Biomolecules, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids PDF

Biomolecules Part 3 and 4 Copyright Cmassengale 1 Proteins Copyright Cmassengale 2 Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and...

Biomolecules Part 3 and 4 Copyright Cmassengale 1 Proteins Copyright Cmassengale 2 Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Copyright Cmassengale 3 Types of Proteins based on their Function Copyright Cmassengale 4 1. Enzymatic Proteins Simply known as Enzymes - Proteins that act as biological catalyst Catalyst – something that can speed up reaction Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction Copyright Cmassengale 5 Copyright Cmassengale 6 2. Regulatory or A hormone is any signal Proteins member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior. Copyright Cmassengale 7 3. Transport Proteins Embedded in the plasma membrane to serve as channels/carriers for molecules to enter or exit the cell. HEMOGLOBIN Copyright Cmassengale 8 4. Defense Proteins An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Copyright Cmassengale 9 5. Structural Proteins Structural proteins are COLLAGEN proteins that living organisms use to maintain their shape or structural integrity. Some common structural proteins are keratin, collagen, elastin actin, and myosin. Copyright Cmassengale 10  COLLAGEN ELASTIN KERATIN It provides structural It's a stretchy protein Keratins help form the support to the that resembles a rubber tissues of the hair, extracellular space of band — it can stretch nails, and the outer connective tissues. Due out (extend) and shrink layer of the skin. They to its rigidity and back (recoil). It's a are also found on cells in resistance to major component of the lining of organs, stretching, it is the tissues in your body glands, and other parts perfect matrix for skin, that require of the body. tendons, bones, and stretchiness, like your ligaments. lungs, bladder, large blood vessels and some ligaments. Copyright Cmassengale 11 The cytoplasm of cells is a colloidal network of contractile proteins or Microtubules. Actin filaments are the major components of this network. Other contractile proteins interact with these filaments to create structural rigidity and movement such as MYOSIN. Copyright Cmassengale 12 7. Storage Proteins Storage proteins serves as reserves of amino Acids that can be used later on to nourish growth and development of organisms. ALBUMIN Copyright Cmassengale 13 Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Copyright Cmassengale 14  Structure of Amino Acids Amino Carboxyl Amino acids have a group group central carbon with 4 things boded to R group it: Amino group –NH2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side groups Side group -R Serine-hydrophillic Leucine -hydrophobic Copyright Cmassengale 15  Linking Amino Acids Carboxyl Cells link amino acids together to make proteins Amino The process is called Side Dehydration condensation reaction/ Group Synthesis dehydration synthesis Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together Peptide Bond Copyright Cmassengale 16 20 Amino Acid Monomers Copyright Cmassengale 17 Primary Protein Structure The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein Called polypeptide Amino Acid Copyright Cmassengale 18 Protein Structures Copyright Cmassengale 19 REVIEW Which is mismatched? A.Storage protein: Albumin B.Contractile protein: Myosin C.Structural Protein: Hemoglobin D.Defense protein: Antibodies Copyright Cmassengale 20 REVIEW Which is not a component of an amino acid? A.Amino Group B.Phosphate Group C.R - Group D.Carboxyl Group Copyright Cmassengale 21 REVIEW Which structure of Proteins contains more than 1 amino acid chain? A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure Copyright Cmassengale 22 Nucleic Acid Copyright Cmassengale 23 Copyright Cmassengale 24  Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information Contain information for making all the body’s proteins Two types exist --- DNA & RNA Copyright Cmassengale 25 Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA) - large macromolecules composed of smaller building blocks called nucleotides. Nucleotides are linked to form a strand Nucleotides 1. Phosphate Group 2. Pentose Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose 3. Nitrogenous Base Purine (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidine (cytosine and thymine/uracil) Nucleotides are covalently linked together by phosphodiester bonds A phosphate connects the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another Therefore the strand has directionality 5’ to 3’ RNA Structure The primary structure of an RNA strand is much like that of a DNA strand, but they are only typically several hundred to several thousand nucleotides in length In RNA synthesis, only one of the two strands of DNA is used as a template RNA Ribonucleic acids Encode, decode, and regulate the expression of genes, depending on the type of RNA present Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as a temporary copy of a gene in the DNA that directs the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) translates the sequence of amino acids in a gene to create the correct sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide.  Differences between DNA and RNA DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Strand Double Stranded Single stranded Nitrogenous Adenine Thymine Adenine Uracil base Cytosine Guanine Cytosine Guanine Location Nucleus Cytoplasm Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? A.Glycerol B.Phosphate Group C.Nitrogenous Base D.Pentose Sugar Copyright Cmassengale 41 Which nitrogenous base is in DNA but not in RNA? A.Guanine B.Cytosine C.Adenine D.Thymine Copyright Cmassengale 42 Any Questions?