Biomolecules 2 PDF

# Biomolecules 2 ## Proteins - Macromolecules formed by amino acids (monomers) - Principal structural components of cells and tissues - Soluble in water and large size - High molecular weight - The synthesis of proteins requires a continuous supply of amino acids - This means we must eat protein i...

# Biomolecules 2 ## Proteins - Macromolecules formed by amino acids (monomers) - Principal structural components of cells and tissues - Soluble in water and large size - High molecular weight - The synthesis of proteins requires a continuous supply of amino acids - This means we must eat protein in our diets to meet the body's amino acid demands. ### Structure Primary - Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds. - Two amino acids = dipeptide - A longer chain of amino acids = polypeptide - Depending on the number and sequence of amino acids, the resulting protein will fold into a specific form. ### Fibrous Proteins - Form elongated structures - Their function is structural and protective ### Globular Proteins - Form compact, almost spherical structures - Soluble in water or polar solvents - Participate in cellular activity ### Heteroproteins - Composed of amino acids bound to other types of compounds: - **Glycoproteins**: Amino acids + carbohydrates - **Lipoproteins**: Amino acids + lipids - **Phosphoproteins**: Amino acids + phosphates - **Chromoproteins**: Amino acids + pigments - **Nucleoproteins**: Amino acids + nucleic acids ### Secondary Structure - **a) Alpha helix**: - Coils around itself due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids. - Forms a helix. - **b) Beta sheet**: - It takes on the appearance of a folded sheet. ### Tertiary Structure - Combines amino acid sequences and secondary structures (alpha helix and beta sheet) ## Composition: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine and Hydrogen bonds - Guanine + Cytosine - Adenine + Thymine ## Functions of Proteins - **Structural:** they provide form and support, such as collagen in tissues, elastin, and keratin. - **Transport:** they transport oxygen to cells, carry iron, and hemoglobin. - **Defensive:** they strengthen the immune system. - **Enzymatic:** they accelerate chemical reactions. - **Motor:** Myosin and actin regulate muscle movements. - **Regulatory:** histones and cyclins. ## Nucleic Acids - They transmit hereditary information and determine which proteins are produced by the cell. - **DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)** - **RNA (Ribonucleic acid)** - Polymers formed by long chains of molecules called nucleotides. ## Structure: graphical representation of the double helix of DNA. ## Acids Nucleotides - Composed of: - Base nitrogenada - **PNA (mRNA)**: messenger RNA - **RNA (tRNA)**: transfer RNA - **RNA (rRNA)**: ribosomal RNA ## Vitamins - Vitamins are organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts to carry out various vital functions. - **Liposoluble**: Soluble in lipids and fats - Stored in adipose tissue - **A, D, E, K** - **Hydrosoluble**: Soluble in water - They are not stored in the body - Eliminated by urine - **B group and C** - Vitamin A: Helps with vision. - Vitamin C: Forms collagen. ## Heteroproteins - **Glycoproteins**: Antibodies - **Lipoproteins:** Transport Lipids in the Blood - **Nucleoproteins**: Histones - **Chromoproteins**: Hemoglobin - **Phosphoproteins**: Casein in milk ## Types of PNA - PNA (mRNA): Messenger RNA - Transport RNA - Ribosomal RNA