Qualitätsmanagement PDF

# Qualitätsmanagement ## 1 Grundlagen ### Brainstorming: - **Was ist das Ziel eines Unternehmens?** - Geld zu verdienen - **Was ist das Ziel von Qualitätsmanagement?** - Dafür zu sorgen, dass das Geld welches trotz härtesten Wettbewerbs verdient werden konnte, nicht durch Fehler aufgrund mang...

# Qualitätsmanagement ## 1 Grundlagen ### Brainstorming: - **Was ist das Ziel eines Unternehmens?** - Geld zu verdienen - **Was ist das Ziel von Qualitätsmanagement?** - Dafür zu sorgen, dass das Geld welches trotz härtesten Wettbewerbs verdient werden konnte, nicht durch Fehler aufgrund mangelnder Qualität wieder beim Fenster hinausgeworfen wird. ### Warum? - Fehlerkosten reduzieren direkt den Gewinn! **Diagram:** A bar chart showing the following: - **Top Bar** - Ursprünglicher Gewinn - **2nd Bar** - Fixkosten - **3rd Bar** - Restlicher Gewinn - **Bottom Bar** - Herstellkosten The text **Fehlerkosten** is placed next to the left side of the chart, and **VP** is placed underneath the bottom bar to the left. **Text:** Die entstehenden Kosten durch Fehler sind vom Zeitpunkt der Fehlererkennung abhängig. Nach der Zehnerregel verzehnfachen sich die Folgekosten für nicht entdeckte Fehler von Stufe zu Stufe. Kostet die Fehlerbeseitigung während der Entwicklung noch überschaubare Euro Beträge, so gehen die Fehlerkosten beim Kunden in die Tausendfachen Beträge. Als Beispiel seien hier Rückrufaktionen in der Fahrzeugindustrie genannt. **Diagram:** A line graph showing the following: - **Y Axis** - Beeinflussbarkeit der Herstellkosten & Fehlerbehebungskosten. - **X Axis** - Entwicklung, Fertigung, Kunden. The line for Beeinflussbarkeit der Herstellkosten increases from left to right, with the line for Fehlerbehebungskosten decreasing from left to right, eventually crossing the Beeinflussbarkeit der Herstellkosten line between Fertigung and Kunden. **Text** Die Beeinflussbarkeit der Herstellkosten weißt einen genau umgekehrten Verlauf auf. Die Herstellkosten können umso besser beeinflusst werden, je früher man sich in der Produktlebensphase befindet. - **Wenn man die einzelnen Phasen betrachtet, so kann man unschwer erkennen, dass sich die entscheidende Phase während der Entwicklung abspielt, da hier das Ziel eines Unternehmens in zweierlei Hinsicht positiv beeinflusst werden kann:** - Optimierung der Herstellkosten - Verhinderung von Fehlerkosten durch geeignete Maßnahmen ## 2 Qualitätsmanagement- Methoden der Entwicklungsphase - **Folgende Methoden werden in der Entwicklungsphase angewendet, um das Ziel des Unternehmens Geld zu verdienen, zu unterstützen:** - QFD Quality Funktion Deployment - Projektmanagement Entwicklungsprojekt - Patentanalyse - Terminplanung - Paarweiser Vergleich - Nutzwertanalyse - FMEA Fehler Möglichkeit und Einflussanalyse - Maschinen und Anlagensicherheit ## 2.2 Projektmanagement eines Entwicklungsprojektes - **Das Projektmanagement eines Entwicklungsprojektes lässt sich in folgende Phasen unterteilen:** - Auftraggeber - Lastenheft - Entwicklungs-Projektleiter - Pflichtenheft - Detailentwicklung ### 2.2.1 Auftraggeber - **Auftraggeber ist üblicherweise das Produktmanagement (PM). Wie der Name des Produktmanagements bereits wiedergibt, managed das PM das Produkt.** - aufgrund der intensiven Beschäftigung mit dem Produkt, kennt das PM sowohl die wesentlichen Wettbewerber als auch deren Produkte im Detail. - Durch regen Kundenkontakt sind die genauen Kundenwünsche in der jeweiligen Zielgruppe bekannt. - Dies versetzt das PM in die Lage die genaue Entwicklungsrichtung festzulegen. ### 2.2.2 Lastenheft - **Das Lastenheft ist eine grobe Aufstellung der wesentlichen Produktmerkmale, welche die geplante Entwicklung erfüllen soll. Diese groben Anforderungen können zum Beispiel mit Hilfe der Methode QFD ermittelt werden.** **Further components of the Lastenheft include:** - Benennung des Entwicklungsprojektleiters, sowie dessen Team - Targetkosten (geplante Herstellkosten) der geplanten Entwicklung - Festlegung des Termins für die Fertigstellung des Pflichtenheftes - Budget für die Konzeptphase ### 2.2.3 Konzeptphase - **In der Konzeptphase vergleicht der Entwicklungsprojektleiter mit seinem kleinen Team mehrere Lösungsmöglichkeiten, welche alle die Anforderungen des Lastenheftes erfüllen, und wählt durch geeignete Maßnahmen jene aus, welche die Anforderungen am besten erfüllt. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass die einzelnen Lösungsvarianten nicht im Detail entwickelt werden, sondern nur soweit analysiert werden, um die grundsätzliche Machbarkeit sicherstellen zu können. Das heißt, es handelt sich im wesentlichen um einen Grobentwurf der einzelnen Lösungsmöglichkeiten.** **Important notes:** - **Dabei ist insbesondere zu berücksichtigen, dass die gewählten Lösungsmöglichkeiten nicht mit gültigen Patenten kollidieren dürfen, da ansonsten im schlimmsten Fall sämtliche Entwicklungsaufwendungen als Fehlerkosten abgeschrieben werden müssen. Näheres zu diesem Thema erfahren Sie im Kapitel Patentanalyse.** **To ensure a sound decision regarding the Lösungsvarianten, the following themes must be considered:** - Herstellkosten je Lösungsvorschlag - Notwendiges Budget zur Fertigstellung der einzelnen Lösungsmöglichkeiten - Risikobewertung der einzelnen Lösungsmöglichkeiten - Investitionsrechnung der einzelnen Lösungsmöglichkeiten **The following methods are used to objectively compare the Lösungsmöglichkeiten:** - Paarweiser Vergleich - Nutzwertanalyse ### 2.2.4 Pflichtenheft - **Das Pflichtenheft beschreibt die Lösungsmöglichkeit, welche die Anforderungen des Lastenheftes am besten erfüllt und beschreibt diese im Detail. Insbesondere muss das Pflichtenheft Angaben zu folgenden Punkten liefern:** - detaillierte Anforderungen - Herstellkosten der Lösung - Terminplan zur Fertigstellung des Produktes - Notwendiges Budget zur Fertigstellung des Produktes - Notwendige Ressourcen zur Fertigstellung des Produktes - Mögliche Patentanmeldungen für das eigene Unternehmen **Once all aspects of the Pflichtenheft have been completed, the results of the Konzeptphase are presented to the Auftraggeber.** ### 2.2.5 Entscheidung des Auftraggebers - **Die Entscheidung des Auftraggebers ist schriftlich zu protokollieren. Dies ist vor allem für die Nachvollziehbarkeit der Entscheidung notwendig. Genauso wichtig ist die schriftliche Protokollierung aus folgenden Gründen:** - ISO 9001 - „Wer schreibt der bleibt" **Decisions regarding the filing of patents are documented in the same manner.** ### 2.2.6 Detailentwicklung - **Erst nach einer schriftlichen Freigabe des Auftraggebers kann mit der Detailentwicklung begonnen werden. Nunmehr wird mit einer deutlich aufgestockten Entwicklungsmannschaft die im Pflichtenheft fixierte Lösungsvariante fertig entwickelt.** **The following steps are necessary during the Detailentwicklung:** - Adapt the schedule to the available resources. - Involve an interdisciplinary team to start with the Detailentwicklung. **Diagram:** Three overlapping circles, top to bottom, "Fertigung," "Entwicklung," and "Einkauf." **The following tasks must be completed during the Detailentwicklung:** - Stücklistenerstellung - Herstellkostenermittlung - Serienüberleitung - Erstellung von Gefahrenanalysen - Dokumentationserstellung - Fehlerbehebung - Ersatzteile - Reparaturanleitung - Einstellanleitung ## 2.3 Patentanalyse - **Patente sollen für Erfindungen erteilt werden, die neu sind, auf einer erfinderischen Tätigkeit beruhen und gewerblich anwendbar sind. Die Erfindung ist in der Patentanmeldung so zu offenbaren, dass ein Fachmann sie ausführen kann.** **Important notes:** - **Zwar wird in Patentanmeldungen üblicherweise nur eine Erfindung beschrieben, jedoch werden in den Patentansprüchen (englisch: Claims), speziell wenn eine grundsätzliche Idee beansprucht werden soll, oft alle möglichen Implementierungen und (auch erst in Zukunft entdeckte) Verwendungen der Idee beansprucht; siehe auch Patentfamilie.** - **Mit der Patenterteilung wird dem Inhaber des Patents ein gegen jedermann wirkendes Recht verliehen, anderen die Benutzung der Erfindung zu untersagen (Ausschließlichkeitsrecht) Zwar wird dem Patentinhaber nach §9 S.1 PatG das alleinige Nutzungsrecht (= positives Benutzungsrecht) verliehen, dies findet jedoch seine Grenze beim Aufeinandertreffen mit alleinigen Nutzungsrechten Dritter, die älter sind. Man spricht dann von einem abhängigen Patent.** **This is illustrated by the following example:** - If a door is invented, to finally eliminate sacks from the entrance of a cave, it can be patented, with the patent holder being the only one permitted to offer or produce doors. If the lock for a door, which replaces the locking bar, is invented during the patent period, it can also be patented. The holder of the lock patent is then not permitted to offer a door with a lock, as it would infringe the exclusive usage rights of the door holder. However, the door holder is not permitted to provide doors with a lock. **Important information about patents:** - **The patent period runs for 20 years, counting from the application date. For patents on inventions concerning pharmaceuticals or plant protection agents, the period can be extended for a maximum of 5 years due to long approval procedures.** - **In exchange for the state's granting of a temporary monopoly, the inventor must disclose their invention (e.g., a device or process) in a patent, making it accessible to everyone. The disclosure by the patent office takes place at the latest 18 months after the application, by publishing the patent application as an open-disclosure document. However, this is not the case if the application is withdrawn beforehand. The applicant is free to request an earlier disclosure.** - **In Germany, these documents, open-disclosure document (disclosure of application) and patent document (granted patent) are called. These documents are publicly accessible and can now be found online, e.g., via DEPATISnet or esp@cenet.** ### 2.3.1 Der Weg zum Patent - **Von der Anmeldung bis zur Erteilung des Patents können mehrere Jahre vergehen Zur Erlangung eines Patentes muss eine Patentanmeldung bei dem jeweils zuständigen nationalen oder regionalen Patentamt (für Deutschland Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt oder Europäisches Patentamt, für Österreich Österreichisches Patentamt oder Europäisches Patentamt, für die Schweiz und für Liechtenstein beim Institut für Geistiges Eigentum oder beim Europäischen Patentamt) eingereicht werden.** **To obtain international patent protection, the priority of the first application for an invention can be claimed for one year in other countries, except for applications from and to countries that are not party to the Paris Convention. This means that an application can be filed in Germany on January 8, 2002 and you have one year until January 8, 2003 to file it in other countries. The decisive factor is the receipt of the application at the respective patent office (first to file), so that there is less time for processing, as applications are usually drawn up in the official language of the respective country.** **European patent applications must be filed in one of the three official languages of the European Patent Office (German, English, French).** **All national and regional patent systems share the common feature that, after filing, the relevant patent authority researches the state of the art, i.e. already published technical documents. This is normally followed, after a few basic examinations, by the examination of the subject of the application in relation to the researched state of the art in terms of novelty (question: Are all features of the application subject already described in an example?), inventive step (question: Does a person skilled in the art, familiar with the state of the art, come up with the subject matter without further ado?), and clarity (question: Is the scope of protection, i.e. the claimed subject matter, clearly defined?).** - **The applicant has the opportunity to clarify the claimed features in comparison to the state of the art using suitable features listed in the application or to ensure clarity. The clarified subject matter of the application is then subjected to another examination. The end of the granting procedure is the granting or the rejection. The prohibition protection through the patent begins in most countries, with the publication of the patent or a similar process.** ### 2.3.3 Ende des Patentschutzes - **Die maximale Laufzeit eines Patents beträgt 20 Jahre ab Anmeldedatum. Es kann allerdings für Erfindungen, die erst nach aufwändigen Zulassungsverfahren (vor allem klinische Studien bei Arzneimitteln) wirtschaftlich verwertet werden können, ein ergänzendes Schutzzertifikat erteilt werden, das die Patentlaufzeit dann um maximal fünf Jahre verlängert. Ein Patent läuft durch Nichtzahlung der Verlängerungsgebühr (Jahresgebühr) vorzeitig aus, so dass es von diesem Zeitpunkt an (ex nunc) nicht mehr existiert. Ein Patent kann auch dadurch erlöschen, dass der Patentinhaber seinen schriftlichen Verzicht gegenüber dem Patent- und Markenamt ausspricht. Weiterhin kann ein Patent widerrufen oder für nichtig erklärt werden. Auch Dritte haben die Möglichkeit, ein bereits erteiltes Patent anzugreifen. Im Einspruchsverfahren kann jeder innerhalb von 3 Monaten (bei deutschen Patenten) oder innerhalb von neun Monaten (bei europäischen Patenten) nach Veröffentlichung der Patenterteilung gegen das Patent Einspruch erheben. Dieser ist schriftlich zu erklären und zu begründen.** ## 2.4 Terminplanung - **Eines der wesentlichsten Werkzeuge im Bereich der Entwicklungsphase ist die Terminplanung. Dabei ist es unwesentlich mit welchem Themenbereich sich das Projekt beschäftigt, die Grundlagen der Terminplanung gelten überall in gleicher Weise, und stellen ein wesentliches Erfolgskriterium dar.** ### 2.4.1 Terminplanerstellung - **Ein Terminplan wird erstellt, indem man die nachfolgenden Tätigkeiten durchführt.** - Auflistung der notwendigen Tätigkeiten - Logische Reihung der Tätigkeiten - Meilensteine - Retrograde Planung vom Zieltermin - Continious Engineering - was kann parallel passieren - Verkürzung der Entwicklungszeiten - Rückstandsfreiheit bei der Planung - **A Gantt-Diagramm [gænt] or Balkenplan is a type of bar chart, named after the management consultant Henry L. Gantt (1861–1919), designed to illustrate the schedule of a project, showing the temporal sequence of activities as bars along a time axis.** **Diagram:** A Gantt Chart - **In a Gantt Chart, activities are listed in the first column of a table. The timeline is in the first row of the table. Individual activities are visualized in the corresponding rows with a horizontal bar. The longer the bar, the longer the activity takes. Activities that overlap are represented by overlapping bars. The critical path can be visualized as well. Often, using arrows is a way to show dependencies between different activities.** ## 2.5 Paarweiser Vergleich - **Worum geht es?** - Bewertung der wichtigsten Eigenschaften - **Hauptnutzen?** - Viele Personen sind beteiligt, Subjektive Einflüsse werden geringer. Kundenwünsche stehen im Vordergrund. - **Wie geht man vor?** **Diagram:** - A square with "Formular für paarweisen Vergleich" placed in the center. - "Produktidee," "Kundenprofil," and "Eigenschaften" are placed to the left of the square in that order, descending. - "Rangfolge Bewertung" is placed below the square. **Text:** Mit der Methode Paarweiser Vergleich kann man schwierige Qualitätsbewertungen durchführen. Stehen bei einer Entscheidung mehrere Alternativen zur Auswahl, so können diese durch den Paarweisen Vergleich systematisch gegenüber gestellt werden. Zur Entscheidung werden die verschiedenen Eigenschaften des Produktes miteinander verglichen.. Diese Methode schaltet die Persönlichen vorlieben aus, es kann also eine objektive Entscheidung getroffen werden. **Diagram:** A square table with "wichtiger (1), gleich (0.5) oder unwichtiger (0) als..." written above it, and "TW conveys productivity" below it. The table contains the headings "Kosten," "Sicherheit," "einfache Wartung," and "Teilewiederverwendung" across the top, and the same headings down the side, with columns shaded green and orange, and the bottom right corner of the table containing only grey squares. Below the table are the headings "Punkte-summe" and "Rang-folge." ## 2.6 Nutzwertanalyse - **Einfache Nutzwertanalysen nehmen die Existenz einer multilinearen Nutzenfunktion an, ohne diese zu beweisen. Die folgende Erklärung beschreibt die gängige Praxis, die die theoretischen Grundlagen vernachlässigt oder ignoriert.** - **In privaten oder überschaubaren wirtschaftlichen Fragestellungen genügt oft eine einfache Tabelle. Dazu müssen nur die verschiedenen Optionen auf der Y-Achse untereinander gestellt und das Bewertungskriterien auf der X-Achse gestellt werden. Eine weitere Spalte enthält den individuellen Gewichtungsfaktor für das jeweilige Kriterium, also die Frage, wie hoch der Erfüllungsgrad einer Möglichkeit in der Gesamtpriorität steht.** - **Nun werden die einzelnen Lösungs- oder Angebotsmöglichkeiten Zeile für Zeile abgearbeitet. Jedem Kriterium wird seine Erfüllung und die jeweilige Gewichtung mit Punktwerten zugewiesen und die ganze Zeile am Ende ausmultipliziert. Das Ergebnis pro Zeile ergibt direkt die ermittelte Attraktivität einer Lösung. So ist es möglich, die Nutzwerte beliebig vieler Varianten Tabelle für Tabelle zu analysieren.** **Diagram:** - A rectangular table with "Variantenbewertung nach VDI 2225" written above, and "TW conveys productivity" below. There is a blue line down the left side of the table. The headings for the top row are "Auftragsnummer," "Projektname," and "Bewertungsteam." The next row's heading is "Varianten" and there are six columns below that row labeled "Variante 1" through "Variante 6." The headings down the side of the table are "Bewertungskriterien" and below that: "Kosten," "Sicherheit," "einfache Wartung," "Teilewiederverwendung," "Gesamtwert" and "Rang." There are blue circles to the left of each row in the leftmost column, ## 2.7 FMEA Fehlermöglichkeits- und Einflussanalyse - **FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis or also German: Fehlermöglichkeits- and Einflussanalyse) and FMECA (Failure Mode and Effects and Criticality Analysis) are analytical methods of reliability engineering to find potential weaknesses. Within quality management or safety management, FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability, FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. 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The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively to prevent failures and to increase technical reliability. The FMEA is used proactively