Gallbladder Diseases PDF

gallbladder The document titled Gallbladder Diseases provides an overview of the structure, function, diseases, and treatments associated with the gallbladder. Here are the main points: Gallbladder Structure and Function The gallbladder is a small, muscular bag located under the liver, connecting...

gallbladder The document titled Gallbladder Diseases provides an overview of the structure, function, diseases, and treatments associated with the gallbladder. Here are the main points: Gallbladder Structure and Function The gallbladder is a small, muscular bag located under the liver, connecting the liver and small intestine. It stores and concentrates bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat- soluble vitamins. Components of Bile Bile consists of bile acids, bile pigments, water, cholesterol, lecithin, and bilirubin. Gallbladder Diseases 1. Acute Cholecystitis (Inflammation of the Gallbladder) Causes: Gallstones blocking the bile duct, bacterial infections (e.g., Salmonella). Risk factors: Diabetes, pregnancy, rapid weight changes, heart disease, surgery, AIDS. Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, and pain during deep inhalation when pressure is applied to the right upper abdomen. Differential diagnosis: Peptic ulcer, acute hepatitis, pancreatitis, kidney stones. 2. Chronic Cholecystitis Causes: Repeated episodes of acute inflammation, often linked to gallstones. Symptoms: Persistent pain, bloating, indigestion, and acid reflux after fatty meals. Common in obese individuals. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Solid deposits of cholesterol or bile salts. More common in women (due to estrogen) and increases with age. Causes: Genetic predisposition, obesity, high-fat diet, oral contraceptives, dehydration, prolonged fasting, infections. Symptoms of Gallstones Similar to cholecystitis. Lack of bile secretion can cause jaundice and steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea). Treatment Recommendations 1. Dietary Management Low-fat meals (15% of total calories) to reduce gallbladder contractions. Avoid sulfur-rich and gas-producing foods (cabbage, cauliflower, onions, etc.), spicy foods, and fried foods. 2. Gallstone Management Surgical removal if necessary; diet adjustments before and after surgery. Gradual reintroduction of fats post-surgery (20g/day, increasing to 50g/day with improvement). 3. Small and Frequent Meals Helps manage symptoms and reduce gallbladder stress. Here are more than 20 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers based on the Gallbladder Diseases document: 1. Where is the gallbladder located? A) Under the pancreas B) Under the liver C) Next to the stomach D) Near the kidneys Answer: B) Under the liver 2. Which hormone triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder? A) Insulin B) Cholecystokinin C) Glucagon D) Adrenaline Answer: B) Cholecystokinin 3. Which of the following is a key function of bile? A) Digestion of proteins B) Absorption of carbohydrates C) Digestion and absorption of fats D) Regulation of blood sugar Answer: C) Digestion and absorption of fats 4. What are gallstones primarily made of? A) Calcium B) Bile salts C) Cholesterol D) Uric acid Answer: C) Cholesterol 5. Which type of bacteria is commonly associated with acute cholecystitis? A) Escherichia coli B) Streptococcus C) Salmonella D) Staphylococcus Answer: C) Salmonella 6. Which condition is characterized by severe pain in the right upper abdomen, fever, and nausea? A) Chronic pancreatitis B) Acute cholecystitis C) Peptic ulcer D) Kidney stones Answer: B) Acute cholecystitis 7. Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute cholecystitis? A) Nausea B) Jaundice C) Right shoulder pain D) Weight gain Answer: D) Weight gain 8. Which test involves pressing the right upper abdomen to check for pain during inhalation? A) Murphy’s sign B) Cullen’s sign C) Grey Turner’s sign D) Rovsing’s sign Answer: A) Murphy’s sign 9. What is a common symptom of chronic cholecystitis after eating fatty foods? A) Weight loss B) Indigestion and bloating C) High fever D) Constipation Answer: B) Indigestion and bloating 10. Which diet recommendation is suitable for gallbladder disease management? A) High-fat diet B) Low-fat diet (15% of total calories) C) No carbohydrate diet D) High-protein diet Answer: B) Low-fat diet (15% of total calories) 11. Which food should be avoided in gallbladder disease? A) Apples B) Fried foods C) Whole grains D) Lean meat Answer: B) Fried foods 12. Gallstones are more common in women due to the influence of which hormone? A) Progesterone B) Estrogen C) Testosterone D) Insulin Answer: B) Estrogen 13. What can lead to bile salt precipitation and black stones? A) Increased water intake B) Excess bile salts C) Low-fat diet D) High lecithin levels Answer: B) Excess bile salts 14. What condition can result from reduced bile secretion? A) Weight gain B) Jaundice and steatorrhea C) Constipation D) Dehydration Answer: B) Jaundice and steatorrhea 15. Which factor is NOT a cause of gallstone formation? A) Obesity B) High cholesterol diet C) Rapid weight reduction D) High fiber intake Answer: D) High fiber intake 16. Which is a treatment recommendation for patients with gallstones? A) Completely avoid all fats B) Gradual fat reintroduction post-surgery C) Increase salt intake D) High-fat meals to stimulate bile flow Answer: B) Gradual fat reintroduction post-surgery 17. Which symptom is a hallmark of steatorrhea? A) Dark-colored stools B) Fatty, foul-smelling diarrhea C) Bloody diarrhea D) Constipation Answer: B) Fatty, foul-smelling diarrhea 18. What is the preferred fat intake after gallbladder surgery when the patient improves? A) 10g/day B) 20g/day C) 50g/day D) 100g/day Answer: C) 50g/day 19. Gallbladder contraction is prevented by reducing fat intake to what percentage of total calories? A) 10% B) 15% C) 25% D) 30% Answer: B) 15% 20. Which condition increases the risk of gallstone formation due to low fluid intake? A) Diabetes B) High blood pressure C) Osteoporosis D) Peptic ulcer Answer: A) Diabetes 21. What vitamin supplements are recommended for fat malabsorption in steatorrhea? A) Water-soluble vitamins B) Vitamin C C) Fat-soluble vitamins D) B-complex vitamins Answer: C) Fat-soluble vitamins Here are more than 20 True or False (Right or Wrong) questions with answers based on the Gallbladder Diseases document: 1. The gallbladder is located under the liver. Answer: True 2. Bile is secreted by the gallbladder. Answer: False (It is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.) 3. Bile helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Answer: True 4. Gallstones are more common in men than women. Answer: False (They are more common in women.) 5. Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. Answer: True 6. The hormone cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. Answer: True 7. Gallstones can only be made of cholesterol. Answer: False (They can also be made of bile salts.) 8. Rapid weight loss is a risk factor for gallstone formation. Answer: True 9. Jaundice may occur if bile flow is blocked. Answer: True 10. Chronic cholecystitis is typically associated with recurring inflammation and gallstones. Answer: True 11. The symptoms of cholecystitis can include right shoulder pain. Answer: True 12. Gallbladder contraction is increased when consuming fatty meals. Answer: True 13. The best treatment for gallbladder disease is to completely avoid all fat intake. Answer: False (Fat intake is reduced, not eliminated.) 14. Acute cholecystitis can be caused by bacterial infection. Answer: True 15. Murphy's sign is used to diagnose gallbladder inflammation. Answer: True 16. Estrogen increases cholesterol levels in bile, contributing to gallstone formation. Answer: True 17. Steatorrhea is a condition where fat is excreted in the stools. Answer: True 18. Drinking plenty of fluids reduces the risk of gallstone formation. Answer: True 19. A low-fat diet helps reduce gallbladder contraction and pain. Answer: True 20. Chronic cholecystitis always requires immediate surgery. Answer: False (It depends on the severity and specific conditions.) 21. Gallstones are always symptomatic. Answer: False (They can be asymptomatic.) '/