Flower lecture notes PDF

Flowers Mahrous Hesham, Ph.D.  German chamomile ‫زهر البابونج‬ Origin : Dried flower- heads of Matricaria chamomila Linn. Family : Compositae (Astraceae). Morphology : Terminal (single capitulum). Disk flo...

Flowers Mahrous Hesham, Ph.D.  German chamomile ‫زهر البابونج‬ Origin : Dried flower- heads of Matricaria chamomila Linn. Family : Compositae (Astraceae). Morphology : Terminal (single capitulum). Disk floret (tubular floret ) Short conical hollow axis Ray floret (ligulate floret ) L.cut in G. chamomile capitulum  Key Elements Fragments of corolla showing polygonal epidermal Fragments from the ovary wall cells hairs of compositae type with glandular hairs and mucilage cells Numerous spiny pollen grains Fragment of base of the ovary showing sclerides. Fragments of fibrous Fragments of lignified hypodermis of the layer of the anther bracts Fragments of papillosed stigma  Active constituents & Uses Active constituents : 1. Not less than 0.4% of blue volatile oil containing azulene & chamazulene. 2. Apigenin free or as glucoside 3. umbelliferone methyl ether Uses: Tea drink 1. One of most common remedies for house use as carminative and aromatic bitter stomachic. 2. Emmenagogue and diaphoretic 3. Flatulence and intestinal disturbance Skin cares as: 1. Burns, wounds, boils and for the hair, due to the favorable influence of the oil on the inflammation of the skin and mucous membrane. 2. Anti inflammatory due to chamazulene.  Roman Chamomile ‫زهر البابونج‬ ‫الرومانى‬ Origin: Dried expanded flower-heads of Anthemis nobilis Linn., Family Compositae, collected from cultivated plants having double capitula. Single capitulum Double capitulum (wild plant) (cultivated plant)  Compositae glandular hairs Key Elements Fibrous layer of anther Non-glandular hairs, short basal cells and very long terminal cell Spiny pollen grains Papillosed stigma fragments  Active constituents & Uses Active constituents: 1. 0.8 to 1% volatile oil. Blue in color due to azulene. 2. A bitter principle; anthemic acid. 3. Apigenin, free or as glucoside. 4. Bitter crystalline glycoside anthemisol. Uses: 1. Bitter stomachic and tonic. 2. Carminative. 3. In large doses as emetic.  Santonica (Wormseed) ‫زهر الشيح الخراسانى‬ Origin: Dried, unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia cina Berg. (Family Compositae). Santonica contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matter, and yields not less than 1.8% of santonin.  Key Elements Numerous pollen grains with 3 germ pores and 3 germinal furrows. The exine is finely granular but not spiny Fragments of epidermis of the bract showing anomocytic stomata, compositae glandular hairs and occasionally woolly or cottony hairs. Active constituents & Chemical test 1. Volatile oil containing cineole. 2. Santonin and artemisin (8-hydroxysantonion). Chemical Tests: Cazilback Test: Extract + 2 or 3 drops of potassium methoxide reagent, warm, where a red color is produced.  Uses It is used as efficient anthelmintic for round worms and to less extent for thread worms, but it has no effect on tape worms. It is now replaced by pure santonin. It produces a remarkable disturbance of vision, objects first appearing blue and then yellow. Absorbed santonin renders urine yellow if acidic and purplish if alkaline.  Arnica Flower Origin : The dried flower-heads of Arnica montana Family Compositae. Morphology :Inflorescence (single capitulum). Arnica flower have pleasant sweet, aromatic adour and bitter acrid taste.  Key elements & Active constituents Key elements: 1. The ovary wall bears numerous twin hairs , each composed of 2 cells which diverge at the tips. (2) (1) 2. Compositae trichomes. Active constituents: 1. Sesquiterpene lactones : helenalin and chamissonolid (Anti-inflammatory and decrease pain). 2. Volatile oil (0.3 - 1%) : containing thymol and its Derivatives (antibacterial). 3. Bitter principle : arnicin.  Action & uses Action: 1. Arnica improves the local blood supply ( local irritant) and speeds healing. 2. It is anti- inflammatory and increases the rate of reabsorption of internal bleeding. Uses: An effective ointment for bruises, sprains and muscle pain. Not used Internally to stimulate circulation : toxic even at low dosage.  Safflower anthers Origin : corolla The dried tubular florets of Carthamus tinctorius, Fam. Compositae. Morphology : ovary slightly aromatic odor and slight taste  Active constituents & Uses Active constituent : Red coloring substance : (Carthamin or carthamic acid) Yellow coloring substance : Safflower-yellow Fixed oil Mucilage Uses: Diaphoretic. Coloring agent ( used as adulterant for saffron )  Saffron ‫الزعفران‬ Origin : The dried stigmas and the tops of the styles of Crocus sativus Fam. Iridaceae. Morphology (Description of stigma): 1. Shape : trifid stigma 2. The lips of the tube are notched 3. The margin is papillosed.  Active constituents & Uses Active constituents: 1. Saffron contains unusual water -soluble carotenoid pigments : 2. Crocin (colored glycoside). 3. picrocrocin (colorless bitter glycoside). 4. Safranal responsible for odour of saffron. 5. Volatile oil. Uses: 1. Coloring agent 2. Stimulant and antispasmodic  Tilia ‫زهر الزيزفون‬ Origin: Dried inflorescence, with their attached bracts of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos, family Tiliaceae. It contains not more than 3% foreign matter. The flower must be dried in shade not in sun nor artificially. Inflorescences consists of pendulous cymes consisting of yellowish-green flowers  Active constituents & Uses Microscopical character 1. Mucilaginous cells of sepals and petals 2. Calcium oxalate cluster 3. Oval pollen grains with granulated exine Pollen grains with three germinal pores Active constituents: 1. Flavonoid glycoside 2. Mucilage Uses: Calcium oxalate cluster 1. Diaphoretic 3. Volatile oil 2. Antispasmodic 4. Phenolic4acid 3. Expectorant Proanthocyanidins. 4. Sleep support 5. relieve cold and cough symptoms.  Lavander flower ‫زهر الالوندا‬ Origin: Dried flowers of Lavandula officinalis family Labiatae. It contains not more than 2% foreign matter. It yields not less than 0.5%v/w volatile oil. Morphology: Aromatic odor, aromatic bitter camphoraceous taste. Calyx 5 united sepals with hariy greyish blue to bluish violet color. Crolla bilabiate hairy dark blue.  Active constituents & Uses Active constituents: 0.8-2.8% volatile oil contains not less than 35% ester of linalyl-acetate, alcohol as linalool and geraniol, limonene as sesquiterpene. Uses: 1. Perfuming agent and is used in manufacture of perfumes and to flavor the pharmaceutical cosmetic preparations. 2. Fumigating cloths to keep them free from moths.  Key Elements Clusters of calcium oxalate(1); sinuous walled calyx epidermal cells containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate (2); labiate type glandular trichome in surface view(3) and side view (4); glandular trichomes (5,6); bifurcating covering trichomes(7); hexacolpate pollen grains (8)  Clove flower- buds ‫براعم زهر القرنفل‬ Origin : Dried unexpanded flower buds of Eugenia aromatica family Myrtaceae Morphology : Expanded and unexpanded Dried flower buds buds (clove)  L. Cut in clove corolla stamens calyx style ovary hypanthium  Internally, hypanthium shows : A. At the ovary level B. Bellow the ovary level, hypanthium shows : An inferior ovary in its upper portion surrounded by a large outer zone -Columella ( central zone) contains numerous oval schizolysigenous oil -Dark lacunous layer glands near the periphery -Outermost zone of and numerous vascular schizolys. oil glands and bundles near the ovary. vascular bundles.  Key elements Parenchymatous tissues Pollen grains fibrous layer of with broken and entire oil anther glands Aerenchyma Cluster crystals of CaOx Epidermal cells cells with actinocytic stomata Active constituents & Chemical tests Active constituents: 15-20 % volatile oil containing: ( 80 % eugenol & 3 % acetyleugenol ) 1. Eugenol (a phenol) : a strong anaesthetic ( useful in pain relief in toothache) and antiseptic 2. Acetyleugenol : antispasmodic Chemical tests: 1. Powdered clove + 5% KOH, leave for some time needle shaped crystals of potassium eugenate are produced. ( due to the oil ) 2. Powdered cloves + ferric chloride a deep blue color is produced in all elements except fibers (due to tannin).  Uses Local anesthetic as toothache remedy. As a fragrance component in toothpastes, soaps, toiletries, cosmetics and perfumes. Antiseptic , Antispasmodic, Carminative. Stimulate and strengthen uterine muscle contraction during labour. For bad breath ,asthma and bronchitis Spice. Synthesis of vanillin from eugenol.  Hibiscus = Karkade Origin: The dried calyx and epicalyx of the flower of Hibiscus sabdariffa Family: Malvaceae. Key elements: Cottony stellate Unicellular trichome trichomes  Active constituents & Chemical tests Active constituents: 1. Organic acids: 15% citric, malic, hibisic acids. 2. Coloring matter of anthocyanin type, e.g., Hibiscin. 3. Flavonoids, e.g., hibiscetin. Chemical tests: 1. powder are boiled in 1% HCl, filter the filtrate Dark red. 2. filtrate + KOH T.S. Blue color. 3. filtrate + NaOAc T.S. Violet color. 4. filtrate + concentrated NH OH green color. 4 5. filtrate +10% Pb(OAc)2 solution blue precipitate.  Uses Substitute drink. Emollient, sedative, blood alkalinizer, slightly diaphoretic, digestive. May decrease blood pressure of hypotensive people “Antihypertensive” no effect on normal. It gives a euphoric impression. Weight reducing agent.