Fruits Lecture Notes 2024 PDF

Fruits 2  Umbelliferous Fruits  Fennel  Cumin  Anise vs star anise  Hemlock  Ammi visnaga vs A.majus  Coriander  Umbelliferous Fruits General Characteristics 1. Schizocarpic (cremocarps). 2. From bilocular bicarpellary inferior ovaries. 3. Each cremocarp = two...

Fruits 2  Umbelliferous Fruits  Fennel  Cumin  Anise vs star anise  Hemlock  Ammi visnaga vs A.majus  Coriander  Umbelliferous Fruits General Characteristics 1. Schizocarpic (cremocarps). 2. From bilocular bicarpellary inferior ovaries. 3. Each cremocarp = two mericarps. 4. The carpophore connects the mericarps. cremocarp meriocarp 3  Umbelliferous Fruits 5. Carpophore is attached to the stalk 6. The mericarp has two surfaces: dorsal and commisural. 7. The remains of the sepals and style (stylopod) are located at the apex proving that the fruit originates from an inferior ovary. 4 8.The mericarp is ridged with 5 primary and 4 secondary ridges. 9.A schizogenous duct (vitta) is located under each secondary ridge. 10.Two more vittae are located towards the commisural surface. 11.The endocarp cells may divide to form a parquetry- like structure. 12.The seed is anatropous ovule and the raphe is located towards the commissural surface. 13.The seed is albuminous and the embryo is straight and apical 5 6   Carpophore A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels. The prolongation of the floral axis which bears the carpels. A slender stalk that supports each half of a dehisced fruit.  Stylopod A disk-like nectary or swelling at the base of the style. An expansion at the base of the style. Stylopod , 7  1- Fennel Part used: The dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Fam.Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). 8  Cremocarp of Fennel Style Stylopod Mericarp Carpophore Pedicel 10  Morphology of Fennel Oval Oblong Comissural No hair Dorsal No hair 11  T. Cut in Fennel secondary ridges primary ridges 12  T. Cut in Fennel 5 prominent primary ridges 6 Vittae (4+2) orthospermous seed anatropous ovule oily large embryo narrow endosperm. 13 Microscopical Epicarp Vitta lined with secretory epith. contain yellowish oleoresin T.S in vitta region (2ry ridge) 14 i.e.p Aleurone grain End. + rosette of Caox T.S in part of pericarp (1 ry ridge) 15  Fennel powder Reticulate parenchyma Portion of vitta 16  Epicarp showing anisocytic stomata Endocarp showing parquetry arrangement 17  Active constituents 1 Volatile oil (4-5%) composed mainly of anethol and fenchone Anethol (odour) and fenchone (pungent taste) (sweet fennel: ≥ 80% anethole, less than 5% fenchone; bitter fennel: 50-80% anethol, up to 24 % fenchone). 2 An Oleo-resin. 3- Fixed oil and protein. 18 Anethole Fenchone 19  ۞Antispasmodic USES ۞Carminative ۞Diuretic ۞Expectorant ۞Stimulate lactation (Lactagouge) ۞Improve the taste of other medicines (flavouring agent) ۞The oil stimulates liver regeneration ۞Antibacterial – Natural antioxidant 20 Recent Uses: 1 Anti-Candida activity 2 Proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction effect of chloroform extract of fennel, which may help in exploring the novel anti- cancer drug for therapeutic uses. 3 Appetite-enhancing effects 21 Side Effects. Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Fennel might act like estrogen. (do not use fennel). Some people can have allergic skin reactions to fennel. (People who are allergic to plants such as celery, carrot) 22 Interactions Ciprofloxacin interacts with Fennel Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic. Fennel might decrease ciprofloxacin absorption. Taking fennel along with ciprofloxacin might decrease the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin. To avoid this interaction take fennel at least one hour after ciprofloxacin. Adulteration Exhausted Fennel 23  2- Cumin Part used: Dried ripe fruits of Cuminum cyminum Ellipsoidal- long- straight Rough 2ry ridges Both separate mericarps and entire cremocarp. 25 5 prominent 1ry ridges- No reticulate parenchyma – V.B associated with small schizogenous ducts Non parq. endocarp 4 vittae on dorsal side, 2 on the ventral Epicarp bears shaggy hairs especially on 2ry ridges. 26 T. cut in Cumin 27  Cumin powder Fragment of vitta Sclerids from the mesocarp 28 Shaggy hair 29  Active constituents Volatile oil: cuminaldehyde, pinene, and terpineol Uses: Carminative- spicy Recently: *Digestive stimulant *Good source of iron *Antibacterial * Antioxidant *Anti-carcinogenic Adulternats: Exhausted fruit and stalks 31 Effect of cumin powder on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese women. Cumin powder reduced serum levels of fasting cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL and increased HDL. Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and its percentage significantly reduced. It has no effect on FBS (fasting blood sugar) and fat-free mass. 32  3-Anise Part used: Dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum Description: ۞Entire cremocarp (as fennel) ۞Ovoid-conical ۞Rough surface Side view of the cremocarp a= line of attachment of mericarps; s= stylopod, r = 3 of 5 1ry rid34ges 5 less prominent 1ry ridges C=carpophore, c.s=commissural surface, c.v.=com. Vitta, en=endosperm, 35 e.t=epicarpal trichome, m= meristelle, mc=mesocarp, ra=raphe, v= v i tta 36  Anise Powder Conical warty unicellular hair 37  Anise powder Branched vitta with underlying endocarp (rare Branched vitta typical parquetry) 38 Anise powder 39 Anise powder 40  Active constituents Aniseed contains 1.5–6.0 mass % of a volatile oil consisting primarily of trans anethole and also as much as 8–11 mass % of lipids rich in fatty acids, such as palmitic and oleic acids, as well as approximately 4 mass % of carbohydrates, and 18 mass % of protein. 41  Uses Antispasmodic Expectorant To treat bronchitis Promote lactation Antioxidant Antifungal  Muscle Relaxant Effect. Adulterants: Hemlock with KOH gives mouse(mice) like odour 42 Hemlock Title Text  4-Hemlock Part used: Dried fully grown but unripe fruits of Conium maculatum. Description: separated mericarps, ovoid with 5 prominent 1ry ridges, no hairs, no vittae Crenate-beade appearance 44 No conspicuous vittae  T Cut in Hemlock The endosperm is deeply grooved and is surrounded by a well marked alkaloid containing Commissural surface layer Grooved -seed Campylospermous seed 45  - No clear vittae - No parquetry layer - Endocarp made of thichened and lignified U-shaped cells 46  Uses Antispasmodic-Anticonvulsant Constituents: piperidineAlkaloids Coniine, γ-conceine, conhydrine, pseudocohydrine, methyl coniine , ethyl - piperidine 48 -The killer of Socrates: Coniine and Related Alkaloids in the Plant Kingdom. - It is the first alkaloid the chemical structure of which was established (in 1881), and that was chemically synthesized (in 1886). 49 Hemlock poisoning occurs after ingesting any part of the plant, such as the seeds, flowers, leaves, or fruits. All parts of this plant contain toxic alkaloids that can be fatal even in small amounts. The alkaloids can affect nerve impulse transmission to your muscles, eventually killing you through respiratory failure. stimulation of nervous system followed by paralysis also occur. Even touching this plant may cause a skin reaction in some people. To date, there is no antidote 50 Dried ripe fruits of Illicium verum Family Illiciaceae Constituent: volatile oil mainly trans-anethol 52  USES carminative, for the treatment of colic pain in infants, in cough prep. Recent Uses DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitory Activity of Constituents from the Fruits of Illicium verum. Toxicity may cause neurological troubles. 53 Star anise is a good shikimic acid source which used in manufacture of Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) medicine for treatment of swine flu. 54  5- Ammi visnaga Part used: The dried ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga L. Lam. 56  5- Ammi visnaga Mainly mericarps Ovoid- 2ry ridge lanceolate Ridge Glaborous over the vitta Violet tinge Elevation over Pyramidal the raphe stylpod Reflexed 1ry ridge style Commissural Dorsal 57  T. cut in Ammi visnaga Regular pentagon Orthospermous seed Lacuna over the V.B 4 vittae on the dorsal side 58 T. cut in Ammi visnaga 59 6-Ammi majus T. cut in Ammi majus 62 64  A. visnaga A. majus Powder -Epicarpal cells Showing papillae with anisocytic and anisocytic stomata stomata Reticulate Same parenchyma Fragment of vitta Same Fragment of inner ABSENT most layer of mesocarp (porous) 65 66  A. visnaga A. majus Constituent Bitter principles Bitter principles furanochromone furanocoumarin Khellin 1%, Ammoidin and visnagin 2% and ammidin Khellol glycoside Test Aq. Extract + solid Negative (no red or conc solution of color) KOH or NaOH Blue florescence red color under UV Uses Smooth muscle Leucoderma, skin relaxant disease 67  A. Visnaga Uses As a source of khellin A smooth muscle relaxant due to khellin so it is used in or as a)Renal colic to ease the passage of calculi b) Vasodilator c) Bronchial asthma 68 A. Majus uses It is used externally, in the form of lotions made of alc. extracts of fruits as well as ammoidin, for treatment of vitiligo(leukoderma), alopecia and psoriasis. 7- Coriander 70 Part used: The dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum 71 Not clear Coelospermous seed: ventral surface incurved at the end 72 Not clear Coelospermous seed: ventral surface incurved at the end 73 74 75 Coriander powder 77  Coriander Powder Lignified par. of the mesocarp and underlying endodercarp showing parquetry arrangement 78 Endosperm, cr.s.= sphere crystals of Caox 79 80  Coriander Constituents: Volatile oils (14 ml/ kg) containing mainly linalool Traditional use: Antispasmodic Uses -Hypoglycaemic. -Antibacterial (essential oil). -Anti-hyperlipidemic. -Aqueous crude extract anti-mutagenic. -Anti-cancer. -Coriander seed oil has strong RSA. 81 - Coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin are digestive stimulant (enhanced the activities of pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin and amylase when consumed during the diet). 82  Recent uses 1) Cardioprotective Efficacy of Coriandrum sativum (L.) Seed Extract in Heart Failure Rats. C. sativum extract provides significant protection from heart failure possibly due to its ability to improve left ventricular functions and baroreflex sensitivity, attenuate lipid peroxidation, and modulate the expression of endothelin receptors. 83 2) Supplementation of garlic and coriander seed powder: Impact on body mass index, lipid profile and blood pressure of hyperlipidemic patients. 84