Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids - PDF

MOLECULES OF LIFE LEARNING OBJECTIVE Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions.  WHAT ARE THE (4) TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES The cell has major classes of organic molecules: CARBOHYDRA...

MOLECULES OF LIFE LEARNING OBJECTIVE Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions.  WHAT ARE THE (4) TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES The cell has major classes of organic molecules: CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, and NUCLEIC ACIDS. These molecules are called MACROMOLECULES. ✔ it is a term used for large molecules ✔ each macromolecule has a subunit called Monomer ✔ when monomer bond together (Polymerization), the resulting structure is a Polymer ✔ the term polymer is the same as macromolecule  _________________________________ _________________________________ Monomer one basic unit or subunit Polymer chain of many basic units  ORGANIC MOLECULES CATEGORY MONOMER POLYMER CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDE POLYSACCHARIDE PROTEINS AMINO ACID POLYPEPTIDE LIPIDS FATTY ACID, GLYCEROL LIPID NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEIC ACID THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULES CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: Organic Molecule Types / Classification Monomer Function Monosaccharides, Immediate source Carbohydrates or Disaccharides, and Glucose of energy and C-H-O Polysaccharides stored energy Support, Structural, enzymatic, metabolism, Proteins or carrier, hormonal, and Amino acid transport C-H-O-N contractile regulation, and motion  THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULES CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: Organic Molecule Types / Classification Monomer Function Storage of genetic Nucleic acid DNA and RNA Nucleotide information; coder C-H-O-N-P of protein synthesis Long-term energy Lipids Fats, phospholipids, Fatty acids & storage; membrane C-H-O steroids, waxes Glycerol components ✔most abundant organic compound found in living things ✔Fundamental, structural and functional framework of a cell Polymer: Proteins Monomer: Amino acids ✔C H O N (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen)  providing mechanical support generating movement immune protection transmitting nerve impulses controlling growth and differentiation build and repair muscles and tissues act as enzymes TYPES OF PROTEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Types of Proteins Function Example Serves as catalysts to speed up Amylase, Urease Enzymatic proteins chemical reactions etc. Structural proteins Support Keratin Storage Storage of amino acids Albumin Transport proteins Transport of other substances Hemoglobin TYPES OF PROTEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Types of Proteins Function Example Contractile and motor Actin and Movement proteins Myosin Defensive proteins Protection against diseases Antibodies Insulin, Coordination of organism’s Hormonal proteins Growth activities hormones ✔chief energy source of all organisms ✔ serves as the backbone of other molecules ✔ they combine with protein to form the structural component of living cells. ✔Also called hydrates of carbon or saccharides, which means “sugars”. ✓3 main groups: - Monosaccharides (simple sugars) - Disaccharides (double sugars) - Polysaccharides (complex sugars) Polymer: Carbohydrates Monomer: Saccharine or Glucose ✓ C H O (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)  MALTOSE GLUCOSE * GLYCOGEN Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides FRUCTOSE SUCROSE * CELLULOSE STARCH GALACTOSE * LACTOSE Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides GLUCOSE MALTOSE GLYCOGEN FRUCTOSE SUCROSE CELLULOSE GALACTOSE LACTOSE STARCH ✔macromolecules built as a long chain of monomers called nucleotides ✔Primary function is for storage and transmission of genetic information. ✔Two types of nucleic acids are: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)  contains genetic material which is the hereditary information of living organisms. contains the organization of enzymes, thus determining the chemical activities of the cell. contains the following Nitrogenous bases: Adenine is linked to Thymine (A –T); and Guanine is linked to Cytosine (G-C).  shares a similar structure as the DNA, except that RNA is single stranded carries out genetic material for most of the viruses and is associated with the protein synthesis of all cellular organisms. contains the following Nitrogenous bases: Guanine linked to Cytosine (G-C) and Adenine linked to Uracil (A-U) ✔Serves as the highest source of energy for the body. These are stored fats derived from carbohydrates, which can be oxidized to release energy. ✔Fats are very rich in energy, a gram of fat contains over twice the energy content of a gram of carbohydrates. Polymer: Lipids Monomer: Fatty acids & Glycerol ✔Ex. Oil, butter, margarine, lard ✔FATS also known as triglycerides or blood fats circulates in the bloodstream along w/ cholesterol ✔STEROIDS or STEROLS ex. Cholesterol – one of the most important steroids and a component of animal cell membrane and a precursor for the synthesis of a number of steroid hormone such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogen. The liver produce cholesterol that you need. ✔PHOSPOLIPIDS - this can be found in cell membrane which allows it to be semipermeable or selectively permeable to certain substances. ✔WAXES - cuticle covering of the surface of the leaves and stems of the plants, and protective covering of the skin and fur of some animals.  Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acid Building block Food rich in …  eggs lean meats – beef, lamb, veal, pork, kangaroo poultry – chicken, turkey, duck, emu, goose, bush birds fish and seafood – fish, prawns, crab, lobster, mussels, oysters, scallops, clams dairy products – milk, yoghurt (especially Greek yoghurt), cheese (especially cottage cheese) nuts (including nut pastes) and seeds – almonds, pine nuts, walnuts, macadamias, hazelnuts, cashews, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds legumes and beans – all beans, lentils, chickpeas, split peas, tofu https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/protein  Breads, grains, and pasta Nuts and Legumes Starchy Vegetables Milk and yogurts Fruits Snack Foods Sauces and condiments https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/MEND/CarbList.pdf  Seafood: Fish and sardines have the highest levels of nucleic acids, but it isn't only animal-based foods that are good sources of nucleic acids. Chlorella is plant-based edible algae that is also high in nucleic acid. Nuts: A strong source of nucleic acids, as well as possessing high protein and unsaturated fats, which can aid with the prevention of heart problems. Vegetables: A positive addition to any diet, a study published in January 2018 in the journal Nucleic Acids Research also advises that vegetables can be high sources of nucleic acids, particularly Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, beans and broccoli. Mushrooms: The 2018 Nucleic Acids Research study also revealed that mushrooms are among the foods that are high in nucleic acids, especially flat, whitecap and oyster mushrooms. Yeast: Hydrolyzed and autolyzed yeast, often found in vegetarian microwaveable meals, is also a source of nucleic acids. Meat: Animal muscles are naturally high in nucleic acids, so chicken and red meat, such as beef and pork, are great sources. https://www.livestrong.com/article/326559-foods-high-in-nucleic-acid/  Avocados Cheese Dark Chocolate Whole Eggs Fatty Fish Nuts Chia Seeds Extra Virgin Olive Oil https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-super-healthy-high-fat-foods  ADDITIONAL INFORMATION https://www.mrgscience.com/gr-9-topic-3-macro-molecules.html http://moniquelowesib.weebly.com/topic-2-molecular-biology.html https://www.inspiritvr.com/ap-bio/unit-1/structure-and-function-of-biological- macromolecules-study-guide