Fundamental & IT Tools PDF

RELIABLE EDUTECH Reg. With MSME: Govt. Of India and UP Govt. Chapter:1 Fundamental & IT Tools Created by- ANSHUMAN SINGH  1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER The term computer is derived from a Latin word Compute, which means to calculate. Therefore, it...

RELIABLE EDUTECH Reg. With MSME: Govt. Of India and UP Govt. Chapter:1 Fundamental & IT Tools Created by- ANSHUMAN SINGH  1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER The term computer is derived from a Latin word Compute, which means to calculate. Therefore, it is called SANGNAK. It is a calculating device which performs mathematical operations with a high speed. Computer Computer is an electronic device which is made up of circuits. It can do arithmetic calculation faster. It works very fast to calculate data. Computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. It converts data into information with the help of some input and output devices. Data & Information Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine. Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,,= etc.) Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following Characteristics: Timely - Information should be available when required. Accuracy - Information should be accurate. Completeness - Information should be complete. Information is also two types: Soft Copy - When output produces on monitor screen where user can make any changes easily, this form of output is called 'Soft Copy'. Hard Copy - When output produces on a paper or sheet where user is unable to make any change in his output, this form of output is considered as 'Hard Copy'. Data Processing Cycle Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to increase their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose. Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input, processing, and output. These three steps constitute the data processing cycle. Input - In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes, and so on. Processing - In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales orders. Output - At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. Advantage of Computer 1.High Speed :- Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months to perform the same task. Page: 01 Created by- Anshuman Singh  2.Accuracy :- In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct. 3.Storage Capability :- Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc. 4.Diligence :- Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of correction. It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy. 5.Versatility :- A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. 6.Reliability :- A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. Disadvantage of Computer 1.No I.Q. :- A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to the computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. 2.Dependency :- It functions as per the user's instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans. 3.Environment :- The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable. 4.No Feeling :- Computers have No feeling or emotions. Types of Computer - A computer system may be many types, such as- Digital Computer, Analog Computer Hybrid Computer, Micro Computer, Mini Computer, Super Computer etc. Types of Computer Analog Digital Hybrid Micro Mini Main frame Super Analog Computer In Analog computer continuous inputs are used computation are carried out with physical quantities such as- voltage, current, temperature etc. Analog computers have the ability to accept inputs with in the computer operations. Digital Computer Digital computer present all data in digits and perform all activities on the basis of digits. These Page: 02 Created by- Anshuman Singh  computers perform all the functions using the digits 0 and 1. They take the necessary data as input, perform mathematical operations and display the result on the screen. these computers are four types based on their size. which are explained as follows- A.Micro Computer A micro computer is a computer that has a micro processor chip as its CPU. They are often called personal computer because they are designed to be used by one person at a time personal computers are typically used at home at school or at business popular use of micro computer include word processing, surfing the web, sending and Receiving emails, spread sheet calculation, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics and play game and music. Like as - Desktop, Laptop, Tablet B.Mini Computer A mini computer is a multi user computer that is less powerful than mainframe computer. This class of computer become available in the 1960 when large scale circuit made it possible to build a computer much cheaper than existing mainframe. Example -: online exam server C.MainFrame Computer A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users. Mainframe executes many programs & support many users. Mainframe is just below super computer. In some ways Mainframe are more powerful than super computer because they support more programs but super computer can execute a single program faster than a mainframe computer. Mainframe computer are used in banking sector and government sector. D.Super Computer A super computer is a program that performs at or near currently highest operational rate for computer. A super computer is typically used for scientific and engineering application that must handle very large database or to a great amount of computation. Such as-Whether forecasting, animations, dynamic calculation, nuclear energy research, electronic, design analysis and geographical data etc. (CDC 6600), PARAM Hybrid Computer This kind of computer comes with both characteristics (digital and analog) are called hybrid. This is used there where it needs to calculate both the digital and analog data for ex- In hospitals. Evolution of Computer? The history of computer is 2500 years old. Abacus, a calculating device was discovered in china. It is a mechanical device. It has many parallel wires attached in a wooden frame with five or more beads. In the beginning traders used this device fir calculation. In 1642, Blaise Pascal a great mathematician of France invented world first mechanical Arithmetic calculating device. Babbage greatly contributed to the development of computer. Analytical engine was the first Pro- gramming Computer. It was the first computer that calculated on the basis of instruction. For the reason Charles Babbage is known as the father of computer. In the year 1939, Aiken along with four engineers if IBM developed a machine named Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Later this machine was named Mark-I. In the year 1946,scientists named J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly made a computer named ENIAC. This was first electronic computer made for common objective. UNIVAC I was developed in 1951. It was the first digital computer. We can understand the history of development of computer in 5 generations based on the technology development during that time period. Page: 03 Created by- Anshuman Singh 1st Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. The main features of the first generation are: · Vacuum tube technology · Unreliable · Supported machine language only · Very costly · Generated a lot of heat · Slow input and output devices · Huge size · Need of AC · Non-portable · Consumed a lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were: · ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) · EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) · UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) · IBM-701 (International Business Machines Corporation) · IBM-650 2nd Generation The period of Second generation: 1959-1965. The main features of the Second generation are: · Use of transistors · Reliable in comparison to first generation computers · Smaller size as compared to first generation computers · Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers · Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers · Faster than first generation computers · Still very costly · AC required · Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were: · IBM 1620 · IBM 7094 · CDC 1604 · CDC 3600 · UNIVAC 1108 3rd Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. The main features of the Second generation are: · IC used · More reliable in comparison to previous two generations · Smaller size · Generated less heat · Faster · Lesser maintenance · Costly · AC required · Consumed lesser electricity · Supported high-level language Page: 04 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Some computers of this generation were: · IBM-360 series · Honeywell-6000 series · PDP (Personal Data Processor) · IBM-370/168 · TDC-316 4th Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. The main features of the first generation are: · VLSI technology used (Very Large Scale Integration) · Very cheap · Portable and reliable · Use of PCs · Very small size · Pipeline processing · No AC required · Concept of internet was introduced · Great developments in the fields of networks · Computers became easily available Some computers of this generation were: · DEC 10 · STAR 1000 · PDP 11 · CRAY-1(Super Computer) · CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) 5th Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. Microprocessor based. The main features of the first generation are: · ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale Integration) · Development of true artificial intelligence · Development of Natural language processing · Advancement in Parallel Processing · Advancement in Superconductor technology · More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features · Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some computers of this generation were: · Desktop · Laptop · NoteBook · UltraBook · ChromeBook 6th Generation The Sixth Generation of Computer: Not only does the technology improve, but the price decreases as the technology improves. The sixth generation of computer provided consumers with the opportunity to have more power on a smaller footprint. The sixth generation also introduced voice recognition. Improved technology allows the computer to take dictation and recognize words. Computers have the ability to learn via a variety of advanced algorithms. The use of nanotechnology is a characteristic of sixth generation computers. This significantly increases the processing time of the computer and help consumers. Computers with multiple CPUs can perform sophisticated calculations and multitask. When a single CPU can perform multiple tasks at once, this is considered multi-tasking. Page: 05 Created by- Anshuman Singh Parts of Computer Parts of Computer Hardware Software Liveware Firmware Input Output Processing System Application Utility Device Device Device Software Software Software Hardware The physical part of computer is known as hardware. There are three types of hardware devices. (I). INPUT DEVICES (II). OUTPUT DEVICES (III). PROCESSING DEVICES I.Input Devices- Those parts of computer which is used for gives the instruction to the computer is known as input devices. Such As- A.Keyboard B.Mouse C.Scanner D.BCR(bar code reader) E.MCR(memory code reader) F.MICR(magnetic ink character reader) G.web camera H.microphone I.light pen J.Joystick etc. A.Keyboard- Keyboard is an input device which is used for typing and gives the instruction to the computer. There are three types of keyboard- Normal Keyboard (104 Keys) Multimedia Keyboard (117 Keys) Wireless Multimedia Keyboard (117 Keys) TYPES OF KEYS IN KEYBOARD- Function Keys –(F1 to F12) Alphanumeric Keys – (A to Z / 0-9) Punctuation Keys – ( ?, > ,< ,{ ,: ,; ,' ,“ ,/ ,\ ,) Numeric Keys – (0-9) Control Keys- Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page down, Ctrl, Alt, Esc Special Keys – (tab, caps lock, backspace, Shift, Esc(Escape), etc) Arrow Keys – ( up, down, right, left) Multimedia –( internet, play, pause, volume Keys) B.Mouse- Mouse is an input device which is used for gives the instruction to the computer directly on monitor screen. This device works only in GUI application (Graphical user interfaces). There are three types of mouse. Normal mouse (Track ball mouse) Optical mouse (Laser light based mouse) Wireless optical mouse (Laser light based mouse) Types of button in Mouse- LEFT BUTTON (for apply any function in interface.) RIGHT BUTTON(show the properties of options.) Page: 06 Created by- Anshuman Singh  SCROLL WHEEL(scroll the page of window and application.) C.Scanner- This device is used for convert hard copy into soft copy for the computer. By using this device..DPI (depth per inch).PPI (Pixels per inch) D.Light Pen- It is an input device. Which is used for write & draw and gives the instruction to the computer is known as light pen. E.Joy Stick- Joy stick is a gaming device which is used for play the game property in the computer. F.BCR(Barcode Reader)- Barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed Barcodes to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all Barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analysing the Barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the Barcode's content to the scanner's output port. G.MCR (Memory card Reader) This device is used for read and writes data & information of all types of memory cards. H.MICR Magnetic ink character recognition code is a character-recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. The MICR encoding, called the MICR line, is atthe bottom of cheques and other vouchers and typically includes the document-type indicator, bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount, and a control indicator. The technology allows MICR readers to scan and read the information directly into a data-collection device. I.Microphone- This device is used for give the input of sound in the computer for recording. J.Web Camera- It is used for video chat and capture image to the computer. II.Output Devices- Those part of devices which is used for take the result from the computer is Known as output devices. Such as- A.Monitor B.Printer C.Plotter D.Projector E.Speaker. A.Moniter (VDU-Visual Display Unit)- Monitor is an output device which is used for show the display of computer. There are two types of monitor. CRT monitor (Cathode Ray Tube) Black & white monitor (Monochrome) Colour Monitor FPD (Flat Panel Display) TFT Monitor (Thin Film Transistor) LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal Display) LED Monitor (Light Emitting Diode) B.Printer- Printer is an Output device which is used for take prints from the computer. There are two types of printer. Page: 07 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Printer Impact Non Impact Character Line Laser Inkjet Printer Printer Printer Printer Dot-Matrix Daisy Wheel Drum Chain Printer Printer Printer Printer a.Impact Printer The Impact printer prints the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is pressed on the paper. It is very low consumable cost used for bulk printing but it is very noisy. There are two types of impact printers. Character Printer Character printers are the printers which prints one character at a time. Such as- Dot-matrix Daisy wheel Dot- Matrix Printer The DMP is the most popular type of printer because of there eases of printing and Economical price. Each characters printed is in from of pattern of dots and heads consist of matrix of pins. Daisy Wheel Printer These printers are generally used for word processing in office which requires a few letters to be sent here & there with very nice quality. ADVANTAGE More reliable than DMP Better quality Font of character can be easily changed. DISADVANTAGE Slower than DMP Very Noisy More Expensive then DMP Line Printer Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time. These are further two types- Drum & Chain Drum Printer This printer is like a drum in shape so, it is called drum printer. The surface of drum is divided in to number of track. Total track are equal to size of paper. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 -2000 lines per minute. Chain Printer In this printer chain of character sets are used so, it is called chain printer. A standard character sets may have 48, 64 or 96 character. Character fonts can easily be change & different languages can be used with the same printer. b.Non Impact Printer Non impact printer prints the character without using ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time. So, they are also called as page printer. These printers are of two types. Laser printer & Inkjet Printer. NOTE:-Non impact Printer faster than impact printer they are support fonts & different character size & print high resolution print. Laser Printer This is non- impact page printer they use laser light or technology to produce the dots needed to from the character to be printed on a page, these types of printers have very high speed & quality but they are very expensive. The laser printer is a heavy duty printer. Page: 08 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Inkjet Printer Inkjet Printer is non-impact character printer based on a new technology. They print character by display small drop of ink onto a paper. Inkjet Printer produces high quality output with presentable features. Inkjet printer is a home basis printer. C.Projector- Printer is an Output device and often used in meetings presentations. It contains a lens inside which is used to flash the film to an object. D.Plotter- Plotter is an output devices that is used to produce graphical output on papers. Ituses single color or multi color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc. Plotter is used to print the maps and architecture of infrastructure. It is used in the engineering applications. E.Speaker- Speakers are also kind of output devices which is used to play a sound as output. It is used in multimedia applications to play or listen to sound or music. III.Processing Devices- A processing unit, also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry with in a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling and input/output operations specified by the instructions. Central Processing Unit (CPU)- C.P.U. is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operation. It stores data, intermediate results & programs. It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU has following three components. ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) It is the part of computer processor (CPU) can be used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is further divided into two parts, (AU) arithmetic unit and a (LU) logic unit. CU (Control Unit) This unit controls the operation of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data processing. It's managed & coordinates all unit of the computer. It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data & instruction other unit of a computer. MU (Mamory Unit) This unit can store instructions, data & intermediate result. This unit supplies information to the other unit of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit. Its size affects speed, power & Capabilities. MEMORY The memory is a location were information is stored that is currently being utilized by the operating system, software program, hardware devices and the user. There are two types of memory:- Volatile memory Non-Volatile memory Volatile Memory Volatile memory is a memory that losses its content when computer hardware device losses the power for Example RAM- Random Access Memory. Non-Volatile Memory Non-volatile memory is a memory that's keeps its content when computer hardware device loss the power. For ex-: ROM – Read only memory. Memory Internal External Memory Memory RAM ROM HardDisk CD, DVD etc STSTIC DYNAMIC PROM EPROM EEPROM RAM RAM Page: 09 Created by- Anshuman Singh Primary Memory Every Computer comes with a certain amount of physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or primary memory. For example RAM and ROM. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. SRAM (Static RAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not be refreshed on a regular basis. There is extra space in the matrix, hence SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, making the manufacturing cost higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memory and has very fast access. Characteristic of Static RAM Long life No need to refresh Faster Used as cache memory Large size Expensive High power consumption DRAM (Dynamic RAM ) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells, which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. Characteristics of Dynamic RAM Short data lifetime Needs to be refreshed continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM Smaller in size Less expensive Less power consumption SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM ) Stands for Synchronous DRAM, a new type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU. DDR2 -SDRAM Abbreviation is double Data Rate synchronous DRAM 2 is a type of DDR that supports higher speed than its ancestor DDR SDRAM. DDR3 -SDRAM Abbreviation is double Data Rate synchronous DRAM 3 is the newest type of DDR that supports the fastest speed of all the SDRAM memory. ROM (Read Only Memory) Computers always contain a small amount pf Read-only-memory that holds instructions for starting up the Computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to. It is Non-volatile which means once you turn off the computer the information is still there. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only once. The difference between a PROM and a ROM is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, where as a ROM is programmed during Page: 10 Created by- Anshuman Singh  the manufacturing process. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) It is a Special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only electricity to be erased. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) Pronounced double-EE-PROM or e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also like others type of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar to flash memory. Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For example : Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc. Characteristic of Secondary Memory 1-These are magnetic and optical memories 2-It is known as backup memory. 3-It is non-volatile memory. 4-Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. 5-It is used for storage of data in a computer. 6-Computer may run without secondary memory. 7-Slower than primary memories. Floppy Disk It is removable devices or data traveler and re-writable. Floppy disk is flat circular pieces of Mylar plastic that rotate within a jacket. Then circular plastic film is divided into track and sector. It is also known as diskette. This size of floppy is 3.5 inches and the storage capacity of floppy disk is 1.44 MB. Hard Disks A Hard disk drive is a magnetic disk made of metal and covered with a magnetic recording surface. Drive is the main location where all data is stored. Most hard disk drives consist of spinning platters of aluminum, glass or ceramic that is coated with a magnetic media. A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Optical Disks CD-ROM This kind of storage devices come under secondary storage devices whereas CD-ROM is the driver to access or read an optical disk. It is an advanced technology for data storage. Optical disk is a disk read and written by laser beam. DVD(Digital Video Disk) It is even known as digital versatile disk. It is mass storage disk comes normally up to 4.7GB. This uses digital technology to store data in concised form. It stores more than a normal Compact disk. It looks similar as Compact Disk but has greater storage capacity. USB Thumb drive USB Thumb drive normally known as flash drive or pen drive is used to store bulk data as per capacity. They are small in size with a USB face is portable to be used any where any computer. Software The software is a set of instruction stored digitally with in the computer's memory, which tells the computer system what to do. Software component of a computer system have to no physical presence within computer memory there are different categories of software. (I).System Software (II).Application software (III).Utility software I.System Software System software is software used to manage and control the hardware components which allows interaction between the hardware and the other type of software. System software is the computers operating system but devices drivers are also included with in this category. Ex. Windows(95, 98, 2000, 2003, XP, Vista, &, 7, 8, 8.1 & 10), Linux Etc. Page: 11 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of system software: ·Close to the system ·Fast in speed ·Difficult to design ·Difficult to understand ·Less interactive ·Smaller in size ·Difficult to manipulate ·Generally written in low-level language II.Application Software Application Software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user programs because they enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, database and publications doing online research sending email, designing graphics, running businesses, and even playing games! For example- the word processor application makes it easy too add color, headings and pictures & delete, copy, move, and change the documents appearance to suite your needs. Today, many applications are delivered as web applications. The code for these app-locations resides on a web server, and users access the application via a web browser. Application Suite It has multiple applications bundled together. related functions, features and user interfaces interact with each other. example- Microsoft office, adobe Photoshop. Enterprise Software Addresses an organization’s needs and data flow in a huge distributed environment. Content Access Software Used to access content and addresses a desire for published digital content. Educational Software Provides content intended for use by students. III.Utility Software A Utility Program is a type of system software that is used to perform a specific task. It is normally used to solve the common problems of software and hardware. Some examples of utilities programs are as follows- File Viewer File viewer is used to view and manage files in computer systems. all operating system provide file viewers. windows explorer is an example of file viewer. File Compressor File Compressor is used to shrink the size of files. it smaller size of file is easy to copy. A large volume of data can be transferred by using file compressor WinZip is an example of file compressor. Disk Scanner Disk scanner is used to detect physical and logical problems of disk. AntiVirus A type of software that is used to detect and remove viruses is called Antivirus software. Antivirus programs contain information about different known virus. They can detect viruses and remove them. IV.Open Source & Proprietary Software Open Source Software Open Source Software refers to the software which uses the code freely available on the Internet it means Open Source software is free and openly available to everyone. The code can be copied, modified or deleted by other users and organizations. The example of open source software is the Linux Operating system etc. People prefer open source software for a number of reasons- Control Many people prefer open source software because they have more control over that kind of software. Training Other people like open source software because it helps them become better programmers. Because open source code is publicly accessible, students can easily study it as they learn to make better software. Page: 12 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Security Some people prefer open source software because they consider it more secure and stable than proprietary software. Because anyone can view and modify open source software. Proprietary Software Proprietary software also known as “closed-source software” is non-free computer software for which the software’s publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights- usually copyright of the source code, but sometimes patent rights. V.Mobile Apps A mobile app is a piece of program intended to run on a mobile devices or tablets. Mobile apps were in the beginning planned for productivity assistance such as Email, Calender and contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as mobile games, factory automation, GPS and location-based services, order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. The Government of India is trying to makes its services easily available to the masses via mobile applications and has launched many apps across all major Smartphone platforms for the same. Here is a detailed list of the some most important mobile apps. 1.Bharat Interface for Money(BHIM) App The app is a Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India. It has been named after Bhim Rao Ambedkar and is intended to facilitate e-payments directly through banks and as part of the 2016 Indian banknote demonetization and drive towards cashless transactions. Some Key features of the app are as fellows Supports all banks that use the UPI. Built over the immediate payment infrastructure. Allows instant money transfer between two bank accounts. Money can be transferred using mobile numbers (UPI Address). Currently a maximum of Rs. 10,000 per transaction is allowed. 2.MyGov App This app is a citizen engagement platform founded by the Government of India to promote active participation of Indian citizens in country’s governance and development. The users shall be allowed to discuss and to contribute to various government projects and plans. Some Key features of the app are as fellows Users can log in and share their suggestions, feedbacks and ideas with central ministries. Users can also join discussion, take polls and form groups around topics of interest. 3.IRCTC Connect App The Indian Railways had recently launched an android app to make the ticket booking process easier for the people. Some Key features of the app are as fellows Users can search and book train tickets. Users can view and cancel tickets. The app retains recently added passenger details. New Users can register from the App directly. It also alerts you for upcoming journeys. 4.DigiLocker App DigiLocker is a “Digital Locker” service operated by the Government of India that enables Indian citizens to store certain official documents on the cloud. The service is aimed towards reducing the need to carry physical documents, and is part of the government’s digital initiative. 1GB of storage space is offered to users to store identification card issued by government agencies. Some Key features of the app are as fellows DigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and cerifications in a digital way. Page: 13 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Eliminates the use of physical documents. Users can access their documents and certification from your DigiLocker on their mobile devices. 5.Voter Help Line App Taking forward its continuous efforts of building an active democratic citizen in the country, Election Commission of India has undertaken a new initiative by designing a Mobile Application for developing a culture of avid electoral engagement and making informed and ethical ballot decisions among citizens of the country. The app provides following facilities to Indian voters. Electoral Search(#GoVerify your name in the electoral roll). Submission of online forms for New Voter Registration. Register Complaints related to elctoral Services and track its disposal status. The FAQ on Voter, Elections, EVM & Results. Services & Resources for voters & Electoral Officers. Find the Election schedule in your area. Find all the candidates, their profile, income statement, assets, criminal cases. Find the polling Officials and call them: BLO, ERO, DEO and CEO. Click a selfie after Voting and get a chance to be featured in the Officials Voter Helpline App. Download the list of Contesting candidates if PDF format and take the print out. Measurement unit of Computer UNIT ABBREVIATION STORAGE Bit b 0,1 Nibbles N 4 bit Byte/octet B 8 bit Kilobyte KB 1024 byte Megabyte MB 1024 KB Gigabyte GB 1024 MB Terabyte TB 1024 GB Petabyte PB 1024 TB Exabyte EB 1024 PB Zettabyte ZB 1024 EB Yottabyte YB 1024 ZB Brontobyte BB 1024 YB Geopbyte GB 1024 BB Geop Byte is the Highest Memory Mother board The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer. Features of Motherboard: A motherboard comes with following features: Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components. Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories. Video cards, sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to function properly. Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together. Page: 14 Created by- Anshuman Singh Important Ports of Computer Serial Port Used for external modems and older computer mouse Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model Data travels at 115 kilobits per second Parallel Port Used for scanners and printers Also called printer port 25 pin model IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port PS/2 Port Used for old computer keyboard and mouse Also called mouse port Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and keyboard IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc. It was introduced in 1997. Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum. Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds. USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port. VGA(Visual Graphic Arry) Port Connects monitor to a computer's video card. It has 15 holes. Similar to the serial port connector. serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes. Power Connector Three-pronged plug. Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket. Firewire Port Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed. Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer. Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds. Invented by Apple. It has three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector, and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector. Modem Port Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network. Ethernet Port Connects to a network and high speed Internet. Connects the network cable to a computer. This port resides on an Ethernet Card. Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds. Game Port Connect a joystick to a PC Now replaced by USB Sockets Sockets connect the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer. Page: 15 Created by- Anshuman Singh  Digital Video Interface, DVI port Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards. Very popular among video card manufacturers. VIRUS A virus (Vital Information Resource Under Seize) is by definition a computer program that spreads or replicates by copying itself. There are many known techniques that can be used by a virus, and viruses appear on many platforms. However, the ability to replicate itself is the common criterion that distinguishes a virus from other kinds of software. The term virus is quite often misused. Some viruses contain routines that damage the computer system on which it runs. This so called payload routine may also display graphics, play sounds or music etc. This has led to a situation where viruses are assumed to cause & damage, even if there are many viruses that don't. The term virus has, for these reasons, become a synonym for malicious software, which is incorrect from a technical point of view. TYPES OF VIRUSES MACRO VIRUS: Any document created using in MS word, MS excel, which use macro language often get infected by this type of virus. MULTIPARTITE VIRUS: Multipartite virus infects your computer system and spreads itself in multiple ways. TROJAN HORSE: Its main aim is to steal sensitive information stored on the infected computer. It may also delete some important system files. Page: 16 Created by- Anshuman Singh