Smartass WHAP Notes PDF

Wolfie’s WHAP: Unit 4 Uncensored Review Maybe some no-no words and cynicism will help you cram this info into your melon. NONE, AND I REPEAT NONE OF THE OFFENSIVE REMARKS WRITTEN REFLECT MY ACTUAL THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS TOWARD ANY OF THE GROUPS MENTIONED, NOR DO I SPEAK WITH THIS TONE ON...

Wolfie’s WHAP: Unit 4 Uncensored Review Maybe some no-no words and cynicism will help you cram this info into your melon. NONE, AND I REPEAT NONE OF THE OFFENSIVE REMARKS WRITTEN REFLECT MY ACTUAL THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS TOWARD ANY OF THE GROUPS MENTIONED, NOR DO I SPEAK WITH THIS TONE ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS. I JUST REMEMBER CONTENT BETTER WHEN IT HAS SHOCK VALUE SO I WROTE MY NOTES LIKE THIS. I JUST WANTED TO PROVIDE A STUDY GUIDE THAT DIDN’T READ LIKE A TAX STATEMENT. I HOPE THIS HELPS. It’s a bit long, so if you aren’t going over the whole unit, just control-F exact or related terms to find a specific thing. I’d say about only 90 - 95% of content is covered since there are always more examples on one of the slides, so I’d still use other resources, but it should at least reinforce major themes of the unit. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Basic Idea of the Unit: Europeans are materialistic, greedy pricks who want more money so they expand their territory becoming maritime empires in the process. This led to much socioeconomic change throughout the world. As expansion isn’t something you typically ask permission for, those being conquered lost their shit (in two ways), while European powers gained a whole lotta shit. This led to revolts both internal and external leading to further long term effects and establishing both change and lasting continuities. Important White Guys: - Prince Henry the Navigator (Who never navigated) - Big maritime exploration sponsor - Bartholomew Diaz - sailed around the tip of Africa. Funded by ol’Henry. - Vasco De Gama - One upped Diaz by getting to India. Suck it Bart.  - Christopher Columbus - If I really need to say anything, you’ve got issues man. - Ferdinand Magellan - Credited for sailing around the world even though he died before they made it. - Jacques Cartier - Sailed the Atlantic to the Northern U.S. looking for the NW Passage. - Samuel de Champlain - “F*ck the spice trade, there’s beaver in Canada.” - John Cabot - English dude looking for the NW Passage. Ended up claiming Newfoundland instead. - Henry Hudson - Dutch dude sent to explore the North American East Coast. Found Manhattan. - Hernan Cortes - Spanish dude who looks like a coke dealer who finished off the Aztecs. - Francisco Pizarro - Walmart Hernan Cortes who finished off the Incas instead. - Adam Smith - “Mercantilists are stupid.” WOMEN. - Ana Nzinga - Badass queen of Ndongo who said “f*ck you” to the Portuguese and created another country while allying with the Dutch. Damn. - Roxelana - Slavic born concubine of Suleiman the Magnificent who was so smoking hot, she gained political influence. Damn. 4.1 Technological Innovation Basic idea: New shit just got made, letting people travel farther on the ocean to pillage more shit from more lands to brag to the rest of the world how much shit they have leading other countries to try and develop new shit to try and get even more shit than everyone else. These lovely technologies included: - Magnetic compass - Needle that points up. - Astrolabe - Tells distance from equator. - Advanced cartography - Ancient Google Maps - Lateen sail - TRIANGLE. Catch wind from any angle. - Caravel - Ship with three masts made by those greedy-ass Portuguese and their neighbors the Christian-ass Spanish. The Portuguese stole the spice trade so I guess these boats did something right. Lateen sails, sometimes square. Dope-ass ride. - Carrack - Only Portugal. Lateen and square. Sails faster than Trump runs from the law. Helped to navigate the west Africa coast and into the Atlantic. Could even sail windward. Also a pretty dope-ass ride. - Fluyt - Dutch squares. - Galleons - Ships used by Spain that had bigger guns than Dwayne Johnson  - Newton’s Ideas of Gravity - An apple falling on a dead white man’s head led to a better understanding of tides. Go figure. Not really a technology but it helped. - Astronomical Chart - Twinkle twinkle little star. Motivations for European exploration: - GODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODGODG ODSPREADCHRISTIANITYCONVERTTHENATIVESANDKILLTHEMIFTHEYDOA RAINDANCE. - Primogeniture laws gave land to the oldest son. Huge problem if you weren’t the oldest son. Better find some land. - Europeans are unemployed, starving, and wanting land. - Bored, want glory - “Maybe if I move, I won’t be killed for thinking I can’t buy my way out of hell.” - Europeans like spices, but hate Indians. They want routes to get the spices and kill and conquer the Indians. Go you, Britain. - Middle Easterners are challenging European trade power (Portuguese forts in Oman), so Chris Columbus tries to find other routes to India. Maritime Empires: - Portugal - Paella Land (VIVA ESPANA PERRAS!!!) - Dirty Brits - Baguette Munchers - Holland (Dutch Bros) How these guys got so filthy rich: - Second best white powder (Sugar. So goddamn profitable you might forget to not do slavery) - Speaking of which, SLAVES. - Lung Cancer. (Tobacco) - White dad’s water. (Rum) - Extensive posts and colonies in Asia got them those spices Long-term effects/results - Boost in European’s expansion, boosting territory (and ego) - Gunpowder now included in conquests to kill more natives! - Increase in piracy (More shit moving = more shit to steal and people are lazy)  - Peter the Great wants to make Russia great again so he goes to Western Europe to learn about their new innovations. 4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events Basic Idea: The Pasta Munchers had a monopoly on European-Asian trade due to their geographic position and port cities like Venice. This pissed off literally everyone else in Europe and made them try and find routes to Asia. Specific factors: - Mercantilism: Europeans are now as materialistic as Gen-Alpha brats writing their wishlist to Santa. Basic thought process: More shit = more better. Decrease imports and maximize exports to get the most money possible. (Favorable balance of trade). Also exploit your colonies and make them suffer. Go you, Britain. (Honestly everyone did it though). - Religion: While expanding territory could get European’s their much desired shit, exploring largely unknown places isn’t usually a safe bet for getting resources. You could djust discover a barren wasteland and rocks aren’t that profitable. Voyages were also expensive, but the only thing Europeans loved more than copious amounts of shit was our boy Jesus. So states would fund journeys anyway to at least maybe convert some natives. Basically they don’t care about wasting money if they justify it with god. Now I know why my mom always puts a Benjamin in that basket at church. Portugal’s Ventures - Ferdinand Magellan - He died, but his crew made it around the world. - Around 1514, Portugal was basically unmatched in both S and SE Asia. Best tech. - Trading post empire. They wanted a spice monopoly. Wanted to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz. - China was initially unaffected by their presence, but Roman Catholic missionaries arrived and started trying to get China to open their eyes to God. Open…eyes? Portuguese Weaknesses - In short, they are small. Not enough workers and ships - Merchants don’t give a shit about the government as long as they get their money leading to independent trading. - Government Corruption. Reminds me of now.  - The Portuguese also tried to the Japanese to open their eyes to God, but they said no and outlawed the religion and burned Christians in public. Damn, son. Why does only Korean BBQ get attention? Paella Land’s Ventures - Manila becomes a Spanish trading hub - SILVER - One of the main forms of shit that Mercantilism revolves around. Found when Chris and the boys were looking for routes to Asia. Discovered the natives and exploited them for labor. They got filthy rich and took silver to Asia in Galleons. This is where Manila became extremely useful. But then inflation happened and their economy fell harder than Matt Gaetz’s spirits when Apple installed anti-pedo tech on iPhones. - China makes silver their currency driving the silver trade. Now Chinese ships are flocking to Manilla faster than your average divorced dad to a bar. - Silver is now a large force in the global economy as well as the Chinese one Baguette Muncher’s Ventures - Jacques Cartier reached the northern U.S. through the St. Lawrence River and searched for the speculated Northwest Passage but failed because it doesn’t exist. - Samuel de Champlain gets to Canada and goes, “Holy shit, there’s beaver everywhere. Who needs spices? We got hats.” - Quebec is now the main fur trade post. - “Sup natives, it’s the Catholics. This is Jesus. Follow him or we’ll beat the living hell out of you.” (They did it regardless, but they're Catholics, so you probably guessed that ending.) - More diplomatic ties with the Natives than other countries since they didn’t straight up try to murder, rape, and enslave them all the time. (Except for the Catholics) - Settlements grew slowly in comparison to other European powers’ Dirty Brit’s Ventures - John Cabot was sent to find the Northwest Passage. Based on what you’ve read above, you probably guessed how successful that was. He ended up claiming Newfoundland instead. - Destroyed ⅔ of Paella Land’s Armada giving them the confidence to say that they’re a major naval power. Go you, Britain. - Puritans fled to New England so they wouldn’t be BBQ’d. England didn’t tolerate them, but probably didn’t mind having colonists to tax in the future. - Jamestown - Discussed in more depth below.  - John Rolfe experiments with lung cancer and exports 2,600 pounds of tobacco in 1614, and then 119,000 in 1620. Gotta get 'em hooked huh? He also marries Pocahontas, so I guess experimenting with deadly substances will get you women. Go you, Johnny. Jamestown Triangle shaped town that was the first successful New World settlement. Led by a dude named John Smith. (Holy shit, that name is whiter than ranch) His philosophy in ruling was “If you don’t work, you don’t eat.” That quote is bringing back memories… Anyways, in 1609, Johnny had to go back to Britain just as 400 new settlers arrived. With no strong leadership and not enough food, basically, shit went down. They stole from the natives, pissing them off so the natives straight up attacked them. Now we’ve got Brits starving in a period (1609 - 10) eloquently dubbed “Starving Time.” Now we’ve got cannibalism going on and at the end only 60 of the 504 settlers are left. Go you, Britain. Dutch Ventures - Henry Hudson is sent to find the NW passage by exploring the east coast of N.America, but only finds Manhattan. Calls it New Amsterdam. - New Amsterdam - settlement of Manhattan at the mouth of two rivers. And If you know anything about world history, rivers are dope. Two? Even better. Basically these guys are pretty well off in terms of commerce. Eventually New York, but who cares right now? - Not that talked about and isn’t a huge player, but they’ve fluyts. 4.3 Columbian Exchange Basic Idea: The Europeans discover the Americas and pillage, kill, enslave and rape their way through it leading to much economic, agricultural, cultural, and demographic change worldwide (and a near annihilation of the Natives). Economic effects - As established, Europe’s main goal was to just get as much shit as possible, so you can guess what they did with the land and resources they found here. - Silver found in Spain’s colonies made ‘em filthy rich and the trade surrounding silver shot up dramatically - Caribbean was great for growing humanity’s favorite white powder leading to an increased slave trade (Benefiting Kongo, and other African states) and sugar and rum profits across states as well as starting the Triangular Trade. Agricultural/dietary effects - Major exchange of crops found in the respective hemispheres leading to improved diets - Introduction of horses to the Americas which helped in farming, but most importantly badass paintings of ripped Native dudes chasing down buffalo. - Natives get more meat!!! Pigs, cows, and horses are now in America. Y’all damn Texans thank Columbus for bringing your mascot. Cultural Effects - Catholic Europeans saw indigenous books as unholy and burned them. As a result most indigenous history is lost. Really Spain? I thought you were better than Germany. - European religion and social structure enforced (i.g. Casta System, Jesus) - Native religions weren’t annihilated, but rather syncretized. - Diasporas formed because of the Triangular Trade bringing Africans. Now we’ve got Muslims. And gumbo. Now whenever you eat Creole food, just thank the slaves that suffered so you could please your taste buds. Basically most cultural stuff associated with African Americans was likely a result of the Slave trade bringing their culture. - Due to men being forcibly taken, African states had a man shortage, leading to less competition. And, well, more women + less men = less competition among men = polygyny. Demographic Change - Native population fell harder than Joe Biden down a staircase. - 50 - 90% of native population was destroyed by diseases. - Europe's population boomed because of the crops from America. Great. More white people. - New ethnicities and mixes of race since Europeans saw the native women and got thirrrstyyyyy Diseases: While the Europeans basically treated the natives as practice for warfare, diseases played the biggest part in destroying them demographically. Because they were isolated for millenia, they had no immunity. Here’s a sample: - Smallpox - Measles, - Influenza - Malaria - Intermittent explosive disorder - this one, the Europeans had. 4.4 - Maritime Empires Link Regions Basic Idea: In the European race to get the most shit, new trading posts in Asia, Africa, and the Americas established a large trade network linking these regions together. They even got African and Asian states some economic benefit. Inversely the Americas’ profits depended on growing cash crops (and slaves of course). As basic serfdom and slavery is a little boring, white people saw the western hemisphere as an opportunity to try out some fresh, new, revolutionary coerced labor systems! Y’know, for science. African States affected by the Gain More Shit Race - The Kingdom of Kongo heard that Europeans liked using Black people which spurred them to kidnap those in surrounding areas to trade on their coast. They also saw their lower class citizens as expendable and basically kicked them out of their home. Ironically, being kicked from your home sounds like a white person's life story today. - The Assantes were already pretty rich from trading bling bling, but were also pleased to hear about the European’s tendency to use Black people to profit from white powder. - In the long run, these African states gained more influence through the slave trade. - Then, our boy Vasco affected the Swahili coast states by invading them, so moral of the story, don’t trust white people who set up on your land. Worse still, Vasco’s invasion led to a decline in the area, so second moral of the story, white people don’t make everything better. Asian States affected by the Gain More Shit Race - Japan was already keen on expanding economic influence, but initially didn’t care about the Dutch and Portuguese. They weren't so happy however when the whities brought Jesus with them, and after Christians gained considerable influence in Japan, let’s just say the government wasn’t happy and cheered themselves up with a cookout. (For what really happened see Portuguese Weaknesses) - Another effect on Japan was their decision to try and eradicate any outside foreign influence. - Ming China prohibited private foreign trade, destroyed some dockyards, limited the size of ships that could be built, and began reconstructing their Big Beautiful Wall. - Both Japan and China said, “Ah, f*ck no” and took up isolationist trading policies Competition in the Gain More Shit Race - Competition was fierce with European powers indirectly challenging each other more and more like a divorced couple over their child. - Joint-stock companies were largely involved in the control of India with the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company. - Speaking of which, joint stock companies boosted rivalries and interest in exploration since wimps could now join in because of the reduced risk if a voyage failed due to the shared nature of the concept. They’d share the profits too as well. - Even the Baguette Munchers wanted a share of India controlling Pondicherry. Apparently despite their pretentious culinary views, they didn’t mind curry too much. - Portugal controlled some of India as well controlling Goa since these greedy motherf*ckers wanted spice, so they kinda needed something here I guess. British East India Company - Joint stock company that established forts in India initially just to make some moolah. - Mughal Empire limited their influence. - Then they noticed religious tensions between the Muslims and Hindus and went “Sick, fighting minorities, let’s make some bank.” And took advantage of the conflict by signing treaties to gain more influence. - Eventually, this led to Britain establishing political control over the country and treating Indians like dogs. Go you, Britain. Aztecs go bye-bye Hernan Cortes sees all the Aztec gold and silver and gets greedy. So he goes to the Aztec tribute states and says, “Hey, you hate them. We hate them. Wanna go f*ck up their city? We totally won’t enslave and kill you afterwards.” Then they proceed to f*ck up Tenochtitlan and attempt to kill and enslave the other natives, but diseases kill them first. Goddamnit. At least we have a new city on top of the f*cked up one now. Incas go bye-bye Some dude named Francisco Pizarro did what Cortes did to the Aztecs to the Inca. Even copied his tactics. I sense a lawsuit coming. Split the tortilla or God will split you. - Spain and Portugal both wanted more shit and were having a friendly and totally not almost violent discussion of what shit they could colonize without the other person losing their shit (in two ways).  - Fortunately, they both have Jesus!!! The Catholic church stepped in and prevented them from beating the shit out of each other to get the other person’s shit. Go you, Jesus. - Treaty of Tortillas - The Treaty of Tordesillas split the shit giving Spain colonization rights to the shit west of a longitude line going through South America and Portugal the shit east of it. “Now let’s take other people’s shit instead of each other’s, m’kay?” Forced Labor!!!!!! - Encomienda - “Hey natives, give us labor and get a house! (And totally not any abuse and mistreatment).” - Kind of an off-brand Temu version of classic European Manorialism with added abuse. Was used to gain access to bling and silver. Land for this system was often given to conquistadors as a reward for killing lots of natives. - Hacienda - Sort of developed from Encomienda but was more focused on the agrarian side of things rather than that shiny bling and silver. - “Inca” Mit’a System - The Spanish saw the Incan style of community service and went, “Sick, they already like working. Let’s just add abuse to the mix and throw them into dangerous silver mines.” - Indentured Servitude - “You can go to America if you sign a contract to wash my dishes for seven years.” - Chattel Slavery - Labor system in which slaves were viewed as property rather than people and could be treated like shit. Fueled by the Transatlantic slave trade. Transported in tight cargo holds in the bottoms of ships in which 10-15% of those transported would die. Consequently dispersed African culture establishing the first Muslim populations in the Americas. African Slavery (This section doesn’t have any smartass comments because I don’t think it’s appropriate to make smartass comments on this particular topic, so if you’re here just to hear me snark at underdeveloped societal practices, I’d skip) - Wasn’t a new thing by this time period. It was around as early as Antiquity. - Rose to prominence from Bantu migrations planting their crops everywhere making it necessary for people to work the land, and they were lazy so they just captured and forced other people to do it for them. - Most slaves were POWs - Hello enslavement = Bye bye rights - Owners were legally allowed to treat slaves like objects. - Mostly agricultural - Land ownership wasn’t recognized in Africa making control of slave trading equivalent to wealth. - Slaves were stocks. They were literally a symbol of richness. - Muslims were quite involved, trading slaves on the Mediterranean - Portugal was small and needed a large workforce to grow all that sugar. Answer: Slaves that weren’t natives who died from smallpox. - Capturing of slaves was almost always a violent matter - As Europeans wanted more slaves, African leaders got greedy and would form raiding parties to capture slaves to trade to these European buyers. Most prominent players were the Hadomey and Oyo. - Some wars were waged among African states for the sole purpose of capturing more slaves for economic benefit. - Transported to the Americas in tight, unsanitary ships - known as the “Middle Passage.” Journey length was typically 30 - 50 days for ships to Brazil, and 60 -90 for ships to Guinea and the Caribbean. Journey lengths reduced as naval technology improved. - Goddamn Europeans had the audacity to say they were treating them well. Merely keeping them alive for your profit is not treating them well you materialistic motherfuckers. - Treatment was in fact very cruel. - Sick slaves were literally thrown off the ship to prevent the disease from spreading and killing their cargo and profits. - Mortality in the early days of the slave trade was sometimes up to 50% - Rate eventually declined to 5% because of improved conditions but only because Europeans wanted more money. - Once the destination was reached, they’d be herded like cattle into a pen. - They’d be cleaned and washed and covered in tar or grease to make them appear healthy and totally not barely alive from a grueling painful journey. - They’d also be branded like cattle. - They were then auctioned off. - Buyers would inspect the “product.” Teeth would be used as an age indicator. - Peaked in the 1780s with around 88,000 slaves transported per year. - Working conditions were often terrible. Unsanitary and undernutrition lead to high death rates. Kind of counterintuitive to keep a slave if you don’t feed it well to get the most out of them, but that’s just me criticizing. - While the status of a chattel slave was hereditary, reproduction was low. - Due to lack of reproduction and the decision to give slaves conditions that would kill them, a constant stream of slaves was necessary to keep production going. - 50% to the Caribbean, 33% Brazil, 5% to North America, and whatever the hell’s left to the rest of the colonies. - North American conditions were generally better and reproduction among slaves was encouraged due to it being more economical than importing more and more. Can I go back to being sarcastic now? Thanks. Triangular Trade and the Plantation Economic System Ventures in America = More white powder = more black people to grow the white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder so the white powder can be shipped back to the mother country so they can export it to get more money to buy more black people to grow more white powder….This also applied to other crops such as cotton which would be shipped to Europe to make stuff like shirts so they could get more money to buy more slaves and repeat the process. 4.5 The Maintenance of Maritime Empires Basic Idea: If you’re a lazy bum, anything you’re running will fall apart including an empire. Most leaders at this time however were too materialistic and greedy to be lazy bums so they’d go great lengths to maintain their power and influence. The Commercial is Revolutioning - “Small scale trade isn’t effectively supporting my greedy imperialistic tendencies. Why don’t we make it worldwide and center it around gold in silver? We’ll call it the Commercial Revolution.” - Development of colonies (or Native-killing if you prefer) helped drive this change. - “Sick, more trade routes.” - Population growth = more people = more people who want goods = more goods being traded = more trade routes = Commercial Revolution  - inflatio n - Increased peasant and artisan labor = more shit = more trade. (Wool, linen, cotton, silk etc…) Now poor people can join in! - Joint-stock companies were establishments in which a group of investors would buy shares of companies and profit or go broke with everyone else. This allowed for people of lower economic status to be involved with national expansion. - These companies offered limited liability, making investing safer so wimps could enjoy too. - The Dutch Bros, Dirty Brits, and Baguette Munchers all developed such companies during the 17th century. - Overall these companies were a very large driving force in exploration since they effectively funded voyages with little risk so people weren’t too afraid of laying down some cash. It also helped to grow the middle class. Could you watch the kids? - Colonies were almost always as far away from the mother country as Prince Andrew has to stay from schools. - Because of this distance, there was always concern that those in a colony might be up to some shenanigans. - Solution? Govern them hard and tax the living shit out of them for your financial benefit. Totally won’t form any countries. - Spain was good at this by appointing viceroys and audiencias to make sure colonists didn’t get any funny ideas. We’ve already made mixed people by marrying the native women. Let’s make some mixed religions! - Santeria - “Way of the saints.” Originally from Africa. Popular in Cuba and than traveled to Latin and North America - Vodun - “Spirit” / ”Deity.” Also stolen from the Africans, specifically Kongo. - Candomble - “Dance for God guys. I think he’s in the mood for a K-Pop number tonight!” said the mix of Yorubas, Fons and Bantus living in Brazil. - Islam - Not really syncretic, but it’s new to the Americas, so I just put it down and it’s likely that it syncretized in some local areas anyway. 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power Basic Idea: When a group is being murdered, pillaged, limited or controlled, that group is probably going to lose their shit (only in one way this time) and try to kill the oppressors. Or at least resist them nonviolently, but that’s boring. Portugal Pissing off a Queen - Ana Nzinga rose to power over Ndongo and initially was fine with the Portuguese. She was even dipped in tap water associated with Jesus. - The alliance broke down harder than an American marriage and she fled to Matamba freeing slaves along the way. - She then allied with the Dutch as an extra “f*ck you” to the Portuguese. - Nzinga then spent decades resisting the Portuguese just out of spite while making Matamba a successful state. Damn. Resisting the Ruskies - Maybe it was the Vodka, but Russia was lagging in terms of improving serfs’ life conditions. - Serfdom expanded with Russia just like my dad after Taco Bell - These poor conditions pissed off a lot of serfs. - The Cossacks were a group of serfs who were independent, fierce, warlike and in general just f*cking psychopaths. - One such Cossack named Yemelyan Pugachev decided, “Y’know what? We have a reputation for being fierce, warlike psychopaths. Why don’t we use our violent tendencies to beat the shit out of the monarchy?” and thus began the Pugachev rebellion. - The Pugachev Rebellion was carried out against Catherine the Great in 1774 because our boy Yeme Puga was pissed that Cathy had given the nobility power over the serfs solely for the exchange of their political loyalty. - Surprise: An uprising of farmers failed against the military. Hoes can’t beat bows guys. - After the crushing of the rebellion, Catherine said to the serfs, “Just for that I’mma oppress your ass even harder.” and thus oppressed their asses even harder. Resistance in South Asia - The Maratha were a group of Hindus who went, “F*ck the Jizya tax, I wanna pray to an elephant-man for free.” And revolted. - What followed was a series of battles and in contrast to the Pugachev revolt, this one was highly successful resulting in the ending of Mughal rule in India and the eventual establishment of the Maratha Empire. Resistencia en el Imperio Español - Apparently, it’s not a great idea to try and force people to worship stuff as seen with the Pueblo revolt. - The Pueblo revolt was in 1680 when bunch of Pueblos and Apaches said, “f*ck the Church, I wanna keep worshiping animals and the wind and other artsy pretentious shit.” and killing 400 Spaniards not excluding women and children and burning down a bunch of churches. Hey, I didn’t want to go to church as a kid either. I didn’t kill my mom and burn down Holy Rosary Catholic Parish in West Seattle though. That’s a bit much. - But then the Paella eaters reconquered the area in 1692, so you’ll have to burn more churches next time. Sorry. Continental Natives saying “f*ck the British” over and over again - The Maroon wars, the Gloucester County Rebellion, and Metacom’s war were all instances of Natives saying, “F*ck the Brits.” They really hated the British likely because the British were more violent and assertive than the Baguette Munchers up north who came for beaver and then left them alone. - Then there was the Boring Revolution. Or as Mrs. Hartmann wants you to call it, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.” It basically just gave some more power to Parliament and banned Catholics to rule England. Honestly, more countries need a ban like that. Religious tensions still remained though. 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies Basic Idea: Through rebellions and colonization, social structures and hierarchies both appeared and changed. A lot were just white people thinking anything other than white was a savage and deeming it lower, but others were simply the changing of social norms. Social Classes in Gunpowder Empires (Sorry I couldn’t ruin this title) - Apparently they thought warriors were pretty dope and put them on top along with the ulama or religious experts because Islam.  - Janissaries gained a lot of power and prestige. - Sultans were at the top but were typically spineless and were dealing with the drama in their room full of hot women (or their harem if you prefer) deeming their viziers or advisors the most influential political figures - Merchants and artisans were your P.Terry’s worker equivalents smack in the middle of everything. - Then as you might’ve guessed you’ve got the peasants and slaves suffering at the bottom. Losers. - Slaves were European in these states in sharp contrast to the ones in the American colonies. They were usually captured by Barbary Pirates and sold to the Islamic states. - Some people were forced to serve in the military. “Shoot this mother and child, or we’ll shoot you.” Possibly more than a million people were impressed into service between the 1500’s and 1800’s. Islamic Gunpowder States’ Treatment of other Religions - Didn’t care too much about Jews and Christians as they were “People of the Book”, even though they probably didn’t like those damn Christians munching on bacon. - Developed the millet system in which each “millet” was allowed to choose a leader and do whatever the hell they liked as long as they behaved like ATMs and boosted these states’ economic gains. - This system led to an influx of other religious groups. ‘Cause it’s not fun to be executed in your home country for saying that Jesus was just some random Jewish dude. WOMEN. - Surprisingly, women had some influence in court. Go you, Ottomans. - Those women however did not have as much power as the sultan’s concubines. - Basically, the sultan was typically really horny and would be influenced by concubines trying to promote their own children to be an heir and competing over him. This led to Harem politics, otherwise known as the Ancient Bachelor. - The strongest woman was named Roxelana. She was apparently so hot that Suleiman decided to marry her and she started being a key player in commissioning public projects. From the pictures, I’d say Suleiman had a putrid taste in women, but I’m honestly really happy for her.  Hair Kills Chinese - Qing China was not Chinese, therefore Qing China was not Qing Chong - From 1644 - 1912, China was ruled by Manchus. - The native Han Chinese faced severe intolerance by the Manchus as the Manchus wanted to promote their culture. Solution? Make all men have a weird-ass haircut, otherwise chop their f*cking head off. - They’d literally massacre anyone who didn’t comply with the hair thingie. Like I know Asian mullets are pretty f*cking terrible, but c’mon. - Some major killings included those by Li Chengdong and Liu Liang Zuo who murdered the entire population of Jiangyin killing up to 100,000 people. Over hair. Class Relations in Europe - The Dutch Bros’ and Dirty Brits’ respective nobilities continued benefiting. - The nobility in Baguette Land is losing power as the middle class gains some due to factors like joint - stock companies. And if you know anything about the French middle class, you know shit’s about to go down. - Louis XIV’s head got bigger than Nikocado Avocado was, claiming, “L'etat, c'est moi” which probably further pissed off the French middle class increasing the likelihood of shit going down. Go you, Louis. - Ivan the Terrible was having terrible trust issues and made all the boyars move to Moscow to keep an eye on them. They could probably plot something while he’s killing his son though… - The Casta System in Latin America is making the only way of moving up intermarriage, so get rizzy ladies. 4.8 Continuities and Change from 1450 to 1750 Basic Idea: Through 300 years of increased connection, new boats, killing natives, and new shit being discovered and being pillaged for more shit, the world had definitely changed in many different ways. However, some things stayed the same like forced labor and murder, so appreciate the constants right guys? Change (Wolfie’s Version) - “Look, another hemisphere! Let’s kill everything on it and create colonies which will become independent countries because we’re shit at governing!” (And in general just assholes to their citizens)  - Islamic nerds spread their math and science and now everyone can be a nerd and credit all the math to white people. At least we can make better boats. - “SLAVES. WE NEED MORE SLAVES.” - “How ‘bout we fight over economics more often and not just because you think someone else created the universe?” - “Books are cool now. What the hell?” - “Where’d all the Natives go?” I’m bored. Can we change these? - Indian Ocean trade is still king. Europeans just need their curry. - Most people are still working the fields. Until we get some more soul-sucking office jobs, I’m afraid they’ll be there a while. - “You don’t need more slaves. It’s already been a thing.” - “White people never go away, huh?” _____________________________________________________________________________ Hi! I hope you were able to digest this more easily than those boring slides. Don’t feel bad or anything, I didn’t really have to go out of my way to make this since making these for each unit is how I’ve studied for history tests for the past 4 -5 years. I just showed one of my friends this and she really liked it, thought other people might, and forced me to share it by threatening to tell my mom that I snuck my Switch to bed regularly when I was eleven. My friends are so nice. If you think someone will like this better than boring guides or Heimler videos, just make sure they’re not sensitive to weird jokes and send them the link. It’s open access to our district, so don’t worry about restrictions. I’m always happy to help anyone study. (Unless I hate them.) Good luck on the test!