G11-1ST-SEM-REVIEWER-CORE-SUBS.pdf

Personal Development Sacraments - The sacraments are Efficacious Signs Of Grace, Instituted By Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us (CCC 1131). - A sacred to give us grace, and unde...

Personal Development Sacraments - The sacraments are Efficacious Signs Of Grace, Instituted By Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us (CCC 1131). - A sacred to give us grace, and undeserved gift from God. Efficacious - The seven sacraments are efficient signs because they make effective the invisible reality they present. Sacred Signs - A sacrament is a visible sign of an invisible reality. Grace - The sacraments are efficient signs of grace because they transmit the grace of God. 2 Kinds of Grace Santifying Grace - It is the friendship and communion with God. Sacramental Grace - It helps us to fulfill our duties. 3 Essential Elements of Sacrament Minister - The person celebrating the sacraments Matter - The visible object used in performing the sacrament. Form - The formula used by the minister to celebrate the sacrament The Sacrament of Baptism - It signifies the washing away of original sin and the rebirth of the individual as a member of the Church. Minister - The ordinary minister of baptism is the Bishop, Priest, and Deacon Extraordinary Minister - Lay Persons - Parents or Guardians - Non-Christians Matter - The matter of baptism is clear and fresh water. Form - I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit The Sacrament of Confirmation - It strengthens the grace received at Baptism. - It deepens the recipient's connection with the Holy Spirit. Who can receive? - Only baptized Catholic can receive the sacrament of Confirmation Minister - The minister of Confirmation is the Bishop Matter - The matter of confirmation is the Laying of Hands and Sacred Chrism Form - Be sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit. The Eucharist - It is the sacrament in which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Christ. - Through the Eucharist, believers are nourished spiritually and united with Christ and one another. - It is the highest form of prayer. Minister - The minister of the Eucharist is the Bishop and the Priest Matter - The Bread and Grape Wine Form - This is my body, which will be given up for you. - This is the chalice of my blood, which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins do this in memory of me. The Sacrament Of Healing 1. Penance / Reconciliation / Confession 2. Anointing Of The Sick Penance / Reconciliation / Confession - Jesus instituted the sacrament of penance after his resurrection. - We all need the sacrament of penance, because of our sinful nature 2 Kinds of Sins Venial Sin - Venial means forgivable - A less serious offense - Ex. Neglecting to pray or read the scripture Mortal Sin - It breaks one's relationship with God - It kills the sanctifying grace - Ex. Disobeying the will of God and breaking the 10 commandments Minister - The minister of penance is the Bishop and Priest. Matter - Confession of sins. Form - "I absolve you from your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit". Anointing Of The Sick - It is intended for those who are seriously ill or near death. - Unites the sick person with the passion of Jesus. - Gives comfort, peace, and strength to endure the distress of sickness and of the old age Holy Orders - Those who are called should abandon everything and follow Jesus. - Holy Orders is the sacrament through which men are ordained as deacons, priests, or bishops to serve the Church. Minister - The minister of the Holy Order is the Bishop. Matter - The matter of the ordination is the imposition of hands Form - The form of the Ordination is the essential part of the consecratory prayer. Matrimony / Marriage - Marriage is defined as a covenant of love between a man and a woman intended for their common good and for the procreation and education of children Minister - The ministers of Marriage are the Two spouses; the priest is only the witness. Matter - The matter is the mutual consent of the couple and their promise to live together as husband and wife in a lifelong union. Form - "Yes, I Do" Part of the Mass Holy Eucharist - Liturgy of the Word - Liturgy of the Eucharist Introductory Rite 1. Entrance 1.1 Procession 2. Greeting 3. Penitential Rite 3.1 Act of Penitence 3.2 Kyrie (Lord have mercy) 4. Gloria (Sundays and special occasions only) 5. Opening Prayer Liturgy of the Word 1. First Reading 2. Psalm 3. Second Reading (Sundays and special occasions only) 4. Alleluia 5. Gospel 6. Homily 7. Profession of Faith (Creed) (Sundays and special occasions only) 8. Prayers of the Faithful Liturgy Of The Eucharist 1. Offertory 2. Prayer over the Gins 3. Preface 4. Sanctus 5. Consecration 5.1 Eucharistic Prayer 6. Anamnesis 7. Final Doxology (Great Amen) Communion Rite 1. The Lord's Prayer 2. Rite of Peace 3. Lamb of God 4. Communion Concluding Rites 1. Post Communion Prayer 2. Final blessing 3. Recessional Personal Development: Knowing Oneself Dimensions of the Self - Physical, Psychological, Spiritual - The word "self' is popularly and generally defined as what an individual sees, perceives, and defines oneself apart from others. - The term self-perception is a sub-definition of this simple yet complex concept. Physical Dimension - It revolves around the physical body of human being; its, processes, functions, mechanisms, and chemistry - This dimension is responsible for giving us the ability to move our muscles, to perceive our surroundings, and to think of the ideas and opinions that bring wonders to our lives and of others. Psychological Dimension - It contains the concepts of stress, cognition, behavior, attitude, emotion and ultimately, personality. Spiritual Dimension - It allows us to view ourselves on a spiritual level as spiritual beings. - This dimension cannot be observed but can be subjectively altered and perceived by the person. - It holds relevance to a perceived existence of God, of a greater good, or a Superior Being relating to the humble individual. Attitudes And Its Components: Affect, Behavior, Cognition Affect - In Psychology, This is the term used to represent emotions directed to the self, the environment and to others. Behavior - The action form or manifestation of attitude. Without attitude, affect and cognition, behavior will be rendered baseless and ungrounded. Cognition - The way we think. it encompasses our thoughts in different levels, ranging from ourselves to our environment, from imaginary to perceivable reality. Social Factors - Influence attitude heavily. Your roles in a social environment and of course, the social norm that tells you what to do and what not to do in a social situation also affect attitude. Operant conditioning - It is matter of consequences, pleasant or unpleasant. that our attitude towards is affected. Modelling - When someone particularly close to us, a person we admire or adore, or a parent does something, it is more than likely we would be doing the same thing they are doing. If our parents loved playing musical instruments. Self - Concept - Our cognition to ourselves, what we think and know about our identity, personality, and individuality. - It requires a lot of self-evaluation and reflection to be able to say that your self-concept of attitude, proving what Rene Descartes had said: "I think, therefore I am." Self - Esteem - It is a more situational approach in terms of attitude because self-esteem is how we value ourselves, given the negative or positive feedback we receive. One’s Holistic Personal Developmemt Holistic Development: Thoughts, Feelings, Behaviors Thoughts - Usually originate from things we have learned both in the right way and the wrong way. - What we think Feelings - No one is exempted from the experience and the color that emotion brings into our life, be it, again, subconscious and conscious. - We might consciously hurt brought about by rejection from someone we value. - What we feel Behavior - It can be overt or covert. - Overt behavior is expressed consciously like replying to a friend or volunteering for class recitation. - Covert behavior. However, occurs beyond our awareness, in our blind spot. Mannerisms, body language, gestures, and personal tendencies fall here - What we do Physical and Neurobiological Development - On the physical aspect, an individual starts growing into a full-fledged mature human being from infancy. The processes involved are regulated by our genes. Without unique genetic makeup as human beings, we would not be what we are right now. Cognitive Development by Jean Plaget Formal Operational (12 y/o - adult) - The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms. Concrete Operational (7 y/o - 12 y/o) - The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. - The child also understands conservation. Preoperational (2 y/o - 6 y/o) - The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. - During this stage, the child is egocentric. Sensorimotor (0 - 2 y/o) - The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage. Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg Level 1: Preconventional Morality - Since according to Piaget, it is during ages 7-11 years that a child will start to think more logically and learn how to be empathetic. - At this level, our personal code of morality is not personal but is instead shaped externally-implying that our morality. Level 2: Conventional Morality - Individuals begin to internalize the learned moral standards they have with their valued adult role models. - Even though the authority has become internalized, it is not questioned or doubted. The reasoning is derived from the norms of a particular group to which the individual belongs. Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality - In this level of morality, an individual's basis of his or her morality rests on self chosen principles. - The first stage in this level is social contract and individual rights. The individual beomes aware that while the laws and rules of a society exist for the good of the majority, there will be instances that these may work contradictory to the preferences of particular individuals or minority groups. - Universal Principles, the second stage in this level, impies that individuals have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may not at all times fit the law of society. Socio-Emotional Development - The beauty of development is that it is not limited to oneself, but it branches out to the outside-to other people, specially. In Freudian terms, the ages 7-11 years is aligned with the Latency Phase wherein it was said, the sexual urges were latent yet it is also where the individual learns to socialize and extend outward. Things spiral a bit more out of control when puberty starts in the individual. Hormones spike up causing mood swings, growth spurts, a new variety of emotions and emotional degrees and the like. Contemporary Arts - Literally, contemporary art means "the art of today," - Aims to understand the present, but the present itself is now more fragmented and shape-shifting - They are there and they influence how we see and relate to the world but the next minute, something new comes up and the focus shifts. Modern - Usually associated with art made during the period extending roughly between the 1860s and 1970s. - Referenced the past and with this reference and appropriation, it attempted to understand the present time. Promoting Philippine Arts 3 Major Tradition Ethnic Tradition - Art forms are primarily influenced by the geographical location and the experiences of the Filipinos (Luzviminda & Sayseng, 2016). - In this time, the purpose of arts is integral to life. Arts reflected the pagan beliefs and practices, everyday activity such as fishing and farming, and specific decorative art pattern to the community. - Example: Angono Petrogyphs, Manunggul Jar and Banga Dance Spanish Colonial - Art forms were primarily influenced by religion and secularisation. In this time, Spaniards used arts to propagate the Catholic faith. - Example: Langit, Lupa, at Impyerno (1850) by Josef Luciano Dans, St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral, Religious Statues American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Modern Arts - Refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of art works in this time is national identity. - Example: The Making of the Philippine Flag by Fernando Amorsolo, Bayanihan by Carlos Botong Francisco Contemporary Arts - Refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present. - Contemporary arts mirror contemporary culture and society. Diverse and emerging art practices were being introduced in this era. - Example: Cinco Marias (Tres Marias) By: Federico Aguilar Alcuaz and Art Installation By: Leeroy New Elements of Arts Space - In visual arts, space pertains to emptiness which may either be positive space or negative space. - Positive space refers to a part which is enclosed in a shape, while negative space refers to the opposite part which the shape is enclosing. Line - In visual arts, a line is a series of connected points. It may come in two characteristics: form, curved, dotted, or broken lines; and direction vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines. - Different types of lines may convey different meanings. Shape and Form - Shape is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. Shapes are two dimensional figures with height and width. Color - Associated with the natural phenomenon in our environment. Scientifically, when a light passes through a prism, it will produce different hues of different wavelengths. Value - Considered a property of a color which pertains to its lightness or darkness. Texture - Is the element that appeals to our sense of feeling on things, rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It pertains to the surface of an art piece. Principle of Arts Proportion - Refers to the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art. Harmony - The the unity of the artwork, specifically about the arrangement of the related elements. Variety - In other terms, variety may be referred to as diversity. This means adding multiple, different elements to break the monotony of an artwork and make it more interesting. Movement - In arts, movement is the illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture design, or in a piece of art. Rhythm - This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. In visual arts, repeated design elements may create a certain flow and may lead the viewer's eyes. Balance - Refers to the even and equal distribution of elements. Emphasis - Is a principle which may refer to the greater impact given on a certain element. Contemporary Arts Form Visual Arts - creative art whose products are to be appreciated by sight, such as painting, sculpture, and film (as contrasted with literature and music). - are the arts that meet the eye and evoke an emotion through an expression of skill and imagination. Performance Art - Is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed by the artist or other participants. Applied Arts - Are those in which artistic design is applied to utilitarian objects of everyday use Literary Arts - are what one might classify more along the lines of literature, including poetry and prose. These works can range from epic poems to epistolary novels to articles to comics. Elements of Contemporary Art Appropriation - Modifications made by the artist Hybridity - This refers in the use of different art mediums that are put together Technology - Its application highlights the creativity of the artist. Performance - Carried out for viewers to experience Space - Intricate use of space Integrative Art - Employs the use of different art elements used together in distinct different expressions - Also a fusion of different art disciplines using different styles and media in creating art. Distinct Features of Contemporary Philippine Art Communal Nature - It reflects the relationships build around the bonds of community and society. Intuitive - Filipinos are immersed in their consciousness of themselves, their community and their culture Holistic - Individuals, groups of people and events are perceived in their entirety as well as the unitive use of art materials and forms. Creative Process - The artist puts more emphasis on how their artwork was made than on the artwork itself Integrative - It encompasses religious, moral, spiritual, social, and environmental concerns. Multi-focal - It considers everything and everyone, the wide perspective of the artwork as well as both artist and viewer. Philippine Contemporary Arts Architecture - The art and practice of designing and constructing buildings (Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus). In relation to that, Philippine architecture was characterised as simple, rational, and functional. National Artist Juan F. Nakpil (1973) - Juan Nakpil is considered the first National Artist for Architecture. He was instrumental in shaping Philippine architecture by blending traditional Filipino motifs with modern designs. - Notable Works: Quiapo Church expansion, Rizal Shrine in Calamba, University of the Philippines Diliman campus building. Film - A form of visual art use to imitate experiences that communicate ideas, stories, or feelings with the use of moving images. It is also called a movie or motion picture. National Artist Lamberto V. Avellana (1976) - The first director to be named a National Artist in Film. - Known as "The Boy Wonder of Philippine Movies" he was a pioneer in bringing Philippine cinema to the international stage. - He was recognized for his innovative storytelling and visual style, which elevated Filipino cinema during the post-war era. Literature - According to Lombardi (2020), literature is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken material. - Derived from the Latin word literature meaning "writing formed with letters" literature most commonly refers to works of the creative imagination National Artist José García Villa (1973) - Known as the "Doveglion" he is considered one of the most influential poets in Philippine literature. - He introduced the "reversed consonance rime scheme" in poetry” - His work gained international acclaim, particularly in the United States Music - A collection of coordinated sound or sounds. - Contemporary music in the Philippines usually refers to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from twentieth-century art music in the West National Artist Antonio J. Molina (1973) - Known as the "Dean of Filipino Composers." - He was a prolific composer, conductor, and educator who played a crucial role in the development of Philippine music. Theater - A collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. - The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, or dance. National Artist Daisy Avellana (1999) - Was an actress, director, and writer who is considered one of the leading figures in the development of Philippine theatre. She was known for her powerful performances in both classical and contemporary plays. Dance - The movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight the movement itself. National Artist Alice Reyes (2014) - A pioneering figure in contemporary Philippine dance. She is known for her innovative work in modern and contemporary dance, blending traditional Filipino elements with contemporary techniques. - Reyes founded the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company. Painting - the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. - The elements of this language — its shapes, lines, colors, tones, and textures — are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a flat surface. National Artist Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) - Known for his masterful use of light, particularly in depicting rural Philippine landscapes, and his romanticized portrayal of Filipino culture. - Awarded in 1972 Sculpture - The sculpture is an art form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. National Artist Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) - Known for being the "Father of Philippine Arts” - Tolentino is renowned for his monumental works that reflect Filipino nationalism and heroism. - Awarded in 1973 21st Century Literature - Catalyst of change - Emotional outlet - Mirror of life - Voice of the period - Originated from the word "Litera" which means letters - A collection of any written or oral composition - An artistic work; product of creativity - A reflection of one's culture and society Classification of Literature Prose - Sentence Form - Narrative - Divided into Chapters Poetry - Verse Form - Composed of Stanzas Genre - A particular style or type of writing Fiction - Imaginative or Made-up writing Types of Fiction Realistic - A genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting. Historical - A literary genre where the story takes place in the past. Science - Speculates about alternative ways of life made possible by technological change Fantasy - A genre of fiction that involves elements that cannot exist within the real world. Drama - A play or script - Can be a comedy or Tragedy Non-Fiction - Writing that is true Folklore - The traditional beliefs, stories, customs, and legends, transmitted orally, from generation to generation Types of Folklore Fairytale - A children's story about magical and imaginary beings and lands. Tall Tale - A story that is very difficult to believe - A greatly exaggerated story. Myth - A traditional story that typically aims to explain a natural or social phenomenon. - God and Goddesses Fable - A brief, simplistic tale told to convey a moral, or lesson to the reader about how to behave in the world - Animals Legend - A traditional story or group of stories told about a particular person or place. Poetry - Beauty in language Importance of Literature Expanding Horizons - First and foremost, literature opens our eyes and makes us see more than just what the front door shows. - It helps us realize the wide world outside surrounding us. With this, we begin to learn, ask questions, and build our intuitions and instincts. - We expand our minds. Building Critical Thinking Skills - When we read, we learn to look between the lines. We are taught to find symbols, make connections, find memes, and learn about characters. A leap Into The Past - History and literature are entwined with each other. - Without literature, we would not know about our past, our families, and the people who come before and walked on the same ground as us. Appreciation for other cultures and beliefs - A reading about history, anthropology, or religious studies provides a mernod of leaming about cultures and beliefs other than our own. - It allows you to understand and experience hiese other systems of living and other worlds. Better writing skills - Many of those authors, poets, or playwrights used interature to expand their writing. Addressing Humanity - All literature, whether it be poem essays, novels, or short stories, helps us address human nature and conditions which affect all people. Pre - Colonial Literature Pre - Means before Colonial - A term which means “a phenomenon where a country is colonized or dominated by a much powerful country.” Pre - Colonial Period - Refers to all written and non-written documents that transpired before our country was colonized by the Spanish, American etc. Characteristics of Philippine Literature Baybayin / Alibata - Rocks, small spears and even leaves are used for writing laws, journals, and the likes. Proverbs - A simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience. Folk Songs - A form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as well as their loves. Lullabies or Ili-ili (Ilongo) - Love song like the panawagon and balitao (Ilongo); Harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line Poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and serve as a tool for teaching the young Work Song - That depicts the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers. Drinking Song - Sung during carousels like the tagay (Cebuano and Waray); dirges and lamentations extolling the dead like the kanogo (Cebuano) or the Annako or Botoc). Narrative Song or kissa among the Tausug of Mindanao - The parang sabil, uses as its subject matter the exploits of historical and legendary heroes. It tells of a Muslim hero who seeks death at the hands of non-Muslim. Riddles (Bugtong o Palaisipan) - Are made up of one or more measured lines with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables showcase the Filipinos wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surrounding. Chats (Bulong) - Used in witchcraft and enchantments. Our ancestors also believe in unseen spirits or elemental spirits like dwarfs. - Examples: Tabi, tabi po, Ingkong, makikiraan po, Pwera usog, Pwera bati. Saying / Kasabihan - Is used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. - Examples: Nahulog ang kutsara; ikaw na sana, sinta. Magkapatong nap lato; mag-aasawa ng dalawa Pagwawalis ng gabi; paglabas ng grasya Tanaga - A quatrain with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. The Gods and Goddesses of Ilocanos Cabalangegan was once a jungle near the river Abra, where an old named Abra controlled the weather and had a daughter named Caburayan. Anianihan, the God of Harvest, was in love with Caburayan, the Goddess of Healing, but they feared telling Abra as he might ounish them as he disapproved of Anianihan. Anianihan took Caburayan away from her fome, causing Abra great sorrow and leading him tobeg the other god to bring back his daughter. When the sun shone excessively bright, the river Abra became overheated leading to thunder, lightning, strong winds, and heavy rains that flooded the area for seven days. Abra in search of his missing grandchild Maria Makiling, encountered challenges and eventually lost hope, while Maria was being care for by a fierce dog named Lobo, as punishment from the god. Main Idea - Their deities, such as Kabunian, the supreme creater, Anitun Tabu, the goddess of wind and rain, Apo Lakay, the mountain guardian, and Apo Tano, the earth god, reflect a deep reverence for nature and its elements, emphasizing the importance of these forces in daily life and agriculture. Style - Symbolism - Anthropomorphism - Oral Tradition - Ritualistic Elements Genre - Mythological Narrative - Folktales - Rituals - Aminism  Doctrina Christiana of Juan De Plasencia The work of literature contains basic biblical texts, including the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary, and the salve regina as well as the ten commandments, and the Sacraments of the Holy Catholic Church, and lastly the translation of Chirstian catechism and hymns from The Spanish to Old Tagalog and Baybayin, an indigenous writing script of the Philippines. Main Ideas - The Doctrina Christiana emphasizes the importance of living a moral life according to Christian principles. It explains the virtues, sins, and the significance of confession and repentance. The catechism underscores the importance of prayer, especially the Lord's Prayer, and participation in the Mass. It teaches the faithful how to pray and the significance of worship in Christian life. It presents the core beliefs of Christianity, including the Apostles' Creed, which summarizes the essential doctrines of the faith such as the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Resurrection. The book explains the significance of the seven sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony) as essential means of grace and salvation. Style and Genre - The “Doctrina Christiana,” a seminal work in the Philippine History and literature, is a catechism written by Juan de Plasencia in 1593. It is one of the earliest European-style books printed in the Philippines and the only known extant copy in the world can be found in the Lessing K. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress. This religious or didactic text was designed to instruct and Indigenous Filipinos in the Catholic faith. Aba Ginoong Maria - "Aba Ginoong Maria" is a literary piece by Manuel Francisco, set in the Spanish colonial Philippines. - It explores themes of religious devotion, societal hierarchy, and identity. - The story follows Maria, a devout woman navigating her role insociety. Main Idea - The focus is on the intersection of personal faith and social responsibility. - It reflects the tension between traditional values and emerging new ideas during a time of significant change. Style Descriptive and Reflective - Rich language captures Maria’s environment and inner life. Dialogue and Monologue - Reveals character dynamics and inner thoughts. Genre Historical Fiction - Incorporates fictional elements within a historical context. Religious Drama - Explores spiritual and societal themes through Maria’s journey  My father goes to the Court The story is set in a small town on the island of Luzon, Philippines, where a poor family lives next to a wealthy man. The poor family, despite their lack of wealth, is happy and healthy, often laughing and enjoying life. In contrast, the rich man, and his family are sickly and miserable. The rich man accuses the poor family of stealing the spirit of his food by inhaling its aroma, which he claims is the reason for their good health. He takes the matter to court, demanding compensation. However, the father of the poor family agrees to pay the rich man with the spirit of money. He shakes a hat full of coins, and the sound of the coins is deemed as payment. The judge finds this amusing and dismisses the case. Main Idea - The story is about a father who is falsely accused of stealing and is determined to prove his innocence to protect his reputation and the dignity of his family. Style Realism - The story portrays to realistic situations that some of our fellow Filipinos experienced. Symbolism - It represents how much we genuinely cherish our families and how close-knit and caring the families are here in the Philippines. Genre - The genre of this text refers to Fiction. As text that highlights a background of a father going into a certain court through judgement, this background is based on Philippine folklore which explains why it is fiction. Dragon fly or Tutubi by Gonzalo Flores Translated pulling your sword... the flower trembled. as you approached. Original hila mo’y tabak... ang bulaklak, nanginig sa paglapit mo. Main Idea - The fear felt by the flower (Filipinos) as the approaching dragonfly (Japanese colonizers) brings its unknown risks (Oppression). Invitation by Gonzalo K. Flores Translated Lonely grass by the silent river come, my dear Original Ulilang damo sa tahimik na ilog halika, sinta. Main Idea - It conveys a sense of longing and invitation, capturing the essence of nature and human emotion in just a few lines. It reflects the deep emotion towards one’s lover in context of the events of the Japanese colonization in which they may have been separated. This could be seen as a message to one’s distant or absent lover. Style and Genre - These texts use the literary genre of poetry that focuses on the beauty of words. They follow the poetry style of haiku, which follows a fixed structure of 1 stanza, 3 lines, 17 total syllables, and a syllable structure of 5 - 7 - 5. General Mathematics Introduction of Functions - A Function is a rule of correspondence between two nonempty sets, such that, to each element of the first set called domain, there corresponds one and only element of the second set called range. Piecewise Function - The vertical line test can be used to verify if a graph is a function, even if it is an orthodox / unorthodox function like piecewise. Word Problems to Function - The ice cream costs 30 pesos plus 15 pesos change for each additional scoop. Which of the following expressions correctly models the amount you have to pay P(x) if she has an additional (x) scoops? P (x) = 30 + 15x - Daniel Charges 300 pesos per hour for the first 4 hours and 500 per hour for each additional hour of tutoring math exceeding 4 hours. Write a piecewise function that represents his total earnings E(x) based on the numbers of hours (x) he conducts tutorials. Keywords First 4 Exceeding 4 Intervals 0 ≤x ≤4 x>4 Extervals 300x 1200 + 500 (x - 4) Rule in Evaluating Functions - To evaluate a function f(x), the basic rule applies. Replace (x) in the function with the entire expression in the parentheses, then simplify the resulting expression Example: f (x) = x² + 3x - 2 | f (x) = 2 f (x) = (2)² + 3 (2) - 2 f (x) = 4 + 6 - 2 f (x) = 8 Exponent Rules Name Rule Explanation Examples Product Rule (xᵃ) (xᵇ) = xᵃ+ᵇ Add the exponents x² + x³ = x⁵ Power of a Power (xᵃ)ᵇ= x(ᵃ)(ᵇ) Multiply the (x²)³ = x⁶ Rule exponents Power of a product (ax)ᵇ= (aᵇ)(xᵇ) Multiply each base (2x)³ = (2³)(x³) rule to the exponent = 8x³ Quotient Rule xᵃ Subtract the x⁵ — = xᵃ⁻ᵇ exponents — = x² xᵇ x³ Negative Exponents x⁻ᵃ = 1 Flip the term in a 1 Rule — fraction and change – = x⁶ xᵃ sign of exponent x⁻⁶ Zero Exponent Rule x⁰ = 1 Anything zero is 7x⁰ = 7(1) = 7 equals to 1 Fractional Exponent b√xᵃ = xᵃ Inside the exponent 9√x⁴ = 4 Rule — goes on top, outside — b number goes on x9 bottom √x = 1 – x2  Adding Function Example: f (x) = 7x + 3 g (x) = 2x - 7 h (x) = x² + 8 (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) ← Distribute = 7x + 3 + 2x - 5 = 7x + 2x + 3 - 5 ← combine like terms = 9x - 2 (f + h) (x) = f (x) + h (x) ← Distribute = 7x + 3 + x² + 8 = x² + 7x + 11 Subtracting Function Example: f (x) = 7x + 3 g (x) = 2x - 7 h (x) = x² + 8 (f - g) (x) = f (x) - g (x) = 7x + 3 - (2x - 5) ← Distribute = 7x + 3 - 2x + 5 = 5x + 8 (h - g) (x) = h (x) - g (x) = x² + 8 (2x - 5) ← Distribute = x² + 8 - 2x + 5 = x² - 2x + 13 Multiplying Function Example: f (x) = 5x² g (x) = 7x - 9 h (x) = x² + 2x + 8 (f g) (x) = f (x) g (x) ← Distribute = 5x² (7x - 9) ← Distribute = 35x² - 45x² (f g) (x) = f (x) g (x) = 5x² (x² + 2x + 8) ← Distribute = 5x⁴ + 10³ + 40x²  Earth and Life Science Universe Magnetic Fields - A planet requires a rapidly rotating magnetic field from the solar radiation Protects us outside the earth System - Group of interacting interrelated or interdependent that work together to form complex hole Theories on the origin of the universe Primordial Universe - Anaxagoras: Believed that the original state of the cosmos was primordial. Atomic Universe - Leucippus and Democritus - Matter is composed of discrete units called atoms, as opposed to the obsolete notion that matter could be divided into any arbitrarily small quantity. - Proponent: Hindu Text Rigveda Oscillating Universe - Date 1920’s - Proponent: Richard Tolman - Remnants - Asteroid - Comets - Rocks - Expansion of the universe is expanding “originality” Steady State Theory - The universe if always expanding - Matter being continuous created to form new stars and galaxies “continuously” - “Constant Universe” Big Bang Theory - The single dense point that had a high temperature, high density but low volume - A huge explosion that a simple atoms like hydrogen and helium came to existence - Everything started in “singularity” - Discovered: H, He - Evidences: Remnants, CMB, H, He, Radiation Divine Theory - Religion and Mythology - Proponent: Bible (Genesis) Solar System - Also called as a “Stellar System” is a small number of stars that orbit each other Composition of the Solar System 1. Star 2. Planets 3. Comets 4. Asteroid 5. Natural Satellites Meteor - Outer Space Meteoroids - Shooting Stars Meteorites - A rock that falls to Earth from space Planets Close to sun: 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Mars 4. Saturn Jovian Planet 1. Earth 2. Jupiter 3. Uranus Nebular Hypothesis - Immanuel Kant 1724 -1804 and Pieve Simon Laplace 1724 - 1827. In the 1700’s Swedenborg, Kant, and Laplace independently thought of a rotating gaseous cloud that cools and contracts in the middle to form the son and the rest into a disc that become the planets. He assumed that the mutual gravitational attractions of the partides caused them to start moving and colliding, at which point chemical forces kept them bonded together. As some of these aggregates become larger, they grow more rapidly, ultimately forming the planets. This nebular theory failed to account for the distribution of angular momentum in the solar system. Earth - The only planet where life exists - Just right planet - 3rd planet from the sun and 5th largest planet in the solar system - Located in the Goldilocks Zone Goldilocks zone - Sun → Too hot → Just right planet → Too Cold Unique Characteristics of the Earth 1. Atmosphere 2. Magnetism 3. Water 4. Plate tectonics 5. Location 6. Life Form Archaea - Type of Bacteria - Automatically die because of the temperature Sun - Energy can give us vitamins - Light or Chemical energy is used by organisms to run their life Nutrients - Used to build and maintain an organism body - Vitamins, nutrients, water, fat, protein and carbs Atmosphere - Surrounds the Earth and hold the air we breathe - It protects us from outer space - Holds moisture Biosphere - Made up of the parts of Earth where life exist - All ecosystem Geosphere - Includes the rock and minerals on earth Hydrosphere - The sum of Earth’s water, in ocean, ground, surface and in the air. - 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water Troposphere - Densest Part Stratosphere - Location of ozone layer Mesosphere - The middle layer and coldest of Earth’s Atmosphere Physical Education Physical Fitness - The capacity of the body to do activities without undue exhaustion. - Physical Fitness can be divided into two distinct categories: components of health-related fitness and components of skill-related fitness. Health-related Fitness - Exercises that are done with the intention of improving one's physical health and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are included in the concept of health-related fitness. - The five components of health-related fitness include: cardiovascular - Endurance, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Skill-related Fitness - The capacity to perform during games and sports. This level of physical fitness is needed to be able to perform the more technical parts of a wide range of sports. - The five components of skill related fitness include: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed. Health related Fitness Body Composition - The ratio of muscle to fat in the body. - Having a high percentage of body fat compared to lean muscle has shown to increase risk of heart disease, certain cancers, strokes, and diabetes. Cardiorespiratory Fitness - The efficiency with which the body delivers oxygen and nutrients needed for muscular activity and transports waste products from the cells Muscular Strength - The greatest amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort Muscular Endurance - The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated movements with a sub-maximal force for extended periods of time. Flexibility - The ability to move the joints or any group of joints through an entire normal range of motion. Speed - The maximum rate at which a person can move or cover a distance in a certain amount of time. Speed requires good strength and power, but body weight and air resistance can affect a person's speed. Agility - The capacity to shift or change the orientation of the body rapidly from one point to another. A person who competes in track and field exhibits a high level of agility. Balance - The ability to keep your body in place, whether you're standing still (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance). - People who do gymnastics, yoga, and skiing as sports exhibit great balance. Coordination - The ability to move in a way that is smooth, accurate, and under control. - A difficult skill that also requires good balance, strength, and agility. Power - The ability to perform one maximum effort in the shortest possible time. - This component of skill-related fitness has to do with cardiovascular endurance. Strength and speed are the two components that combine to create power. Reaction Time - Refers to the rate at which an athlete reacts to external stimuli. FITT - A principle that can help you create a workout plan that will be more effective in reaching your fitness goals. - F.I.T.T. stands for frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise. Frequency - How often you work out during a given week Intensity - How hard you work out Time - How long you work out Type - What form of exercise or activity you perform Personal Safety Protocols Be aware of your body - Think about how the particular exercise is making you feel. If something doesn't feel right, stop immediately and seek medical advice. Warm up and cool down - Try slow stretches and go through the motions of your sport or activity before starting. Cool down with slow stretching. Pace yourself - Have at least one recovery day each week to rest. If you are experiencing pain, rest until the pain has gone. Check your gear - Make sure your shoes and equipment fit properly and are right for the activity. Look after your equipment and check it regularly for safety. Strap or tape - If a joint is prone to injury, consider strapping or taping it before exercising. Be weather aware - Take it easier in hot weather and wear clothing and sunscreen to protect yourself from the elements. Do it right - Try to get the technique right from the beginning, to ensure you are using your muscles correctly. Mix it up - Try other sports and exercises to reduce the risk of overtraining. Stay hydrated - You can lose around one and a half litres of fluid for every hour of exercise; so drink water before, during and after a session. Be sensible - Especially at night or in secluded areas. Take a friend or your dog, stick to well-lit areas and wear bright or light-reflective clothing so drivers can see you Aerobics - A form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). - It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment. - Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity and will have five components: warm-up (5-10 minutes), cardiovascular conditioning (25-30 minutes), muscular Strength and conditioning (10-15 minutes), cool-down (5-8 minutes) and stretching and flexibility (5-8 minutes). Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Komunikasyon Wika - "Pangunahing instrumento ng komunikasyong panlipunan" (Constantino,1996) - Buhay ng tao - Nagpapakilala sa kabuuan ng kaisipan ng mga taong lumikha nito - Ekspresyon, imbakan-hanguan at agusan ng kultura (Salazar,1996) - Sistematikong balangkas (Henry Gleason, 1961) - Gumaganap bilang saplot ng kaisipan o saplot ng kalamnan katawan at pag-iisip Katangian ng Wika → Ayon kay Gleason Sinasalitang Tunog - Dito unang natutong makapanggaya ang bata batay sa tunog na kanyang naririnig. Mga pinagsama-samang mga ponema o makabuluhang tunog na bibibigkas o sinasalita. Masistemang Balangkas - Tiyak na ayos na sinusunod upang makabuo ng kahulugan at maunawaan, sumusunod sa tuntuning panggramatika, may pagkaka baitang-baitang upang mapalawak nang mapalawak ang pagdidiskurso na nagsisimula sa tunog-talata Arbitraryo - Maaring paggamit ng isang wika ngunit nagkakaroon ng iba't ibang kahulugan. - Hindi magkakatulad ang tuntuning sinusunod ng mga wika sa pagbuo ng salita at pagpapakahulugan. Sinasalita - Pinaka karaniwang paraan sa pagbibigay ng impormasyon at pinaka mabilis na magpahayag ng kaisipan o saloobin. Nagbabago - Dinamiko ang wika kaya nagbago lalo na ang impluwensiya ng panahon at kasaysayan. - May mga nadagdag at nababawas dahil sa mga bagong tuklas o nadadagdagan ang kahulugan. dahil sa pagpapakilala ng ibang kultura at sistema ng lipunan Kabuhol Ng Kultura - Dito nakikilala ang tao sa uri ng kanyang wika. Dito nagtitipon ang pag-uugali, isip at damdamin ng isang grupo ng tao Ito rin ang repleksyon ng kaisipan, bagay, sistema, uri ng pamumuhay kasaysayan ng mga taong gumagamit ng wika. May Kapangyarihang Lumikha - Dahil sa kakayahan ng wikang bihagin ang isang konsepto at ilagay sa isang salitang nagsisilbing pananda, nagkakaroon ang kapangyarihan ang wika na lumikha ng salita sa iba't' ibang antas mapa pormal o balbal. May Kapangyarihang Маkaapekto Sa Kaisipan At Pagkilos - Dito naipakikita ang kapangyarihan ng isang tao. Kung ano ang kalagayan sa buhay ay mababanaag din sa wikang kanyang gamit at kung paano ito makaapekto sa kanyang kapwa. Panahon ng Katutubo Sibilisasyon - Barangay - Paganismo - Teknolohiya/ Kasangkapan  - Panitikan Sariling Wika - Pasulat - (Baybayin)- binubuo ng labing pitong titik (3 patinig at 14 na katinig) - 20 (A, Ba, Ka, Da...Ya) - 26 (A, B, C, D,... Z) - 28 (nagkaroon ng Ñ at Ng) Kagamitan Sa Pagsulat - Balat ng kahoy, malalapad na dahon, mga bato - Matutulis na bagay, bato, bakal Panahon ng Espanyol - Ipinasunog - gawa ng demonyo - Layunin- Kristiyanismo (3G's) - Pagkakaiba-iba ng mga wika sa pagkakaunawaan - Ang mga misyonerong Espanyol ang nag-aral sa ating Wikang Katutubo Tagalog - Naging,kapani-paniwala ang pangangaral ng relihiyon dahil nagmula ito mismo sa bibig ng mga prayle at nauunawaan ng mga katutubo at hindi na kailangan pang isalin. (Catacataca at Espiritu, 2005) - Mga aklat gramatika at diksyunaryo ng ginamit na panghalili sa pag-aaral ng wika ng katutubo Haring Carlos I (1516-1556) 1550 - Iniatas din ang pagtuturo ng pagbasa, pagsulat at doktrina ng Kristiyanismo sa mga nais matuto na walang bayad - Mga sakristan ang mga naging guro - Nagpalabas ng kautusan na nagtatakda ng pagtuturo ng pananampalatayang Katoliko sa Wikang Espanyol Haring Felipe IV (1621-1665) - Nagtakda ng pagtuturo ng Wikang Espanyol sa lahat ng katutubo (hindi lamang yung gustong matuto) - Hiniling din ng mga Arsobispo at Obispo na atasan ang mga pari at misyonero sa kanilang nasasakupan - na magturo ng Wikang Espanyol at pananampala-tayang Katoliko Haring Carlos II (1665-1700) 1665 - Nagbigay -diin sa mga atas nina Haring Carlos I at Haring Felipe II at nagtakda pa ng atas na parurusahan ang hindi susunod Panahon Ng Espanyol Dekretong Edukasyonal Ng 1863 - Atas pangwika na ipinalabas ng Monarkiya ng Espanya na magtatag ng primaryang paaralan sa bawat pueblo sa Maynila - Espanyol lamang ang gagamitin sa midyum sa pagtuturo - Pag hadlang ng prayle - sinabotahe – Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Natatakot na maging Kolonyang Hispano (Mahigpit) at hindi Kolonyang Monastiko (Momarkiya) - Pagtanggi ng mga prayle- maganda- kapos sa pondo Arte Y Vocabulario Tagala (1582) - Diksyunariyo - Pransiskano Arte Y Reglas De La Lenga Tagala (1610) - Francisco De San Jose - Dominiko - Pinakakomprehinsibong resulta ng sistematikong pagsasaayos ng Tagalog Vocabulario De La Lengua Tagala (1613) - Pedro De San Buenaventura - Tagalog Arte De La Lengua Yloca (1927) - Francisco Lopez (Agustin) - Wikang Ilocano Vocabulario De La Lengua Bisaya (1711) - Matheo Sanchez (Heswita) - Bisaya Arte De La Lengua Pampanga (1729) - Diego Bergario (Agustino) - Pampanga Arte De La Lengua Bicolana (1754) - Marco De Lisboa (Pransiskano) - Unang aklat sa wikang Bicol Ang wika ay mahalaga pagtatagumpay ng kolonisasyon Paglabas ng atas ng mga Monark Dekreto Ng Edukasyon ng 1863 - Pagtatag ng paaralan sa bawat pueble sa Maynila Romanisasyon ng silabaryo ng mga wikang ginagamit Artikulo 8 Konstitusyon ng biak na bato - Tagalog ang wikang opisyal ng republika ayon sa nilagdaan noong Nobyember 1, 1897 Felix Gerrer at Isabelo Artacho - Pagturo sa elementarya konstitusyon ng Malolos (1/21/1899) Felipe Calderon at Felipe Buencamino - Pagpalit ng wikang kastila bilang pansamantalang opisyal na wika Panahon ng Amerikano Disyembre 10, 1898 - Kasunduan sa Paris - Paglipat ng pamahalaan mula Espanya sa Estados Unidos Disyembre 21, 1898 - Benneudent Assimilation - Nais tayong tulungan ng mga Amerikano Komisyong Schurman (Jacob Schurman) 1/20/1899 - Pagpili ng pinuno ang ingles bilang wikang panturo sa paaralan - Nirekomanda ang agarang pagtuturo ng Ingles sa primarya Komisyong Taft (Willam Howard Taft) 3/16/1900 - Batas blg. 74 (1/24/1901) - Pagtatag ng departament of public intrusions - DEPED na mangasiwa sa libreng pampublikong edukasyon - Itinakda na hanggat maaari na ang ingles ang gagamiting wikang panturo sa lahat ng paaralan - Piniling maging wikang opisyal ang ingles dahil ito ang wika ng silangan at madaming matutuhan ang ingles kaysa Espanyo Schurman - Nagkatoon ng isang wikang gamitin sa midyum ng komunikasyon sa bansa sa kabila ng mga iba’t ibang wika Mga mungkahi ni Kapt. Albert Todd - Itaguyod ng komprehinsibong sistema ng makabangong paaralan na magturo ng panimulang ingles at gawing sapilitan ang pagpasok kung kinakailangan - Dapat magtayo ng mga paaralang pang-industriya na nagtuturo ng mga kasanayan sa paggawa - Dapat magpadala sa mga Pilipino ng sapat na guro sa Ingles na bihasa sa pagtuturo sa elementarya - Dapat magtayo ng paaralang normal na huhubog ng mga Pilipinong maging guro ng Ingles Nagpadala ng mahigit 500 gurong Amerikano lulan ng USST na dumaong sa Maynila noong Agosto 23 (Thomasites) Newton W. Gilbert - Pansamantalang Gob. Hen. ng Pilipinas noong 1913 - Kautisang tagapagansp na nagbigay diin sa Ingles Henry Jones Ford - Walang malinaw na resulta ang pagturo ng Ingles - Mahirap intindihin ang Ingles - Inirekomenda na gamitin ang wikang katutubo sa mga paaralan by: amrxelz annikaisaga drigscru carmel.montano penibueno gwyyyj octat_ jeancl.dc frialdesalina riyuhpqsion_ kesh______ on ig