Focus of Study for Unit 4 World History Exam PDF

Focus of Study for Unit 4 (H) World History The Maritime Revolution Chapter 16 Prior to the 16th cent many in Asia, Africa, & Americas had already begun to expand networks of trade & comm. (Malays, Chinese, Polynesians, Arabs, Vikings, Amerindians) Voyages helped spur technological...

Focus of Study for Unit 4 (H) World History The Maritime Revolution Chapter 16 Prior to the 16th cent many in Asia, Africa, & Americas had already begun to expand networks of trade & comm. (Malays, Chinese, Polynesians, Arabs, Vikings, Amerindians) Voyages helped spur technological innovations, increase trade & cultural interaction Portugal & Spain, driven by interest in profit, created truly global trade networks The shape of Euro colonization depended on preexisting conditions in Asia & the Americas Trade Indian Ocean Maritime System Ship Design Lanteen sails, not nailed Origins of Contact & Trade Mesopotamia & Indus Malay & Madagascar Mariners Multilingual and multiethnic Impacted families in Indian Ocean coastal areas Typically did not feel politically tied to their homelands (constantly travelling) Srivijaya Empire (SREE-vih-juh-yuh) Emerged due to the competition between ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra Dominated the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade from 670 to 1025 Factors that led to their growth: ○ Plentiful gold supply ○ Access to source of highly sought after spices (cloves, nutmeg, mace) ○ Taxes levied on passing ships Created a bureaucratic government with military and naval forces that could secure the seas Monsoon Winds Indian Ocean trade was made possible by monsoon winds Winds blew eastward in summer and westward in winter Understanding the monsoon winds along with better shipbuilding = increased trade  Transportation and Commercial Technologies Knowledge, scientific learning, Compass (China) and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological Lateen Sail (Arabs/Malay) developments and innovation. Astronomical charts (Arabs & China)  Dar al-Islam and China walked Humanism, Enlightenmen so that Europe could run! t Preservation of Greco-Roman philosophy and guns Europe literature medical advances gunpowder The Renaissance advances in astronomy China Magnetic compass Discovery of New World Dar al-Islam moveable type Scientific Revolution advances in mathematics printing press paper  What technology facilitated trade? Indian Ocean commerce increased around 200-300 CE as mariners learned the monsoon winds Improvements in sails New ships like Chinese junks and Indian/Arab dhows New means of calculating latitude such as the astrolabe Evolving versions of the magnetic needle or compass  Transportation and Commercial Technologies The growth of interregional trade in Compass luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs. Astrolabe Larger Ship Designs European Expansion Portuguese Prince Henry captured Ceuta Gold & slaves Information expeditions to Africa Compass, Astrolabe, Caravel Harnessed the power of the westerly winds Finances from slaves and gold Cruzado Portuguese Voyages and Colonies Henry the Navigator led the first ventures ○ Sponsored studies and development of navigation ○ Jewish cartographers ○ Studied and improved navigation technology ○ Magnetic compass and astrolabe ○ Advancements in designs for ships; the caravel Smaller than a Chinese junk but size allowed exploration of shallow coastal areas and rivers Strong enough to withstand storms Two set of sails Square to catch breezes for speed Lateens for maneuverability Cannons took down enemy ships European Expansion Spanish Christopher Columbus 1492 headed for Asia He found it! (he didn’t) Treaty of Tordesillas Divides the New World between Spain & Portugal Ferdinand Magellan Encounters With Europeans The Americas Spanish built a Territorial Empire Not a Trading Empire Weakness & Isolation of Amerindians Arawak & Columbus First to “encounter” Columbus By 1502 all that remained were slaves Aztec & Cortes Allies, cavalry, swords, cannon, smallpox Inka & Pizarro Belief Systems in Land Based Empires 1500 - 1750 Early Reformation 1500 - Catholic church is the center of western Christendom Pope Leo X Indulgences, meant to fund St. Peter’s Basilica, catch the attention of rabble rousing monk, Martin Luther The Protestant Reformation was not just Lutheran Luther, Calvin, Hus, Zwingli, Beza, etc. Creates a climate of not just religious, but political & social change Historical Developments The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. The Counter Reformation / Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation = efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church. Early efforts grew out of criticism of the worldliness and corruption of the papacy and clergy during the Renaissance Pope Paul III (1534-1549) led the Counter, or Catholic Reformation Promoted reform-minded cardinals Called meeting in Trent (Council of Trent), Italy to deal with growth of Protestantism Selling indulgences prohibited Simony (buying of church offices/positions) outlawed Seminaries established to train parish priests Monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral clergy  Chinese encounter with Christianity was China & the very different from Christianity that was brought to the New World Jesuits People of Spanish America had been defeated, societies disrupted, and cultural confidence was shaken China, on the other hand, encountered European Christianity between 16th and 18th centuries during the powerful and prosperous Ming Empire (1368-1644) It would take different tactics to try to convert the Chinese from their deeply rooted hold in Confucianism China & the Jesuits Christian missionaries needed a diplomatic and planned approach to conversions in China Jesuits took aim at Chinese elite Jesuits learned Chinese, learned Confucian texts, downplayed their mission to convert, emphasized interest in exchanging ideas and learning from ancient Chinese history The Chinese imperial court was impressed with their secular knowledge of Europe: science, technology, geography, map making, etc Tried to accommodate Chinese culture by defining Chinese rituals honoring the emperor or venerating ancestors as secular or civil observances Protestant Reformation vs. Scientific Revolution The Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment shared a common hostility to established authority, and they both represented a clear departure from previous patterns of thought and behavior. But they differed sharply in how they represented the changes they sought. Reformation leaders looked to the past, seeking to restore or renew what they believed was an earlier and more genuine version of Christianity. Leaders of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, on the other hand, foresaw and embraced an altogether new world in the making. They were the “moderns” combating the “ancients.” Witch Hunts & The Scientific Revolution 100,000 tried, 60,000 executed 75% were women TENSION Geocentric to Heliocentric Copernicus & Galileo Newton The Enlightenment Agriculture, law, religion, social hierarchies, etc. A movement that assumes social behavior and institutions are governed by scientific law Influenced by the Reformation Enlightenment was highly opposed by rulers & clergy  The Diversity of American Colonies & The Atlantic System 1530 → 1800 Chapter 18 & 19 For access to supplemental slides, click HERE! What was the Columbian Exchange? Capitalism & Mercantilism The economic system of large financial institutions (banks, stock exchanges, investment companies) that first developed in early modern Europe. When trade and commerce is controlled by private companies rather than the state. An economic theory that rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries. The Atlantic Circuit Clockwise networks of trade going from Europe to Africa, Africa to the colonies of America, the Americas to Europe. Supplemented by a number of trade routes: Europe to the Indian Ocean Europe to the West Indies New England to the West Indies “Triangular Trade” Sugar & Slaves Triangular Trade c o tto n) d r, to b a cco, an s ( sug a Textiles and w go o d Ra manufactured goods Enslave d Peop le The Middle Passage More than 12.5 million people were taken from Africa in the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade. The transport of enslaved Africans formed one leg of the Triangular Trade, an economic system that drastically altered the societies of four continents. The sheer scale of the trade can obscure the experiences of individuals. In this lesson, students consider individual experiences of the Middle Passage by exploring a textbook account and four primary sources. Between Europe & China Chapter 20 1500 - 1750 The Ottoman Empire Islamic state located in NW Anatolia around 1300 After the Byzantine Empire the Ottomans were based in Istanbul (Constantinople… Byzantium…) Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent marks the height of the Ottoman “golden age” The Ottoman Empire Osman led band of semi-nomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors Captured Anatolia with little cavalry and volunteer soldiers Askeri, the military class, made decisions Forced Christians to surrender their sons to military service: devshirme Janissaries: a devoted follower; Christian prisoners of war Heavily influenced by firearms The Safavid Empire Ismail declares self the shah of Iran 1502 Ordered all followers to become Shi’ite Iran truly becomes a separate country Isfahan & Istanbul Urban, crowded Manufactured silk & carpets, not much else Not much agricultural development The Mughal Empire Founded by Turkic warrior Babur (Timur & Chinggis Khan) & Akbar Foreign trade boomed by means of Europeans Religious intolerance, people tried to bridge the gap Muslim/Hindu relations, Divine Faith Declined in 1707 Land grant system Failure to integrate new lands Rise of regional powers Delhi raided in 1739 The Russian Empire Moscow becomes the foundation of Muscovy Former Kievan state & Novgorod Ivan IV tsar 1547 Expansion east into Siberia , towards China & Mongolia Cossacks, Boyars, & Feudalism Peter the Great (Romanov) Great Northern War St Petersburg Absorbed the church, increased taxes