Fundamentals of Hazard Material Storage Chapter 2 PDF

Fundremental of HAZARD MATERIAL STORAGE  UNIT two Hazardous Material Storage Requirement  Simple Guidelines for Safe Packaging and Storage of Hazardous Materials 1. Appropriate Dimensioning a. Use containers that fit the storage system without sticking out. b. Le...

Fundremental of HAZARD MATERIAL STORAGE  UNIT two Hazardous Material Storage Requirement  Simple Guidelines for Safe Packaging and Storage of Hazardous Materials 1. Appropriate Dimensioning a. Use containers that fit the storage system without sticking out. b. Leave space in liquid containers to prevent leaks due to temperature changes. c. For solid materials, minimize empty space to avoid crushing during stacking. 2. Shape and Labeling a. Do not store hazardous substances in containers that look like food containers. b. Clearly label all containers with their contents and hazards. 3. Proper Closure a. Close containers according to manufacturer instructions.  Simple Guidelines for Safe Packaging and Storage of Hazardous Materials 4. Protection Against Breakage a. Use protective packing for glass bottles or plastic containers to prevent breakage. b. Use absorbing materials or padding if necessary. 5. Restrictions on Packing Together a. Do not pack materials together if they can react dangerously with each other. 6. Sustaining the Protective Function of Packaging a. Avoid Contamination: Ensure no hazardous residue on the outside of packaging. b. Package Orientation: Store packages as marked to prevent leaks. c. Storage Period: Monitor packaging materials for aging and follow storage time limits. d. Light, UV Protection, and Temperature: Protect against sunlight and UV rays. Manage temperature to avoid damage. e. Protection Against Moisture: Prevent corrosion and mold by controlling humidity  Simple Guidelines for Safe Packaging and Storage of Hazardous Materials 7. Avoiding Mechanical Damage a. Handle carefully during transportation and storage to prevent damage. b. Secure palletized loads to ensure they stay intact. 8. Securing Palletized Load Units a. Use appropriate load carriers (e.g., pallets) for secure transportation and storage The correct condition of the load is an important requirement for safe working whilst transporting, entering into and removing from storage, stacking and unstacking. The load must be packed in such a way that it does not fall apart, becomes dislodged or has parts fall off when picked up, transported and set down. Choice of load carrier Pallet design Area of use CP 1 (1000 x 1200 mm) Mostly used pallet for chemical products (e.g. bagged goods/ sacks) CP 2 (800 x 1200 mm) In consumer-related areas, chainstores, alternative to reusable Europool pallets CP 3 and 9 (1140 x 1140 mm) Container pallet, suitable for FIBC, corrugated cardboard octagon containers, drums with rolling hoops Ø 585 mm CP 4 and 7 (1100 x 1300 mm) Dispatch of bulk goods in sacks, primarily plastic granulate and fertilizers CP 5 (1140 x 760 mm) Container-suitable pallet, suitable for small piece goods, e.g. corrugated cardboard boxes CP 6 (1200 x 1000 mm) Dispatch of bulk goods in sacks CP 8 (1140 x 1140 mm) Container-suitable special pallet for large containers with base outlet (FIBC/ corrugated cardboard octagon containers) Choice of load carrier The secure structure of a palletized load unit commences with the load carrier (e.g. flat pallets, wire-mesh boxpallets). The “Chemical Pallet System “(CP-System) has established itself in this respect in the chemical industry. The euro pallet has also proven to be successful for this. Nine standard pallets have been included in this CP system and a pallet life- cycle developed. There is therefore the possibility of reusing the pallets or recycling through a CP-registered pallet manufacturer/reconditioned. Damaged or faulty pallets, e.g. moldy or chemically contaminated, are to be replaced. The damage is not rectified by placing a second flat pallet underneath. Flat pallets are not suitable for use 1. a board is missing or broken at an angle or broken crossways, 2. more than two bottom edge or top edge boards or a cross-board have broken away to such an extent that more than one nail or screw shaft is visible per board, 3. a block is missing, broken or broken away to such an extent that more than one nail or screw shaft is visible, 4. main marking is missing or non-legible, 5. apparently non-permitted components have been used for repair (boards or blocks which are too thin, too narrow or to short), 6. the general condition is so bad that the load bearing capacity can no longer be guaranteed (rotten, moldy, or several broken-away boards or blocks). Wire-mesh box pallets are not suitable for use 1. the positioning bracket attachment or corner columns are deformed, 2. the front hinged panels do not move or are deformed in such a way that they can no longer be closed or if the clasp fastenings no longer function, 3. the base frame or the feet are bent to such an extent that the wire-mesh box pallet can no longer stand evenly on all four feet or can no longer be stacked without danger, 4. the round steel mesh is torn so that wire ends protrude inwards or outwards (one mesh can be missing per side), 5. a board is missing or broken 6. main marking is missing or non-legible.  Types of Securing 1.Pallet securing The weight of the packaging is often insufficient to prevent slipping, tipping over or falling down. In most cases, auxiliary appliances for pallet securing are necessary for putting together load units. The following points must be observed, irrespective of the type of pallet securing: 1. The stacking load of the packaging must not be exceeded. 2. The packaging should be standing upright and plumb on the pallet. 3. The packaging mustn't protrude beyond the outer dimensions of the pallet. 4. The height of the load unit must be such that there is still sufficient free space for entry into and removal from storage. 5. The pallets should not be loaded punctiform with heavy packaging...2Interlinked stacking: 1. The stability of the packaging stack on the pallet can be increased significantly by the stacking scheme. Intermediate layers, e.g. made of laminated paper or corrugated cardboard, represent a layer bond with columns. 2. With interlinked stacking of boxes, the unburdened upper layer often has to be held together additionally. If, however, the individual pieces (e.g. boxes) are very light, the individual layers should also be secured additionally.3Strapping Packaging on a pallet can be made more stable with the aid of vertical and/or horizontal strapping using textile, plastic or steel straps or lashing straps. With boxes made of corrugated cardboard, conical packaging or soft packaging, attention must be paid that the strapping is not too tight as this can restrict stability and/or damage the packaging. textile steel plastic.4Edge protectors must be used in order to protect the packaging so that the clamping force of the straps can spread more evenly. In addition, the pressure on the edges is spread over a larger area.5 Stretch wrapping Stretch foil can be used for securing evenly stacked packages on pallets. The number of wraps has to be observed (at least 5) according to the weight of the shipping items and the quality of the foil being used. An increased number of wraps should be observed in the lower areas in order to ensure that the load is securely bound to the pallet. Stretch foil can have the disadvantage that condensation can form inside the packed stack depending on temperature and humidity..6Other securing forms Along with straps and stretch foil, there is a wide range of aids for securing loads such as wire-mesh box pallets, for holding packages, stretch hoods, push-on frames for fastening non-load bearing or deformable packaging and drum pallets  Operating Instructions and Employee Information Operating Instructions - Must be available and followed when performing storage-related activities. - Based on thorough risk assessments. Employee Responsibilities 1. Cleanliness and Tidiness: Each employee is responsible for keeping their workplace clean and tidy, ensuring it is organized at the end of each shift. 2. Clear Pathways Gangways, aisles, and access routes must be kept free of obstructions. 3. -Tool and Appliance Management Return tools, ladders, steps, and empty pallets to their designated storage points immediately after use. 4. -Immediate Cleanup: Floor spills, especially those involving oil and grease, must be cleaned up right away. 5. Waste Management Collect waste at designated points and remove it from the warehouse at the end of the workday. Good Housekeeping 1. - Prioritize cleaning floors, removing dust deposits, and cleaning conveyor systems. 2. - Avoid using brooms to prevent dust clouds; use industrial vacuum cleaners or suction sweepers instead.  Operating Instructions and Employee Information Regular Inspections - Conduct regular inspections to maintain order and cleanliness. - Remove any corroded, deformed, or damaged containers. - Replace damaged or illegible labels. - Identify and manage slow-moving items during stock inventory. - Dispose of unneeded warehouse items correctly. - Observe and note employee behavior during inspections. Rules of Conduct No Smoking: Follow the no-smoking policy strictly. Wear Suitable Work Clothing Ensure all employees wear appropriate work attire. No Food or Drink: Do not consume food or beverages in storage areas. -Hygiene: Wash hands before taking breaks. Visitor Guidelines: Follow access and behavior rules for visitors. Safety Installations: Do not damage or obstruct safety installations; report any damage immediately.  Operating Instructions for Hazardous Substances Operating instructions must be clear and easy to follow. They can be for individual substances like cyanide or for groups of similar hazardous substances. Here's a simple guide: Key Points to Include 1. Hazard Labeling and Classification - Clearly specify hazard labels and classifications for each substance. 2. Storage Hazards: - Identify and describe the risks associated with storing these substances 3. Protective Measures - Outline technical, organizational, and personal protective measures. Include a code of behavior for handling these substances. 4. Joint Storage Bans - Provide information about substances that should not be stored together. 5. Emergency Procedures: - Detail actions to take in case of emergencies like leaks or fires. Operating Instructions for Hazardous Substances.6Fire and Explosion Risks - Highlight any potential fire and explosion hazards. - Advise on avoiding ignition sources (e.g., oil-soaked rags). 7. First-Aid Measures:- Include first-aid instructions specific to the substances. 8. Waste Disposal - Provide guidelines for the safe disposal of waste products. Regular Updates - Ensure operating instructions are regularly updated based on the latest risk assessments and findings. Instructions for Safety and Health Protection Employee Training: Initial and Ongoing Instruction Train employees based on operating instructions before starting activities and at least once a year or after significant changes. Language and Comprehension: Use clear and comprehensible language. Incorporate photos to illustrate instructions. Confirmation of Attendance: Employees must confirm their attendance to training sessions by signing. Emergency Procedures :Include instructions on actions to take in emergencies, such as product leakage or fire. Regular Drills Conduct regular emergency drills to practice evacuation and rescue procedures. Frequency should be determined by risk assessment.  Instructions for Safety and Health Protection Accessibility Keep information like safety data sheets readily available. Contents of Information: 1. - Name of stored hazardous substances. 2. - Name and address of manufacturer, importer, or distributor. 3. - Description of specific dangers. 4. - Protective measures to counteract dangers. 5. - Steps to take if packaging is damaged. 6. - Assistance and steps if someone contacts the stored substance. 7. - Fire safety measures, including appropriate and inappropriate resources for firefighting. 8. - Measures to prevent environmental damage. These guidelines ensure that employees are well-informed, trained, and prepared to handle hazardous materials safely. Hygiene The employer is responsible for providing employees with the necessary resources for their personal hygiene. These include: Sanitary systems. Washing and showering facilities. Social rooms. Separate storage possibilities for everyday and work clothing if there is a danger of contamination by dangerous chemicals. In order to avoid hazardous substances being carried along inadvertently into clean areas such as offices, conference rooms or canteens, it is important to ensure that work clothing contaminated with hazardous substances is removed before leaving the work area (e.g. do not hold stairway banisters with contaminated gloves).  Necessary protective equipment When to Use PPE must be used when technical or organizational safety measures can't fully eliminate risks. Types of PPE: Depending on the workplace risks, PPE might include safety; 1. gloves, 2. shoes, helmets 3. , goggles, face masks 4. protective clothing, 5. respiratory protection. Specific Guidelines of PPE 1.Selection: a) - Choose PPE based on specific workplace risks. b) - No one-size-fits-all solution; tailor PPE to the task and hazard. c) - For explosive atmospheres, use antistatic safety shoes and clothing. 2. Availability and Compliance: a) - Provide suitable PPE to employees. b) - Ensure employees wear PPE as instructed. c) - Supervisors should monitor compliance.  Necessary protective equipment 3.Maintenance: a) - Regularly maintain and clean PPE to ensure it functions correctly. b) - Employers should clean any work clothing contaminated by hazardous substances. c) - Replace damaged PPE promptly. 4. Special Cases: a) - Keep portable respiratory protection available for certain substances. b) - Always carry respiratory protection when entering storage rooms with highly toxic substances (e.g., marked with H330 or R26). c) containers in those rooms. Respiratory protective devices must be kept outside of the hazard areas in a manner such that the employees can access it quickly  Storage plan Essential Elements of the Storage Plan Storage Plan Requirements: Clearly indicate which substances and amounts can be stored in specific areas. Ensure easy orientation for employees in case of an emergency (e.g., leakage, fire). Restricted Storage Points: Height restrictions (e.g., due to ventilation ducts, sprinkler pipes, or nozzles). Reduced load capacity areas. Proximity to sources of ignition (flammable substances not permitted here). Proximity to lighting elements (substances that could dangerously react to heat are restricted). Control of Joint Storage: Manage through storage classes for each warehouse area or sector. Classification of products determines storage rules. Observe rules for both separate and joint storage to prevent increased risk Product Safety Information: Look at Safety Data Sheets, especially: Section 5: Fire-fighting measures Section 7: Handling and Storage Section 10: Stability and Reactivity (less detailed but still useful) Check information leaflets from safety organizations (e.g., cyanides should not be stored with acids). Exceptions for Joint Storage : Total Limit: You can store up to 400 kg of hazardous substances together. Class Limit: No more than 200 kg can be from one storage class. Additional Storage: You can store up to 200 kg of certain substances from specific storage classes (6.1 C, 6.1 D, 8 A, 8 B, and 10 to 13) in the same warehouse. Safety Check: Always ensure there's no increased risk from storing these substances together. These rules help manage risks while allowing some flexibility in storage.  joint Storage for Hazardous Substances Safety First: You can only store hazardous substances together if it's safe and won't increase any risks. Keep hazardous substances away from ignition sources to avoid accidents. Evaluate Reactions: Review the information about the substances to ensure they don't react dangerously with each other. For example: If you have flammable substances and other chemicals, make sure storing them together won't cause a dangerous reaction mportant Hazard Information and Exceptions for Joint Storage Hazard Statements: Check hazard labels with specific codes (R-phrases, S-phrases, EUH-, and P-sentences) to know if substances are dangerous. For example, R29, R31, R32, S14, S17, S50, EUH014, EUH029, EUH031, EUH032, P220, P223, and P420 are important codes to watch for. EU Hazard Statements and Precautionary Statements R-Phrases (Risk Phrases): R29: Harmful if swallowed. R31: Toxic if swallowed. R32: Toxic by inhalation. EUH-Phrases (European Union Hazard Statements): EUH014: Reacts violently with water, liberating hydrogen. EUH029: Contact with water liberates toxic gas. EUH031: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. EUH032: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas  S-phrases (Safety phrases) are specific safety measures or precautions that should be taken when handling hazardous substances. They provide essential safety information to prevent accidents and ensure proper handling and storage. Each S-phrase is accompanied by a number that corresponds to a specific safety instruction. Here are a few examples: S1: Keep locked up. S2: Keep out of the reach of children. S3: Keep in a cool place. S7: Keep container tightly closed. S9: Keep container in a well-ventilated place. S29: Do not empty into drains. These phrases help in conveying important safety precautions to ensure the proper handling and storage of hazardous materials.  EU Hazard Statements and Precautionary Statements P-Phrases (Precautionary Phrases): P220: Keep/Store away from clothing/textiles. P223: Store in a well-ventilated place. P420: Do not release into the environment. These codes help ensure safe handling and storage of chemicals by providing clear instructions on the risks and necessary precautions.  Explanations with regard to the joint storage table Meanings of Numbers 1 to 7 in a Joint Storage Table In a joint storage table, numbers often represent specific guidelines or conditions for storing hazardous substances. Here’s a simplified explanation: 1. Ventilation: Store in a well-ventilated area to prevent the buildup of dangerous gases or vapors. 2. Temperature Control: Store in a cool, dry place to prevent reactions due to temperature fluctuations. 3.Away from Ignition Sources: Store away from sources of ignition such as open flames or sparks. 4. Secure Storage: Store in a secure, locked area to prevent unauthorized access or theft. 5. Secondary Containment: Use secondary containment, such as spill trays, to prevent leaks or spills from spreading. 6. Segregation by Barrier: Store with a physical barrier between incompatible substances to prevent interaction. 7. Special Precautions: Follow any special precautions specific to the substance, such as using explosion-proof equipment or handling under inert gas. Condition Details - Storage Classes 1 and 4.1 A: Explosion Ordinance. Specific Legal Storage - Storage Class 5.1 C: Dangerous Substances Ordinance (GefStoffV). Rules - Storage Class 5.2: Regulations from the German Statutory Accident Insurance for Organic Peroxides (also applies to self-reactive substances). - Storage Class 7: Radiation Protection Ordinance. 2. Joint Storage in Room - Maximum 50 pressurized gas containers allowed, with no more than 25 containing flammable, oxidizing, acutely toxic, or toxic gases. - Must be separated by a 2-meter high wall made of non-combustible materials. - 5-meter distance between the wall and any combustible substances. - Up to 150 pressurized gas containers or 15 pressure barrels allowed in the same room. - Inert gases can be stored without limit. 3. Joint Storage of - Flammable and inert gases or oxidizing gases and inert gases can be stored together in any quantity. Different Gases - Additional 15 containers of acutely toxic gases (H330) allowed. - 2-meter distance between containers of flammable and oxidizing gases. 4. Joint Storage of - Classes 3, 5.1B, 6.1A, and 6.1B: Storage Classes - Up to 1 ton: No restrictions. - Up to 20 tons: Requires an automatic fire extinguishing system or an automatic fire detection system combined with a non-automatic fire extinguishing system and a certified plant fire brigade. - Classes 4.1B with 6.1A: - Up to 10 tons: No restrictions. - Up to 20 tons: In buildings, an automatic fire detection system required; outdoors, fire detection through regular checks or automatic fire alarm system. - Up to 50 tons: Requires automatic fire detection system and the fire brigade must reach the scene in 10 minutes. - Up to 100 tons: Requires automatic fire extinguishing system or a combination of fire detection and non- automatic extinguishing systems with a certified fire brigade conditin Details 5.Materials that Contribute to Fire Risk Materials like paper, textiles, wood, straw, combustible packaging must not be stored in warehouse areas unless they are part of non-stationary containers used for storage or transport. 6. Storing Different Materials Together - Different substances can only be stored together if it does not significantly increase the risk. - If there is a risk, separate storage should be implemented. 7. Storage of Oxidizing Materials with Combustible Materials - Up to 1 ton: No restrictions. - More than 1 ton: Must follow conditions in Section 4 (fire detection, fire alarms, and fire brigade response).  Work Clearance 1. A work clearance system must be in place, with special written instructions provided by the employer, for activities that could cause hazards through interaction (e.g., welding). 2. The work clearance must be granted by the responsible person before the activity begins to ensure safety. access to the Warehouse 1. The access restriction serves two key objectives: 2. Limit access to the warehouse to authorized employees only. 3. Prevent actions by unauthorized persons, such as theft or manipulation. 4. Authorized persons should be appointed and regularly instructed by the employer. 5. Prohibition of access should be clearly marked with a permanent prohibiting sign. 6. Organizational measures should be in place to ensure that only authorized personnel have access, such as: 1. Non-employees should be addressed by employees. 2. Gates and doors should be locked at the end of the workday. Example: Figure 11: No access for unauthorized persons.  Type of warehouse Rack Storage Small Warehouses: Racks are used where individual containers or transport units are stored and removed manually. Walk-through racks are used for order picking of smaller packaging units. Safety Considerations: Handling of chemicals above head height is prohibited for safety reasons. Use ladders, steps, or storage retrieval machines for higher racks. Fragile packages must be protected from falling by using: Upturned shelf edges Small trays or shelf inserts Proper spacing away from shelf edges  Type of warehouse Storage Facilities in Larger Warehouses Types of Storage Systems in Larger Warehouses: 1. Pallet Storage: Description**: Pallets are stored on designated racks. Usage: Suitable for large-scale storage of uniform items. 2. Mobile Rack Storage: Description: Racks that can be moved to create additional storage space. Usage: Ideal for maximizing warehouse space efficiency. 3. Walk-through Storage: Description: Racks that allow personnel to walk through for accessing stored items. Usage: Used for easy order picking and organizing inventory. 4. Drive-through Storage: Description: Racks that allow access from both sides for loading and unloading. Usage: Useful for quick and easy access to stored materials.  Type of warehouse 5. High-bay Storage: Description: High racks used for storing items at great heights. Usage: Suitable for storing large quantities in a small footprint. Shelving Units: Arrangement: Shelves are arranged into aisles, which may consist of single or double shelves. Push-through protectors should be used when the safety space between pallets on double shelves is less than 0.1 meters. Using these systems helps improve inventory organization and storage efficiency in large warehouses.  Firefighting system 1. Manual Fire Suppression Systems A. Handheld Fire Extinguishers: Portable devices used to extinguish small fires or control them until emergency services arrive. B. Fire Hoses reels: Flexible hoses made of rubber or canvas, used to deliver water or other fire suppression agents to the fire. C. Hydrants: Valves connected to a water supply system, used by firefighters to access water for firefighting. 2. Automatic Fire Suppression Systems- A. Water Sprinklers: Systems that automatically release water when a fire is detected, helping to control or extinguish the fire. B. Foam-Based Suppression Systems: Systems that use foam to smother fires, particularly effective for flammable liquid fires. These systems help in enhancing safety and minimizing damage caused by fires in various environments.  Firefighting system Fire Extinguishers: They serve as a first aid response in the event of a fire, especially during the initial stages. The type of handheld fire extinguishing equipment depends on the class of materials present within the building. Therefore, it is essential to select the.appropriate type to limit the spread of the fire and reduce losses Manual Fire Suppression Systems Rubber Fire Hoses (Hose reels) These are manual fire suppression systems consisting of rubber hoses with a diameter of 3/4 inch or canvas hoses with a diameter of 1.5 inches, connected to fire pumps and water supplies. They are designed according to specifications and are used as a first aid measure in firefighting. Occupants of the facility can use these hoses to control and extinguish fires at their early stages.  Manual Fire Suppression Systems Fire Hydrant A fire hydrant system consists of hydrant points, a network of pipes with a minimum diameter of 4 inches, fire pumps, and a water supply designed according to specifications. This system is used to provide water to fire trucks, ensuring they are ready in the shortest possible time. It is also used for rapid refilling when large quantities of water are needed to extinguish major fires. Fire hydrants are installed around factories, warehouses, large buildings such as hotels and hospitals, forests, oil refineries, and power generation plants.  Automatic Fire firefighting Systems Sprinklers: These are integrated systems consisting of underground and above-ground pipes, designed according to specific engineering specifications for fire prevention. These systems include a water source that supplies the system for a certain period. The system operates on the principle of heat detection, either through a sprinkler head or an alarm system. The system also includes pumps capable of providing the required pressure and flow based on hydraulic calculations. Automatic Fire firefighting Systems  Types of Water Sprinkler Systems Types of Water Sprinkler Systems Wet System Description: This system always has water in the pipes. When a sprinkler head is activated due to heat, water is immediately discharged to control or extinguish the fire. Usage: Commonly used in environments where temperatures are always above freezing. Dry System Description: In this system, the pipes are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen. When a sprinkler head is activated, the air is released, allowing water to flow through the pipes and out of the sprinkler heads. Usage: Suitable for areas where freezing temperatures might occur, such as unheated warehouses. Types of foam Sprinkler Systems A foam firefighting system Description: is an advanced fire suppression solution designed to combat fires involving flammable liquids and other hazardous materials. The system generates a foam-water mixture that blankets the fire, cutting off the oxygen supply and cooling the burning material Usage: Fuel Storage Facilities: Protect against fires involving flammable liquids. Chemical Plants: Suppress fires caused by chemical spills or reactions. Aircraft Hangars: Extinguish aviation fuel fires rapidly. Refineries: Combat fires in oil and gas processing areas. Large Warehouses: Control fires where hazardous materials are st  Fire Alarm System A fire alarm system detects the early stages of a fire using sensors for heat, smoke, and flames. It provides a warning signal to the occupants of the building, prompting them to evacuate. This helps prevent injuries caused by smoke and heat generated by the fire.  Fire Alarm System Components of a Fire Alarm System 1.Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP The central hub that monitors and manages the entire fire alarm system. It receives signals from various sensors and activates alarms. 2. Detectors Heat Detectors: Sense increases in temperature. Smoke Detectors: Detect the presence of smoke. Flame Detectors: Identify the presence of flames. 3. Manual Call - Devices that allow individuals to manually trigger the fire alarm system by pulling a lever or pressing a button. 4. Bells and Flashers - Audible and visual alarms that alert occupants to the presence of a fire, prompting evacuation. 5. Power Supply Unit - Ensures the fire alarm system has a reliable power source, including backup power in case of a main power failure. Components of a Fire Alarm System  Fire firefighting and Alarm Systems for Hazardous Material Storage Fire Alarm Systems 1. Heat Detectors, 2. Smoke Detectors, 3. Manual Call Points:, 4. Control Panels, Fire fighting system: 1. Fire Extinguishers 2. Hose reels 3. Hydrant point around the storage 4. foam-Based Systems: Ideal for suppressing fires involving flammable liquids and hazardous materials. 5. Dry Chemical Systems: Effective for quickly extinguishing chemical fires without leaving residue