Biology: Hydrolysis, ATP, and Photosynthesis

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of pigments are carotenoids primarily responsible for in plants?

Green color

Blue and purple color

Brown color

Yellow, bright red, and orange color (correct)

Which of the following fruits and vegetables is NOT a source of xanthophyll?

Sweet potatoes

Pumpkin

Blueberries (correct)

Carrots

Where do light reactions occur within the chloroplast?

Outer membrane

Stroma

Thylakoids (correct)

Cytoplasm

What is the primary by-product of the light reactions during photosynthesis?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

To incorporate CO2 into organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is NOT a product returned to the light reactions from the Calvin Cycle?

NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP in cellular processes?

To provide energy for cellular functions Signup and view all the answers

What general process do cells use to convert sugars into energy?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hydrolysis in biological processes?

To break down bonds between phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

Which complex is primarily responsible for absorbing photons and transferring energy in plants?

Light-harvesting complex (antenna complex) Signup and view all the answers

In Photosystem II, what is the wavelength of light that chlorophyll a absorbs?

680nm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pigments in plants?

To absorb visible light of different wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

What is phosphorylation in biochemical processes?

The addition of phosphate to an organic compound Signup and view all the answers

Which color light does chlorophyll primarily absorb?

Blue and red light Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the reaction-center complex of Photosystem I?

It has chlorophyll a called P700 Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to separate components of mixtures based on differences in structure or composition?

Chromatography Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a by-product during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which process takes place without the presence of oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes produces ATP during cellular respiration?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

To produce carbon dioxide and energy carriers Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADP+ play in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

It acts as a final electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the electron transport chain?

Electrons are transferred from protein to protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aerobic respiration is true?

It generates a higher yield of ATP compared to anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the Krebs cycle for every two molecules of pyruvic acid?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis?

One molecule of glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP synthase play in cellular respiration?

It synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy from H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of alcoholic fermentation?

Ethanol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

Electrons are passed from one protein to another. Signup and view all the answers

Where does pyruvate need to travel for full oxidation?

To the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What common product is formed during lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hydrolysis and Phosphorylation

Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down bonds between phosphate groups.
Phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
The breakdown of ATP releases energy for cellular processes.

Chromatography

Chromatography is a technique for separating components in mixtures based on differences in structure or composition.

Pigments

Pigments are substances that absorb visible light.
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light.
Photoexcitation is the production of an excited state in a quantum system by absorbing a photon.

Photosynthesis

Photosystems are aggregates of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane that absorb photons and transfer energy.
Light-harvesting complexes (antenna complexes) absorb photons and transfer energy to a reaction center.
Reaction-center complexes contain chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor.
Photosystem II (P680) and Photosystem I (P700) are involved in light-dependent reactions.

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while reflecting green light.

Other Plant Pigments

Anthocyanins are responsible for the red/purple colors in fruits.
Carotenoids are responsible for yellow/orange colors in fruits and vegetables.
Xanthophylls are carotenoids with oxygen-containing groups

Cell Work

Chemical work involves building large molecules.
Mechanical work involves movement, like muscle contraction.
Transport work involves moving substances across membranes against their concentration gradient.

Light and Dark Reactions in Photosynthesis

Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.
They use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, and split water to release oxygen.
Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in the stroma.
They use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that converts chemical energy into ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces 34 ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis is the first step of respiration.
It involves breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2.
The electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to create ATP.
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

Similarities/Differences Between Photosynthesis and Respiration

Both processes use electron transport chains to generate ATP.
Photosynthesis takes in CO2, water and releases O2, and glucose(sugars).
Respiration takes in O2, glucose and releases CO2, and water.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key biological processes including hydrolysis, phosphorylation, and the role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell. Additionally, it covers chromatography techniques and the importance of pigments in photosynthesis. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in cell biology.