Anatomy: The Digestive System Chapter 33 PDF

CHAPTER The Digestive System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or pa...

CHAPTER The Digestive System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 33.1 Describe the organs of the alimentary canal and their functions. 33.2 Explain the functions of the digestive system’s accessory organs. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 33.3 Identify the nutrients absorbed by the digestive system and where they are absorbed. 33.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various common diseases and disorders of the digestive system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-4 Introduction Digestion – mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods Organs of digestion – Alimentary canal organs form a pathway extending from the mouth to the anus – Accessory organs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-5 Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal Mucosa – Epithelial tissue – Secretes enzymes and mucus – Absorbs nutrients Submucosa – loose connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, and nerves © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-6 Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal Muscular layer – Smooth muscle – Contracts to move materials through the canal Serosa or peritoneum – Visceral peritoneum – Parietal peritoneum © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-7 Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal (cont.) Movements – Churning ~ mixes substances – Peristalsis ~ moves substances © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-8 The Mouth Buccal cavity Mechanical digestion Starts chemical digestion Cheeks – hold food in mouth Lips – judge temperature of food The Mouth © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-9 The Mouth (cont.) Tongue Palate – Mixes and holds food between teeth – Contains taste buds – Lingual frenulum – Lingual tonsils – Hard palate – Soft palate – Uvula Lymphatic tissue – Palatine tonsils – Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids The Mouth © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-10 The Mouth (cont.) Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-11 The Mouth (cont.) Salivary glands – Cells Serous – watery fluid and amylase Mucous – Parotid gland – Submandibular gland – Sublingual gland © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-12 The Mouth (cont.) Teeth – decrease size of food particles – Incisors – Cuspids or canines – Bicuspids and molars © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-13 Pharynx Functions Divisions – Connects nasal cavity with oral cavity for breathing – Nasopharynx – Oropharynx – Laryngopharynx – Pushes food into esophagus Pharynx © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-14 Pharynx (cont.) Swallowing 1. Soft palate rises; uvula covers opening between nasal and oral cavity 2. Epiglottis covers larynx – keeps food out 3. Tongue presses against roof of mouth, forcing food into oropharynx Pharynx © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-15 Pharynx (cont.) Swallowing 4. Muscles in pharynx contract – forcing food toward esophagus 5. Esophagus opens 6. Muscles of pharynx push food through cardiac sphincter Pharynx © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-16 Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-17 The Esophagus Connects pharynx to stomach Esophageal hiatus Cardiac sphincter – Circular band of muscle – Controls movement of food into stomach Upper Esophagus Lower Esophagus © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-18 The Stomach Rugae – folds of the inner lining Absorbs – Alcohol – Water – Some fat-soluble drugs Functions – Receives food – Mixes bolus with gastric juices  chyme – Starts protein digestion – Moves food into small intestine Stomach © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-19 The Stomach Sections – Cardiac region – Body – Fundus – Pylorus Pyloric sphincter – controls movement into the small intestine Stomach © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-20 The Stomach Lining – gastric glands – Cells ~ mucous, chief, and parietal – Stimulated by Parasympathetic nervous system Gastrin – made by the stomach – Inhibited by cholecystokinin (CCK) made by the small intestine Stomach © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-21 Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-22 The Small Intestine Functions Sections – Digestion – Duodenum – Absorption of nutrients – Jejunum – Ileum Mesentery Small Intestine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-23 The Small Intestine (cont.) Microvilli Intestinal glands – Mucus and water – Enzymes Peptidases Sucrase, maltase, and lactase Intestinal lipase – Stimulated by Parasympathetic nervous system Stretching of the intestinal wall © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-24 The Small Intestine (cont.) Absorbs most nutrients Wall contracts to mix and propel chyme Ileocecal sphincter – controls movement of chyme into cecum of the large intestine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-25 Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-26 The Large Intestine Cecum Transverse colon Vermiform Descending colon appendix Sigmoid colon Ascending colon Large Intestine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-27 The Rectum and Anal Canal Rectum – off sigmoid colon Feces – left-over chyme Anal canal Defecation reflex – End of rectum – Anus – Stimulated by mass movements – Relaxation of anal sphincters Rectum & Anal Canal © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-28 Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-29 Apply Your Knowledge 1. Matching: ANSWER: B Buccal cavity ___ A. Saliva D Roof of mouth ___ B. Mouth E Grind food ___ C. Bolus F Adenoids ___ D. Palate A Water, enzymes, and mucus ___ E. Bicuspids ___ B Mass of food mixed with saliva and mucus F. Pharyngeal gland © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-30 Apply Your Knowledge 2. What are the functions of the stomach? ANSWER: The stomach’s functions are to receive the bolus of food, mix it with gastric juice, start protein digestion, and move food into the small intestine. It also absorbs alcohol, water, and some drugs. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-31 Apply Your Knowledge 3. Matching: Super! ANSWER: ___ G Vermiform appendix A. Feces ___ F Crosses the abdomen B. Ascending colon ___ B Up right side of abdomen C. Anal canal ___ E S-shaped tube D. Defecation reflex ___ H Down left side of abdomen E. Sigmoid ___ A Leftover chyme F. Transverse colon ___ C Last section of rectum G. Cecum ___ D Allows anal sphincters to relax H. Descending colon © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-32 Characteristics of the Digestive Accessory Organs The Liver – Hepatic lobules Smaller divisions of lobes – Part of liver’s function ~ store vitamins and iron Macrophages Hepatocytes – bile – Hepatic portal vein To Liver © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-33 The Liver (cont.) Hepatic duct – Bile from liver – Merges with cystic duct and forms common bile duct Common bile duct ~ delivers bile to duodenum To Liver © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-34 The Gallbladder Only function is to store bile – Cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder to release bile – Bile salts Break up large fat globules Increase absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins To Gallbladder © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-35 The Liver (cont.) Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-36 The Pancreas Acinar cells produce pancreatic juice – Pancreatic amylase – Pancreatic lipase – Nucleases – Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-37 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-38 The Pancreas (cont.) Releases bicarbonate ions into duodenum Stimulated to release enzymes by – Parasympathetic nervous system – Secretin and cholecystokinin © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-39 Apply Your Knowledge 1. What is the route of bile through the liver and gallbladder? ANSWER: Bile is made in the hepatocytes and leaves the liver through the hepatic duct. The hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which delivers bile to the duodenum. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-40 Apply Your Knowledge 2. What are the pancreatic enzymes and what do they do? ANSWER: They are: Pancreatic amylase – digests carbohydrates Pancreatic lipase – digests lipids Nucleases – digest nucleic acids Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase – digest proteins Good Job! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-41 The Absorption of Nutrients Nutrients – necessary food substances – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Lipids – Vitamins – Minerals – Water © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-42 The Absorption of Nutrients (cont.) Carbohydrates – Starches ~ polysaccharides – Simple sugars Monosaccharides and disaccharides Excess glucose stored as glycogen – Cellulose – provides fiber or bulk © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-43 The Absorption of Nutrients (cont.) Lipids – Used to make energy when glucose levels are low – Triglycerides Most abundant Excess stored in adipose tissue – Cholesterol – essential for cell growth and function © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-44 The Absorption of Nutrients (cont.) Protein Vitamins – Fat-soluble – Water-soluble – Requirements vary – Used for growth and tissue repair Minerals – Found in bones and teeth – Used to make enzymes, cell membranes, and proteins © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-45 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ANSWER: ___ T Carbohydrates are starches, simple sugars, and cellulose. liver ___ F Excess glucose is stored in the gallbladder as glycogen. most ___ F Triglycerides are the least abundant lipids ___ T Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid. fat-soluble ___ F A, D, E and K are water-soluble vitamins. ___ T Minerals are used by cells to make enzymes. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-46 Aging and the Digestive System Decreased – Motility – Absorption – Ability to detoxify blood More likely to develop ulcers and cancers Sense of taste altered Dietary changes due to – Isolation – Depression © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-47 Common Diseases and Disorders Disease/Disorder Description Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix; can be life-threatening if not treated promptly Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease; normal tissue is replaced with nonfunctional scar tissue Cholelithiasis (gall Hard deposits of cholesterol or stones) bilirubin in the gall bladder © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-48 Common Diseases and Disorders Disease/Disorder Description Colitis Inflammation of the large intestine; can be acute or chronic Colorectal cancer Arises from lining of rectum or colon; curable if treated early Constipation Difficult defecation Crohn’s disease Inflammatory bowel disease; typically effects small intestine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-49 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Diarrhea Watery and frequent feces; usually self-limiting Diverticulitis Inflammation of diverticula Diverticulosis – diverticula with no inflammation Inflammation of the stomach lining; “upset stomach” Gastritis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-50 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Heartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); stomach acids push into esophagus Hemorrhoids Varicose veins of rectum or anus Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver; various types Hiatal hernia Portion of stomach protrudes into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-51 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Inguinal hernia Portion of large intestine protrudes in the inguinal canal (where thigh and trunk meet) or, in males, into the scrotum Oral cancer Usually involves the lips or tongue but can occur anywhere in the mouth; tends to spread rapidly © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-52 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Pancreatic cancer Fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Stomach cancer Commonly in cardiac portion of the stomach; occurs more frequently in Japan, Chili, and Iceland Stomach ulcers Breakdown in lining of the stomach © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-53 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: ___ E Inflammation of the large intestine A. Heartburn ___ D Inflammatory bowel disease B. Hemorrhoids ___ F Watery and frequent feces C. Constipation C Difficult defecation ___ D. Crohn’s disease ___ G Inflammation of the stomach lining E. Colitis H Inflammation of pouches in the intestinal wall F. Diarrhea ___ ___ A GERD G. Gastritis B Varicose veins of rectum ___ H. Diverticulitis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-54 In Summary 33.1 The pathway of food through the alimentary canal starts with the mouth and continues through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-55 In Summary (cont.) 33.2 The accessory organs to the digestive system include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 33.3 Nutrients absorbed by the body include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water. Most of the absorption takes place in the small intestine. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-56 In Summary (cont.) 33.4 There are many common diseases and disorders of the digestive system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33-57 End of Chapter 33 Take all that is given whether wealth, love or language; nothing comes by mistake and with good digestion all can be turned to health. ~ George Herbert © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.