is a special Id prayer that is Fitr in Sunni Islam? performed, and charity is given, usually through the payment of Zakat-ul-Fitr. What is the Id-ul-Ghadeer is a celebration celebrated by Shi’a Muslims that commemorates when Prophet significance of Id-ul- Muhammad officially announced Allah’s decision that Ali should be his successor. For Shi’a Ghadeer in Shi’a Muslims, it marks the completion of Islam as a religion. This was done in the final year of Islam? Muhammad’s life at a pond called Ghadeer Khumm, where Muhammad called Ali the ‘mawla’ after him. Shi’a Muslims believe this word means ‘authority’. For them, it is important because it shows them the line of leadership to follow. Sunni Muslims interpret this event differently and believe Muhammad was addressing a dispute between Ali and some other Muslims. They believe ‘mawla’ means ‘friend’. What is the Ashura is a commemoration done mainly by Shi’a Muslims. It remembers the killing of Prophet significance of Ashura Muhammad’s grandson Hussain, the third Imam, in the Battle of Karbala that took place fifty in Shi’a Islam? years after Muhammad died. It is a time of sadness and Shi’a Muslims mark Ashura in different ways such as by gathering in the mosque, with recitation of poetry, crying and performing processions. It expresses Tawalla and Tabarra, which are part of the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam. For Sunni Muslims, Ashura is also commemorated but some of the reasons differ. One reason was when Prophet Musa performed the Crossing of the Red Sea and was saved by Allah from the Egyptians. Sunni Muslims try to fast on this day as this is what Prophet Muhammad is reported to have done. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Id-ul-Adha: “Peace upon Abraham…Indeed, he was of Our believing servants.” (Qur’an, Surah 37:111 – as-Sāffāt). Id-ul-Ghadeer: “This day I have perfected for you your religion.” (Qur’an, Surah 5:3 – al-Mā’idah).  Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies GCSE Religious Studies B Introduction to the amended mark scheme for (d) item Content questions: Support Delegate Marking Activity Paper 2C: Islam Section 4: Peace and Conflict © Pearson Education 2024  4.1: Muslim attitudes towards peace What are Muslim Muslims strive for peace and wish to live peacefully and create a peaceful world. The Qur’an teachings about the teaches that, even when Muslims might face criticism, they should respond with words of nature of peace? peace. For Muslims, however, peace is the absence of oppression, corruption and injustice, and if such situations are taking place, conflict might be necessary to bring peace. What are Muslim Peace is a central aspect of Islam; one of Allah’s characteristics is that He is the one who gives teachings about the peace. In most situations, they would respond peacefully, so that there is no conflict. The importance of peace? ummah is a central piece of Islam: Muslims believe they should live their lives in peace with each other and truly support other humans. What are Muslim The word ‘Islam’ literally means ‘submission’ and has roots in the world ‘Salam’, which means understandings about ‘Peace’. From this, many Muslims would argue that peace comes from submission to Allah. By Islam as a religion of living in the way Allah tells us, there will be peace for each individual as well as the whole peace? community. This makes many Muslims view Islam as a religion of peace. How may this be In the life of a Muslim, when greeting one another, they would wish peace to remind understood in the themselves that Islam is a religion of peace. life of a Muslim? Even when trying to resolve a conflict, Muslims would aim to create peace from this rather than more disturbance. However, some Muslims may argue that sometimes in order to create peace, there may need to be conflict. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Peace: “And the servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth easily, and when the ignorant address them [harshly], they say [words of] peace.” (Qur’an, Surah 25:63 − al-Furqān).  4.2: The role of Muslims in peacemaking What are Muslim teachings When there is disagreement, Muslims would aim for a about peacemaking? resolution of peace and try everything possible to avoid conflict. For example, in Prophet Muhammad’s life, he chose to write a peace treaty with the Makkans in order to create peace rather than respond with conflict at first. What is the importance Many Muslims believe that justice is a condition for peacemaking to be possible. If two of justice for Muslims sides wish to make peace, all those involved should try to restore justice (if any injustice in peacemaking? has been committed) so that all parties feel fairly treated. What is the importance Many Muslims would say that forgiveness has to happen, if any of the conflicting sides of forgiveness for Muslims have done wrong, in order for peacemaking to take place. in peacemaking? Forgiveness will allow those in a conflict to move on from any past issues and ensure peace is maintained. Many Muslims may further say that those involved in peacemaking should pray for Allah to forgive their enemy. What is the importance Islam teaches that during conflict, one should not respond with evil and should always find of reconciliation ways for reconciliation. for Muslims in peacemaking? The first step in peacemaking should be to find a way for those involved to reconcile in non-violent methods. Reconciliation in peacemaking also involves forgiveness in order for those in a disagreement to come together and create peace. What is the work of Islamic Relief, a charity founded in 1948, raises awareness of the challenges faced by Muslims working for peace children who live in conflict zones. They support refugees from conflict with medical care today? and food. Salaam Peace is a community engagement programme in Waltham Forest and Hackney, in London, which carries out community engagement programmes to build peace. They attempt to bring people from diverse backgrounds together through sport, homework clubs, volunteering programmes, mentoring schemes and community activities. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Peacemaking: “Repel [evil] by that [deed] which is better; and thereupon, the one whom between you and him is enmity [will become] as though he was a devoted friend.” (Qur’an, Surah 41:34 − Fussilat).  4.3: Muslim attitudes to conflict What are Muslim Most Muslims believe that conflict is when two or more parties disagree over something teachings and serious and cannot come to a solution. responses to the nature of conflict? Conflict can sometimes be physical, like war. What are Most Muslims agree that conflict is caused when emotions take over logical thinking. It can also Muslim teachings be caused due to other factors such as wanting more power and greed, which would not be and responses to the acceptable. causes of conflict? It can also come from self-defence and retaliation, which would be more acceptable. In response, Muslims would try to remove these causes before conflict begins through justice and peace. What are Muslim Anything that threatens peace would be a problem for Muslims as peace is a vital aspect of responses to the Islam. Conflict can cause disunity and bad feelings to become a part of a society which isn’t problems conflict something Islam teaches as it breaks apart the ummah. Conflict can also cause problems such causes within society? as casualties, displacement and be very expensive. In response, before any conflict begins, Muslims are encouraged to use methods such as dialogue or peace agreements. However, if self-defence is needed, Muslims can respond to protect themselves. The theory of situation ethics suggests we should do the most loving thing in each situation. When applied to conflict, one must consider what is the most loving thing to do when responding to a conflict. Some may accept responding to conflict through self-defence since it would be loving to protect the society. Muslims would not use this to guide their decision on the treatment of criminals. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah when deciding on this. They would, however, agree that responding for self- defence is reasonable. What are Many non-religious people would say religion can be a cause of conflict. This is because non-religious attitudes different religions make their own truth claims and may use conflict when truth claims go about against each other. This could be to claim that a land is holy and belongs to one group rather the role of religion than the other. Religion can also cause conflict by attempting to force others to join that religion. in the causes of conflict and Muslim Most Muslims would not agree with this and say that the causes of conflict is not the teachings responses to them? of the religion, but instead, it is people. Islam teaches that self-defence is something that can be a legitimate cause of conflict but trying to take over land or force others to convert is not justified. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Conflict: “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress…Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] religion [i.e. worship] is [acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression [i.e. assault] except against the oppressors..” (Qur’an, Surah 2:190-193 − al-Baqarah).  4.4: Muslim attitudes to pacifism What are different Pacifists believe war and violence are unjustifiable. Islam is a religion of peace, but it supports Muslim teachings and conflict as the last resort, if all other ways of achieving peace have not worked. Lesser Jihad responses to the (sometimes called ‘holy war’) is a part of Islamic teachings. In the past, this has been done to nature of pacifism? defend Islam, but it has strict requirements (please see point 4.5: Muslim attitudes to the Just War theory). Muslims are permitted to defend themselves as was done by the early Muslims under Prophet Muhammad, as self-defence is fair; if society isn’t defended, it would be unjust since lives would be at risk. Islam teaches lesser Jihad can never be used to justify terrorist attacks. Some Muslims may choose to be pacifists today since they would say it isn’t necessary to use violence today. When Islam was a new religion, it needed to preserve itself through self-defence but now this isn’t needed. What are In the history of Islam, Prophet Muhammad seemed to show a pacifist attitude whilst he lived in different Muslim Makkah. In response, some Muslims may follow this example in their lives. teachings and responses to the Other Muslims may respond by arguing that Prophet Muhammad was not a pacifist when he history of pacifism? moved to Madinah which shows violence can be used in certain circumstances, e.g. self-defence. What are Muslim Although Islam is not a pacifist religion there are examples of passive resistance. For example, teachings about when Adam’s son (Habil) was murdered by his brother (Qabil), he showed his opposition to his Passive resistance? brother non-violently. Whilst Muhammad was living in Makkah, he was attacked several times but responded with passive resistance. However, when he moved to Madinah and formed a Muslim community, he then would respond by self-defence. The ‘Arab Spring’ protests in 2011 in Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Jordan against the lack of democracy were based on pacifism and passive resistance. Although they used forms of violence, the people mainly succeeded through passive resistance. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Pacifism: “And recite to them the story of Adam's two sons…If you should raise your hand against me to kill me - I shall not raise my hand against you to kill you. Indeed, I fear Allah, Lord of the worlds.” (Qur’an, Surah 5:27-28 − al-Mā’ida).  4.5: Muslim attitudes to the Just War theory What are the different Just War theory is an ethical framework used to judge whether or not it is right to go to Muslim teachings and war. responses to the nature of the Just War theory? The concept of a Just War exists in Islam through the idea of lesser Jihad. In Islam, any type of war must have fair reasons for it be fought, and there are specific behaviours Muslim soldiers must carry out during a Just War. What are the different Jihad is one of the Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam, but something also accepted by Sunni Muslim teachings Muslims. This means Just War is something important to many Muslims. and responses to the importance of the Just It is important to Muslims since it gives guidelines for when war can be fought and how to War theory? behave during a war. What are the conditions For Muslims to take part in a Just War (lesser Jihad) strict rules have to be followed that are of a Just War within based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. The conditions to declare a Just War include: Islam? it must be the last resort it must be for self-defence it must be authorised by a legitimate Muslim leader its aim should be to restore peace. During a Just War (lesser Jihad), many rules should also be followed such as: no innocent people are to be harmed, places of worship should not be harmed, excessive force should not be used, etc. What are different The concept of Just War is subjective and individual Muslims will interpret it differently opinions on whether a according to how they see each situation. Just War is possible for Muslims today? Some Muslims believe a Just War is not possible today as the rules around lesser Jihad were revealed in a different context when Islam was a new religion and had to preserve itself. There are non-violent methods that can be used today. Furthermore, with the range of weapons available today, it would be impossible for those not involved in the war not to be affected. What is the application of The theory of situation ethics suggests we should do the most loving thing in each situation. ethical theories such as When applied to a Just War, one must consider what is the most loving thing to do. Using situation ethics to Just this theory, some may accept a Just War since it would be loving to fight if certain conditions War? are taking place, e.g. when there is oppression. Muslims would not use this to guide their decision on Just War. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah when deciding on this. They would, however, agree that a Just War may be possible today if the rules of lesser Jihad are followed. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Just War: “So let those fight in the cause of Allah who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter. And he who fights in the cause of Allah and is killed or achieves victory - We will bestow upon him a great reward…So fight, [O Muhammad], in the cause of Allah…And encourage the believers [to join you]...Whoever intercedes for a good cause will have a reward.” (Qur’an, Surah 4:84-110 − an-Nisā).  4.6: Muslim attitudes to Holy War (Harb al-Maqadis) What is the nature of A holy war (known as Harb al-Maqadis) is fought to defend a religion. It has a religious a Holy War purpose. It usually needs to be authorised by a religious or spiritual leader. (Harb al-Maqadis) within Islam? Holy wars should have the same conditions as lesser Jihad according to most Muslims. Jihad is viewed as struggle and that war is the less important struggle in the life of Muslims. There are several examples of holy wars that took place during the life of Prophet Muhammad, particularly when defending the early Muslim community when they were persecuted. The main purpose of a holy war, according to most Muslims, is to respond when Islam or the Muslim community is under attack. Holy wars also have a spiritual reward where those who take part are promised paradise. What are Muslim The Qur’an describes some of the holy wars that the early Muslims took part in. These can be teachings about war used to see Muslim attitudes towards war and peace. and peace? The Qur’an teaches that war should never be the first response to a threat. Dialogue should take place and other methods, e.g. a peace treaty, should be used. If these methods fail, then war can take place as long as the rules of lesser Jihad are followed. If at any moment, either before or during a war, the enemy shows signs of wanting peace, Muslims are expected to accept this since the central aim for any war is peace. What are the For Muslims to take part in a holy war, the rules of lesser Jihad have to be followed, and these different Muslim are based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. teachings about war? The conditions to declare lesser Jihad include: it must be the last resort it must be for self-defence; it is never an attack it must be authorised by a legitimate Muslim leader its aim should be to restore peace. During a holy war, many rules should also be followed such as: no innocent people are to be harmed, places of worship should not be harmed, excessive force should not be used, etc. Sources of Wisdom and Authority Peace: “And if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah.” (Qur’an, Surah 8:61 − al-Anfāl). Holy War: “[This is a declaration of] disassociation, from Allah and His Messenger, to those with whom you had made a treaty among the polytheists.” (Qur’an, Surah 9:1 − at-Tawbah).  4.7: Muslim attitudes to Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) What are Muslim Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, able to cause teachings and destruction on a massive scale. According to most Muslims, WMDs have several problems. responses to the problems and The main issue is that they are indiscriminate, and therefore harm innocent people since they are benefits of WMD? difficult to control. On the other hand, its main benefit could be that by possessing them, it could help keep a country secure since others would be put off from attacking (these weapons are seen as a deterrent). What are Muslim Most Muslims would not accept the use of WMDs since they violate the rules of lesser Jihad. attitudes towards Innocent people will be harmed, and killing one innocent person is like killing all of humanity, and the use of such the effects of these weapons are unjust. weapons? Some Muslims may say that it is justifiable to possess WMDs but never to use them due to their devastating effects. What are non- Many non-religious people would say WMDs are never justifiable due to the damage they cause religious attitudes to to humans. Atheists, for example, believe human life is special and so it should be protected, WMDs? despite not accepting that human life came from God. Humanists value life as they don’t believe in the afterlife, so they see the use of WMD as wrong, as it threatens human life. Most Muslims would say that life is special because Allah gave it to humans. What is the Ethical theories such as utilitarianism suggests that a decision should be dependent on whether it application of ethical is for the benefit for the majority. When applied to WMDs, if possessing them is useful for the theories majority of humans, then it is allowed. For example, if possessing them keeps a country and Muslim protected, this would be allowed as many humans would benefit from them. responses to them? Muslims would not use these views to guide their decision on using WMDs. Instead, they would try to follow Islamic law that comes from the Qur’an and Sunnah. Most Muslims wouldn’t accept keeping WMDs due to how damaging their use could be. Sources of Wisdom and Authority WMDs: “...Whoever kills a soul - unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain [i.e. killed] mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.” (Qur’an, Surah 5:32 − al-Mā’idah).  4.8: Muslim attitudes to issues surrounding conflict What are the different Conflict can cause issues such as violence, war and terrorism. Muslim teachings and responses to the Most Muslims believe violence and war are sometimes necessary, particularly for self-defence. nature of problems Just War and holy wars do involve violence, but the rules of lesser Jihad must be followed involved in conflict? strictly. Most Muslims reject terrorism since innocent people are killed. Terrorism violates the sanctity of life, and the rules of lesser Jihad are broken. How have Muslims Muslims work to overcome the issues surrounding conflict by ensuring the rules of lesser worked to overcome Jihad are clearly explained and followed. these issues? When any human carries out acts of unjust violence or terrorism, many Muslims con