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Scapular Region Dorsal Region n...

Scapular Region Dorsal Region n gio Re l ca rvi Ce Thoracic Region Shoulder Region Brachial Region i Antebrachial Region Elbow Region Manus = Carpus + Carpal Region Metacarpus + Digits Digital Region Metacarpal Region PRACTICAL 1 - MASTER DOCUMENT Median Plane al Dor Caud Ti sal al Cranial Caudal str if o sal R Dor la ntr Ventral Ve Dorsal Plane i l tra Cau Proximal Ven Cr i dal Caudal Distal Cranial an ial l l rsa rsa Do Do ar tar Palm Plan Transverse Plane  SCAPULA Canine Equine Cranial Angle Scapular cartilage Spine Dorsal Border i i Cranial angle i isi Cranial border Infraspinous fossa i Supraspinous fossa Caudal Angle Supraspinous fossa Caudal angle i Infraspinous fossa i Caudal Border is Tuberosity of the jg Scapular notch spine of the scapula j j Supraglenoid Acromion tubercle Spine of scapula Neck Serrated face Supraglenoid tubercle i i i Glenoid cavity Scapular cartilage Cranial angle Serrated face Subscapular fossa Caudal angle Infraglenoid tubercle Glenoid cavity Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle tissisiii Highlighted labels are exceptions to large Subscapular fossa animal forelimb i is Neck i i is.é Supraglenoid tubercle Cranial border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Equine Exceptions No Acromion Acromion Palpable tuber Glenoid cavity Enlarged Supraglenoid tubercle ◦Origin of Biceps Brachii ii Infraglenoid tubercle Rough dorsal border Bovine Exceptions There is an Acromion of the spine of the scapula  HUMERUS Canine Equine Intertubercular groove Intermediate Greater tubercle tubercle Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Lesser tubercle Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Head Intertubercular groove Head Tuberosity for teres i'i Crest of greater minor Tuberosity for teres tubercle Tricipital line major Tuberosity for teres Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid major Tricipital line ii ii i tuberosity iiiii Tuberosity for Deltoid tuberosity teres major iiiiiiiii iii iiiii i i Brachialis groove i i j Brachialis groove Brachialis groove Radial fossa Lateral supracondylar Lateral supracondylar crest Radial fossa crest Lateral supracondylar Lateral epicondyle Radial fossa crest Condyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon fossa Condyle Condyle Lateral Supratrochlear Medial epicondyle epicondyle Medial epicondyle foramen WwCapitulum Trochlea Trochlea Capitulum Lateral medial lateral epicondyle Highlighted labels are Equine Exceptions exceptions to large Greater tubercle —> cranial/caudal parts animal forelimb Intermediate tubercle ◦Attachment of Biceps brachii Enlarged teres major tuberosity - medial side Enlarged deltoid tuberosity - lateral side Deep brachialis groove Bovine Exceptions No intermediate tubercle Greater tubercle extends medically and dorsal to the Intertubercular groove  RADIUS AND ULNA Canine Equine Olecranon tuber Capitular fovea Olecranon tuber Anconeal process Neck Olecranon iiii i'i Articular circumference Anconeal process Trochlear notch iii Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Lateral coronoid process Medial coronoid process Olecranon i Ulnar tuberosity Radial notch Ulna Radial tuberosity iii Lateral border Medial border Interosseous space iii i.fi Interosseous border t.si Radius i Highlighted labels are exceptions to large Ulnar notch Articular circumference Styloid process animal forelimb Articular face i Trochlea Styloid process Olecranon Trochlear notch Radial tuberosity Questions ? What muscle inserts on the metacarpal tuberosity ? What muscle(s) insert(s) on the accessory carpal bone? g ? What muscle(s) insert(s) on the radial tuberosity? tis Trochlea Bovine Exceptions Equine Exceptions Ulna extends the full length of the antebrachium Fusion - prevents pronation and supination Enlarged olecranon of ulna ◦Limits elbow extension ◦Olecranon tuber Radial tuberosity Lacertus fibrosus ◦Transfers tension Styloids are both on radius  MANUS Canine Lateral Accessory lateral Accessory Intermedioradial Proximal carpal bones Intermedioradial Ulnar Proximal carpal bones Ulnar Distal carpal bones Distal carpal bones Base Base ÉÉ ii i Body Proximal sesamoid bone Metacarpal bones j i.i i 1 Éi.in Proximal phalanx I Proximal phalanx I Metacarpal bones itÉ iii i Body i ie Distal phalanx I Distal phalanx I iii ti't.si Headi j j ii Head Dorsal sesamoid bones j Dorsal sesamoid bones Base Base Proximal phalanges Body Head i.is Body Head Proximal phalanges Middle phalanges Middle phalanges Base Base Distal phalanges Ungual crest Distal phalanges Flexor tubercle Ungual process Ungual process Highlighted labels are exceptions to large animal forelimb Equine it Metacarpal III Proximal sesamoid bones Metacarpophalangeal joint Trochlea im ii É t Proximal phalanx Antebrachiocarpal joint É É longpasternbone Proximal Intermediate i interphalangeal joint Proximal row Radial Ulnar pasternjoint Distal Middle phalanx Distal sesamoid Carpal II III Middle carpal joint Distal row IV interphalangeal joint bone Carpometacarpal joint Extensor process Metacarpal II Metacarpal IV Flexor surface Distal phalanx Metacarpal tuberosity cortinbone Metacarpal III Equine Exceptions Separate intermediate + radial carpal bones Fused carpals I + II Questions 3 metacarpals ? What muscle inserts on the flexor ◦Splint bones = metacarpals II and IV surface of the distal phalanx ◦Carpal II rest solely on metacarpal 2 ? What muscle inserts on the extensor ◦Carpal IV rest partially on metacarpal III and metacarpal IV process of the distal phalanx? Metacarpal tuberosity ◦Extensor carpi radial is insertion Carpal Joint Radiocarpal joint Metacarpal IV ◦also called antebrachial carpal joint Metacarpal III Middle carpal joint É Carpometacarpal joint Proximal sesamoid bones Palmar carpal ligament Metacarpophalangeal joint ◦Attaches to palmar aspect of all carpals ◦Prevent overextension of joint j Proximal phalanx Flexor Surface j ◦Dorsal border of carpal canal long bone p astern Proximal interphalangeal joint Palmar flexor retinaculum joint pastern j ◦Retains SDF and DDF Distal interphalangeal joint ◦Palmar border of carpal canal comin joint giggg Middle phalanx Fetlock Joint Distal phalanx snort bone pastern Metacarpophalangeal joint Proximal sesamoid bones Bovine Exceptions Palmar annular ligament Loss of carpal I ◦Keeps SDF + DDF over sputum Fusion of carpal II and III Scutum Loss of metacarpal I and II ◦Fibrocartilage on sesamoid bones Fused metacarpal III and IV Sesamoid ligaments Main digits III and IV Bovine ◦Straight = attach to proximal/middle Radius phalanges Ulna ◦Oblique = attach to proximal phalanx i ◦Cruciate = attach to proximal phalanx Intermediate Accessory Intermediate i jÉ Pastern Joint i Radial i Ulnar Radial II + III IV IV II + III Proximal interphalangeal joint Metacarpal tuberosity Metacarpal V Proximal digital annular ligament ◦Holds down SDF and DDF Distal digital annular ligament it Metacarpal III + IV ◦Holds down DDF it Coffin Joint Distal interphalangeal joint Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone Proximal sesamoids iiÉ i Navicular bursa Proximal phalanx Étill ◦Between distal sesamoid and DDF Middle phalanx Distal sesamoid Distal phalanx  JOINTS OF FORELIMB Glenohumeral Joint Glenoid cavity Greater tubercle Ball and socket ii ◦Rotation ◦Abduction/adduction ◦Flexion/extension Humeroradioulnar Joint ◦Pronation/supination Trochlea + capitulation Trochlear notch - medial Fovea capitus - lateral Hinge ◦Flexion/extension only Anconeal process fits into Antebrachiocarpal Joint olecranon fossa when flexed Styloid processes Ulnar/Accessory/Intermedioradial Intercarpal Joint carpal bones Proximal and distal carpals Separate synovial cavity simihonity Carpometacarpal Joint Largest range of movement Distal carpals Metacarpals base I Metacarpophalangeal Joint Metacarpals head Proximal phalanges Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Distal Interphalangeal Joint Proximal phalanges head Middle phalanges head Middle phalanges base Distal phalanges base  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES capituscervicis inoracis Deep Pectoral Rhomboideus m. O = ventral sternum Capitus m. I = lesser tubercle and greater O = nuchal crest of occipital tubercle bone A = weight-bearing I = craniodorsal scapula ◦Extend shoulder A = elevate limb ◦Move trunk cranial = draw scapula to trunk = non-weight-bearing Cervical m. ◦Flex shoulder O = middorsal raphe N caudalpectoralnervesis TI I = dorsal scapula Superficial Pectoral m. A = same ascending O = cranial sternum Thoracic m. I = greater tubercle svers O = vertebrae T1-T7 A = adductor forelimb I = dorsal scapula Transverse A = same Descending N ventralbranchesofcarpther Nventralbranchofsprites Serratus Ventralis m. Cervical Brachiocephalicus m. Thoracic cephalic Cleidobrachialis m. O = cervical vertebrae/ribs O = clavicular intersection I = serrated face I = craniodistal humerus A = support trunk A = advance limb = depress scapula navicular intersection = extend shoulder N venting tithestennerP brachial = turn neck/head Omotransversarius m. laterally O = transverse process of atlas C1 = drawl neck ventrally I = distal scapula spine Cleidocephalicus m. A = advance limb ◦Cervical part = flex neck laterally ◦Mastoid part O = clavicular intersection with associated prescapularlymph node I = middorsal raphe N Accessory A = same NTrapezius Accessory ventralarchesof Latissimus Dorsi m. Cervical O = thoracolumbar fascia Thoracic I = teres major O = middorsal raphe A = retract limb I = scapular spine = flex shoulder A = abduct forelimb = draw trunk forward when weight- N Accessory bearing N dorsal thoraco  INTRINSIC MUSCLES Shoulder Flexors - “Let’s Do This Thing” Shoulder Extensors - “Be Careful SIS” Controlled by AXILLARY NERVE Controlled by SUPRASCAPULAR, ◦Damage leads to DECREASE in shoulder SUBSCAPULAR, MUSCULOCUTANEOUS stability nerves Long head of Triceps Biceps brachii m. O = caudal border of scapula O = Supraglenoid tubercle I = olecranon I = radial + ulnar tuberosity A = flex shoulder A = flex elbow = extend shoulder N musculo cutaneous Coracobrachialis m. Deltiodeus m. O = Coracoid process/ Spinous head Supraglenoid tubercle O = scapular spine I = proximal humerus I = deltoid tuberosity A = extend shoulder spinous A = flex shoulder = medial rotation of shoulder head acromia head Acromial head N musculocutaneous O = Acromion Supraspinatous m. I = deltoid tuberosity O = Supraspinous fossa A = flex shoulder I = greater tubercle A = extend shoulder Teres minor m. O = caudal scapula n supranscapler I = teres minor A = flex shoulder Infraspinatous m. = rotate arm laterally O = Infraspinous fossa Nsuprascale I = greater tubercle A = weight bearing ◦Extend shoulder ◦Lateral stabilization Teres major m. ◦Prevent medial O = caudal scapula rotation I = teres major = non-weight bearing A = flex shoulder ◦Flex shoulder = rotate arm medially ◦Abduct shoulder Subscapularis m. O = subscapular fossa I = lesser tubercle A = weight-bearing ◦Adductor shoulder ◦Extend shoulder = non-weight-bearing ◦Medial stabilization ◦Prevent lateral rotation N Subscapular nerve Elbow Extenders - “TAT” Elbow Flexors - “BasketBall” Controlled by RADIAL nerve Controlled by MUSCULOCUTAENOUS nerve Triceps brachii m. Biceps brachii m. Long head O = Supraglenoid tubercle O = caudal border of scapula I = radial + ulnar tuberosity I = olecranon A = flex elbow A = flex shoulder = extend shoulder accessory Lateral head long O = tricipital line I = olecranon A = extend elbow Brachialis m. Accessory head O = proximocaudal lateral media O = humoral neck humerus head I = olecranon I = radial + ulnar tuberosity A = extend elbow A = flex elbow Medial head O = lesser tubercle I = olecranon A = extend elbow Other Sternocephalicus m. Mastoid part O = sternum lateral I = mastoid process head head long Occipital part O = sternum I = unchallenged crest of occipital bone Anconeus m. O = distal humerus I = lateral olecranon Lateral Stabilizers Carpal Canal Borders A = extend/brace elbow Supraspinous Dorsal = Palmar carpal ligament Infraspinous Lateral = Accessory carpal bone Tensor fasciae antebrachia m. Teres minor Medial = Flexor Retinaculum O = latissimus dorsi Deltoideus I = olecranon Medial Stabilizers A = extend elbow Subscapularis Teres major Coracobrachialis  Carpus Extensor - “E C L U” Carpus Flexors - “Fuck, Shit, Dick, Fuck” Controlled by RADIAL nerve Controlled by MEDIAN and ULNAR nerve ◦Damage causes hyper extension of Extensor Carpi Radialis Metacarpophalangeal joint O = lateral supracondylar crest I = dorsal metacarpals II/III ◦Pass through carpal canal A = extends carpus Flexor Carpi Radialis m. O = medial epicondyle Common Digital Extensor I = palmar metacarpals II/III O = lateral epicondyle A = flex carpis I = extensor process of all distal N mediannerve phalanges Flexor Carpi Ulnaris A = extend carpus + digits Ulnar head O = olecranon I = accessory carpal bone A = flex carpus Humoral head O = medial epicondyle I = accessory carpal Lateral Digital Extensor A = flex carpus O = lateral epicondyle N ulnar nerve I = extensor process of III-V A = extend carpus + digits III-V Superficial Digital Flexor O = medial epicondyle I = palmar base of middle Ulnaris Lateralis phalanx II-IV O = lateral epicondyle A = flex carpus + proximal I = accessory carpal / interphalangeal joint lateral digit V N median A = flex carpus nerve Deep Digital Flexor Humoral head O = medial epicondyle I = flexor tubercle of all distal phalanges A = flex carpus + digital joints Radial head O = medial border of radius I = flexor tubercle A = same Ulnar head O = caudal border of ulna I = flexor tubercle medianRadiohead N EUlnarulnar head Other Dorsal Elastic Ligament incats important Pronator teres m. Retraction O = medial epicondyle ◦Passively maintain hyperextension of I = medial radius distal interphalangeal A = pronation Protraction = flex elbow ◦Contraction of DDF to protract claw N median nerve Palmar Annular Ligament Holds tendons of SDF + DDF down at level of Metacarpophalangeal joint Supinator m. O = lateral epicondyle I = proximal craniomedial radius A = supination = flex elbow N Radiale Proximal Digital Annular Ligament Holds tendons of SDF + DDF down at level of proximal phalanx Pronator Quadratus m. O = radius + ulna apposed surfaces I = radius + ulna apposed surfaces A = pronation N medianne Distal Digital Annular Ligament Holds tendons of DDF down at level of middle phalanx Manica Flexor “Sleeve” formed by the SDF to Carpal pad allow DDF to cross Metacarpal pad v Interosseous Digital pad Contains medial and lateral extensor branches that converge with the common digital extensor Supports metacarpal joint Equine Stay Apparatus Tendon of Origin 1. Stabilization of Glenohumeral joint A. Biceps Brachii Biceps Brachii a. Tendon prevents should from flexing b. Tendon of origin engages on INTERMEDIATE TUBERCLE of humerus - allows “Locking” of shoulder joint Lacertus Fibrosus Extensor Carpi 2. Stabilization of Humeroradioulnar joint Radialis A. Minimal forces acting on the elbow Palmar B. Triceps Brachii Carpal a. Remains flaccid Ligament b. Only small corrections are necessary Common Digital Extensor 3. Stabilization of Carpus A. Lacertus Fibrosus Interosseus a. The tension on the BICEPS BRACHII is transmitted to the EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS B. Extensor Carpi Radialis a. With LACERTUS FIBROSUS attached causing tension it will be Cruciate causing EXTENSION of carpus Oblique Straight C. Palmar Carpal Ligament Common Digital Extensor SDF a. Extends from distal radius to the proximal metacarpus b. Stops HYPEREXTENSION of carpus DDF c. Dorsal border of carpal canal 4. Stabilization of Fetlock, Pastern, and Coffin Joint A. Superficial Digital Flexor A. Interosseous (Suspensory Ligament) a. Proximal check ligament a. Medial and lateral extensor branches unite with the tendon of the b. Counteract downward common digital extensor force to prevent b. EXTENSOR BRANCHES join tendon of COMMON DIGITAL hyperextension EXTENSOR B. Deep Digital Flexor B. Sesamoidean Ligament a. Distal check ligament a. Contract hyperextension of fetlock joint b. Counteract downward b. All originate from PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES force to prevent c. Straight Sesamoidean - attaches to middle phalanx hyperextension d. Oblique Sesamoidean - makes V shape C. Common Digital Extensor e. Cruciate Sesamoidean - makes an X shape a. Pulls on distal phalanx potentially causing hyperextension Skin Modifications Chestnut ◦Carpal pad found on medial side of distal antebrachium Ergot ◦Metacarpal pad on palmar aspect at the fetlock Frog Heel Bulb of heel Hoof Capsule Wall = outer ◦Toe Medial ◦Quarter Lateral Quarter ◦Heel Quarter Bars = raised line Sole = middle, slightly concave Toe Frog = digital pad White line White line = union of wall + sole Epidermal laminae = insensitive Coronet = coronary band Corium Perioplic dermis = thin band, considered the CUTICLE Coronary dermis = broad band ◦Vast majority of wall thickness Laminar dermis = parallel lines of connective tissue Dermal Laminae ◦Interlock with epidermal laminae Sole dermis = nourish sole epidermis  ARTERIES Subclavian From thorax Axillary - “Elvis Loves Spicy Chihuahuas” Change of name once Subclavian leaves thoracic region External Thoracic AxillaryArtery Axillary Artery Subclavian ◦Superficial pectoral External Thoracic Lateral thoracic Lateral Thoracic ◦Deep pectoral Subscapular Subscapular Thoracodorsal ◦Latissimus dorsi Caudal circumflex humeral ◦Cutaneous trunci Cranial Cranialcircumflex circumflex É humeral humeral Brachial Subscapular Bicipital ◦Subscapularis q Deep Brachial ◦Teres major Collateral Ulnar ◦Thoracodorsal Transverse cubital ‣ Latissimus dorsi ◦Caudal circumflex humeral ‣ Shoulder joint Median Median Cranial Circumflex Humeral Common interosseous ◦Biceps brachii Deep Antebrachial Brachial Artery - “Dumb Bitches Call the Cops” Radial j Deep brachial ◦Triceps Bicipital ◦Biceps Collateral ulnar ◦Medial head of triceps ◦Caudal elbow Transverse cubical ◦Cranial elbow Common interosseous ◦Between radius and ulna Median Artery - “DR” Main blood supply to manus Deep antebrachial ◦Flexor Radial ◦Extensors  Median Equine Equine Radial Equine Lateral palmar - not seen in lab Medial palmar - main blood supply to distal limb ◦Divides to form palmar digital a.a. Lateral palmar digital ◦On abaxial surface of proximal sesamoid bones ◦Terminates at the terminal arch Medial palmar digital VEINS ◦On abaxial surface of proximal sesamoid bones ◦Terminates at the terminal arch Lateral palmar metacarpal Medial palmar metacarpal Brachial Cephalic Yaki Median Cubital Brachial Median Continuation of MEDIAN vein in brachial region Median Accessory Drains into both MEDIAN CUBITAL and BRACHIAL Cephalic Median Cubital ii Forms connection between CEPHALIC vein and MEDIAN/BRACHIAL vein Cephalic Common site of venipuncture and catheter placement Accessory Cephalic = cranial located on dorsum of paw and distal antebrachium  NERVES Cranial Pectoral Often runs with external thoracic artery Target = superficial pectoral Caudal Pectoral Target = deep pectoral Lateral Thoracic Runs with lateral thoracic artery near axillary lymph node I Target = motor nerve of cutaneous trunci i ◦Panniculus reflex Thoracodorsal Runs with Thoracodorsal artery Ili Target = latissimus dorsi Suprascapular Travels laterally between subscapularis and supraspinatus Target = infrspinatous and supraspinatous Subscapular Target = subscapularis lot Musculocutaneus Target = coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis Sensory to medial aspect of antebrachium Axillary Enters space between subscapularis and teres major Target = teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, part of subscapularis Median Sensory to caudal scapular region and craniolateral brachium In contact with caudal surface of brachial Radial artery Enters triceps between long head and medial head traveling parallel Found immediately cranial to medial to deep brachial artery epicondyle Target = triceps brachii, tensor fasciae antebrachii, anconeus Target = pronator teres, pronator Spirals around numerous emerging laterally quadratus, flexor carpi radial is, SDF, DDF Deep branch = somatic motor to extensors of carpus and digits Ulnar Only sensory of 5th digit In contact with the collateral ulnar artery Runs towards caudal aspect of elbow passing through carpal canal Target = flexor carpi ulnaris, DDF  Equine Median Common branch with MUSCULOCUTANEOUS Ulnar Median Motor to flexors of carpus and digits i Divides at level of the campus i Medial Palmar Nerve Deep Branch ◦Medial Palmar Digital Nerve Lateral Medial Palmar Lateral Palmar Nerve Palmar ◦Deep Branch ‣ Medial Palmar Metacarpal Nerve Lateral Palmar ii.i.li Medial Palmar Digital ‣ Lateral Palmar Metacarpal Nerve Digital ◦Lateral Palmar Digital Nerve Ulnar Found between the medial humoral epicondyle and olecranon tuber Supplies cutaneous innervation to the distal medial aspect Lateral of brachium and caudal aspect of the antebrachium i Palmar Medial Palmar Metacarpal Metacarpal Autonomous Zones Radial Cranial aspect of brachium/antebrachium Dorsal aspect of manus Ulnar 5th digit Lateral canon bone 11 17 Musculocutaneous Medial antebrachium 11 11