General Biology 1 Reviewer (2nd Grading) PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVIEWER 2ND GRADING HYDROLYSIS - process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups PHOSPORILATION -biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound Adenosine triphosphate-...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVIEWER 2ND GRADING HYDROLYSIS - process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups PHOSPORILATION -biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound Adenosine triphosphate- energy currency used throughout the cell Photosystem - is an aggregate of pigments and proteins Chromatography - is a separation technique used to in the thylakoid membrane responsible for the identify various components of mixtures based on the absorption of photons and the transfer of energy and differences in their structure and/or composition. electrons. Pigments - substances that absorb visible light. Different LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEX— is also called the pigments absorb light of different wavelengths ‘antenna’ complex (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that absorbs a photon, energy is passed on Photoexcitation - is the production of an excited state of from one pigment molecule to another pigment a quantum system by photon absorption molecule until the energy reaches the reaction center. REACTION-CENTER COMPLEX—is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor. PHOTOSYSTEM II- first in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the reaction-center of Photosystem II absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680. PHOTOSYSTEM I—was discovered first. Its reaction- center has a chlorophyll a called P700 because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm. THE CELL THREE MAIN TYPES OF WORK IN THE CELL CHLOROPHYLL - is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant ceLl and absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. Anthocyanins - found in fruits such as grapes, purple grapes, black berries, strawberries, and raspberries. Carotenoids - are Plant pigments that are responsible for their yellow, bright red, and orange color Xanthophyll - molecules found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVIEWER 2ND GRADING CHEMICAL WORK -synthesis of polymers from Light reactions—use sunlight to initiate electron monomers transfer, thereby reducing NADP+ to NADPH and splitting water to give off oxygen as a by-product. MECHANICAL WORK -beating of cilia, contraction of muscles form ATP through phosphorylation take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast C TRANSPORT WORK - pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of spontaneous Calvin Cycle(dark reaction)—sometimes referred to as movement) ‘dark reactions’ because it does not require light energy for its processes to take place PARTS AND FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLAST incorporates CO2 into organic molecules through carbon fixation uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrate from the fixed carbon takes place in the stroma of chloroplast returns ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions Functions and Adaptation: ATP – Adenosine triphosphate Outer membrane – compartmentalizes from cell ADP ¬ Adenosine diphosphate Granum – stack of thylakoids to maximize light NADH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide absorption FADH – Flavin adenine dinucleotide Thylakoid space – narrow to quickly build up proton gradient Cellular respiration - is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy. To create ATP and other Stroma – contains the enzymes of the Calvin cycle forms of energy to power cellular reactions, cells require Light reaction - use sunlight to initiate electron transfer, fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the chemical thereby reducing NADP+ to NADPH and splitting water to process of turning energy into a useable form. give off oxygen as a by-product. Aerobic respiration - is a set of metabolic reactions that Noncyclic electron flow - electrons are removed from take place in the presence of oxygen, occurring in a cell water and passed through PSII and PSI before ending up to convert chemical energy into ATPs in NADPH. Anaerobic respiration - is a process of cellular respiration Cyclic electron flow - lectrons are recycled around to produce energy without the presence of oxygen. photosystem I. Glycolysis – it is the process in which one molecule of CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Krebs cycle – forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide, two ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules. CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION Electron Transport Chain – electrons are passed along the chain from one protein to another. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVIEWER 2ND GRADING Cellular respiration - is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cell of organisms to AEROBIC NEEDED convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or END PRODUCT RESPIRATION MATERIALS nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. 2Pyruvate, GLYCOLYSIS GLUCOSE Aerobic respiration - requires oxygen in order tp create 2ATP, 2NADH ATP. It is the preferred methods of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria 4carbon dioxide, in order to be fully oxidised by the Kreb’s cycle. KREBS CYCLE PYRUVATE 6NADH , 2FADH2, 2ATP SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION ELECTRON NADH, FADH2, TRANSPORT WATER, 34 ATP OXYGEN CHAIN ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Formation of ethanol in fungus Formation of lactic acid in and in plants mammalian muscle and in some bacteria Glycolysis – it is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Krebs cycle – forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide, two ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules. Electron Transport Chain – electrons are passed along the chain from one protein to another. Chemiosmosis – is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase – is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs. This happens when it uses the energy coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and phosphate group together to produce ATP.