Fundamentals of Information Systems PDF

Fundamentals of Information Systems 1 Faculty of Information Science  Course Outlines 1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts 1.2 Computer-Based Information Systems 1.3 Information and Organizations Systems 2 Facu...

Fundamentals of Information Systems 1 Faculty of Information Science  Course Outlines 1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts 1.2 Computer-Based Information Systems 1.3 Information and Organizations Systems 2 Faculty of Information Science  Learning Objectives 1 Identify data from information and describe the characteristics used to evaluate the quality of data 2 Discuss the information systems are who uses them, how they are used, and what kinds of benefits they deliver 3 Distinguish the term competitive advantage and discuss how organizations are using information systems to gain such an advantage 3 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts 1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information is one of an organization’s/people most valuable resources, often confused with data 4 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Data, Information, and Knowledge Data Raw facts Table: Types of data Data Represented by Alphanumeric data Number, letters, and other characters Image data Graphic images and pictures Audio data Sound, noise, or tones Video data Moving images or pictures 5 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Data, Information, and Knowledge (Contd.)  A collection of data organized Information  One of an organization’s/people most valuable resources  to make the meaningful and useful Process  Set of logically related tasks Knowledge  Awareness and understanding of a set of information 6 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Data, Information, and Knowledge (Contd.) The transformation Data process (applying knowledge Information by selecting, organizing, and manipulation data) Figure: The process of Transforming data into information 7 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Data, Information, and Knowledge (Contd.) Data Relationships Adding new or different Data Figure: Defining and Organizing Relationships Among Data Creates Information 8 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Characteristics of Valuable Information  The value of information depends on their usefulness in the decision making process.  Information is relevant for its purpose, sufficiently accurate for its purpose, complete enough for the problem, reliable and targeted to the right person. 9 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Characteristics of Valuable Information(Contd.) Table : Characteristics of valuable information Characteristics Definitions Accessible Information should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can obtain it in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs. Accurate Accurate information is error free. In some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data is fed into the transformation process. Complete Complete information contains all the important facts. Economical Information should also be relatively economical to produce. Decision makers must always balance the value of information with the cost of producing it. Flexible Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes. Relevant Relevant information is important to the decision maker. 10 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Characteristics of Valuable Information(Contd.) Table : Characteristics of valuable information Characteristics Definitions Reliable Reliable information can be trusted by users. In many cases, the reliability of the information depends on the reliability of the data-collection method. Secure Information should be secure from access by unauthorized users. Simple Information should be simple, not overly complex. Sophisticated and detailed information might not be needed. Timely Timely information is delivered when it is needed. Verifiable Information should be verifiable. This means that you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same information. 11 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts The Value of Information Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals Valuable information can help people and their organizations perform tasks more efficiently and effectively 12 Faculty of Information Science  Course Outlines 1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts 1.2 Computer-Based Information Systems 1.3 Information and Organizations Systems 13 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems An information system can be manual or computerized. Investment analysts manually draw charts and trend lines to assist them in making investmentdecisions. Computerized information systems follow stock indexes and markets and suggest when large blocks of stocks should be purchased or sold. 14 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) is a single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures Technology Infrastructure is a set of shared IS resources that form the foundation of each computer-based information system. 15 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) Figure: The Components of a Computer-Based Information System 16 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) Hardware: Software: Consists of computer Consists of the computer equipment used to perform programs that govern the input, processing, and operation of the computer output activities 17 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) Databases: People: Procedures: Organized collection of The most important Include strategies, facts and information, element in most policies, methods and typically consisting of computer-based rules for using the two or more related information systems CBIS data files 18 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) The electronic transmission of signals for communications Networks connect computers and Telecommunication equipment to enable electronic communication Internet is the world’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information 19 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Computer-Based Information Systems (Contd.) Intranet is an internal network Telecommunication that allows people within an organization to exchange information and work on projects Extranet is based on web technology that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorized resources of a company’s intranet. 20 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system Technology Diffusion Technology Infusion Measure of how Extent to which technology is deeply widely technology is integrated into an area spread throughout or department an organization 21 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance Figure: Technology Infusion and Diffusion 22 Faculty of Information Science  Course Outlines 1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts 1.2 Computer-Based Information Systems 1.3 Information and Organizations Systems 23 Faculty of Information Science  What is Information Systems? Information system (IS) is a set of interrelated elements that:  Collect (input)  Manipulate (process)  Store (result)  Disseminate (output) data and information  Provide a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an objective 24 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts What is Information Systems? (Contd.) Feedback Input Processing Output Figure: The Components of an Information System 25 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts What is Information Systems? (Contd.) Input Activity of gathering and capturing raw data Processing Converting data into useful outputs (information) Output Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports Feedback Information from the system that is used to make changes to input or processing activities 26 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts What is Organization Systems?  An organization is a formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals (profit and nonprofit organization)  An organization is a system, which means that it has inputs, processing mechanisms, outputs, and feedback.  Constantly uses money, people, materials, machines and other equipment, data, information, and decisions 27 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information and Organizations Systems Figure: A General Model of an Organization 28 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information and Organizations Systems (Contd.) Value Chain Series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production and manufacturing, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer services. 29 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information and Organizations Systems (Contd.) Figure: The Value Chain of Manufacturing Company 30 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information and Organizations Systems (Contd.) Supply Chain Management (SCM) Determines:  What supplies are required for value chain  What quantities are needed to meet customer demand  How supplies should be processed into finished goods and services  How shipment of supplies and products to customers should be scheduled, monitored, and controlled 31 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Information and Organizations Systems (Contd.) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) programs:  Manage all aspects of customer encounters including marketing and advertising, sale, customer services and retain loyal customers  Can get customer feedback to help design new products and services 32 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Organizational Culture and Change Set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a Culture group (such as within an ethnic group or a country)  Major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization. (understandings, Organizational which can include common beliefs, values, and Culture approaches to decision making, are often not stated or documented as goals or formal policies.)  Influences information systems How for-profit and nonprofit organizations plan for, Organizational implement, and handle change (occurs when two and more Change organizations merge) 33 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Competitive Advantage  Can result in higher-quality products, better customer service, and lower costs Rivalry among Threat of existing new competitors entrants Bargaining five-forces power of Threat of model buyers substitute Bargaining products and power of services suppliers 34 Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage 1. Cost leadership 2. Differentiation 3. Niche strategy Strategies  Growth in sales 4. Altering the  First to market industry structure  Customizing 5. Creating new products and products and services services  Hiring the best 6. Improving existing people product lines and service  Innovation 35 7. Other strategies Faculty of Information Science  1.1 Introduction to Information Concepts Quizzes Risk  Managers must consider the risks of designing, developing, and implementing systems.  Information systems can sometimes be costly failures. 36 Faculty of Information Science  Summary  Data  Information  The Characteristics of Valuable Information  Manual and Computerized Information Systems  Computer-Based Information Systems  Components of a Computer-Based Information Systems 37 Faculty of Information Science  Summary  Information and Organization Systems  Organization Culture and Organization Change  Competitive Advantage  Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage  Seven factors 38 Faculty of Information Science