Gross Anatomy Samplex Past Paper PDF

GROSS ANATOMY SAMPLEX [ First Preliminary Examination] FIRST PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Correct Answer: C. Frontal 6. Which of the following is syndesmosis?...

GROSS ANATOMY SAMPLEX [ First Preliminary Examination] FIRST PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Correct Answer: C. Frontal 6. Which of the following is syndesmosis? 1. What is the primary structural unit of compact bone? A. Sutures B. Gomphoses A. Osteon C. Proximal radioulnar joint B. Trabecula D. Distal tibiofibular joint C. Chondrocyte D. Sarcomere Correct Answer: D. Distal tibiofibular joint 7. The only bone in the body that does NOT articulate Correct Answer: A. Osteon directly with any other bone is the: 2. A surgeon planning a procedure to access the heart A. Hyoid through the sternum must consider which plane to B. Patella avoid damaging underlying structures such as major C. Sternum blood vessels. D. Mandible A. Coronal plane Correct Answer: A. Hyoid B. Midsagittal plane C. Transverse plane 8. Which bone forms the forehead? D. Parasagittal plane A. Parietal Correct Answer: B. Midsagittal plane B. Temporal C. Frontal 3. In assessing a patient with osteoporosis, D. Occipital understanding the structure of an osteon is crucial. Which of the following BEST describes the role of the Correct Answer: C. Frontal central canal in the osteon? 9. Which of the following is a surface landmark? A. It houses osteocytes. B. It contains blood vessels and nerves. A. Groove C. It stores calcium and phosphate. B. Plane D. It provides attachment for ligaments. C. Macule D. Excoriation Correct Answer: B. It contains blood vessels and Correct Answer: A. Groove nerves. 10. What is the least common type of bone according 4. The main use of anatomical planes is to describe: to shape? A. Movement A. Long B. Section B. Irregular C. Distance C. Sesamoid D. Measurement D. Flat Correct Answer: C. Sesamoid Correct Answer: B. Section 11. Which of the following bones is found in the lower 5. Cross sections are slices of the body or its parts that limb? are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts. Because the long axis of A. Ulna the foot runs horizontally, a transverse section of the B. Lunate foot lies in what plane? C. Navicular D. Metacarpal A. Median B. Sagittal Correct Answer: C. Navicular C. Frontal D. Axial 12. In an accident where a patient sustains a blow to the anterior pelvis, which structure is most likely to be compromised, and what would be the potential consequence? BATCH MERAKI 2028 A. Acetabulum; dislocation of the hip joint 18. In reconstructive surgery for a damaged shoulder B. Pubic symphysis; instability of the pelvic girdle joint, which specific feature of the synovial joint must C. Ilium; impaired attachment of abdominal be carefully restored to ensure proper mobility and muscles prevent future dislocations? D. Ischium; weakened support while sitting A. Synovial membrane Correct Answer: B. Pubic symphysis; instability of B. Articular cartilage the pelvic girdle C. Joint capsule D. Labrum 13. A forensic analysis of skeletal remains reveals a small, rounded bone embedded within a tendon near Correct Answer: D. Labrum the knee joint. Which type of bone is this, and what is its functional significance? 19. A patient presents with a "locked" knee, likely due to damage in which specific structure. What is the A. Sesamoid bone; increases the mechanical biomechanical role of this structure in joint function? advantage of tendons B. Flat bone; provides protection and surface for A. Anterior cruciate ligament; prevents anterior muscle attachment translation of the tibia C. Irregular bone; supports the body's weight and B. Meniscus; distributes weight and absorbs dissipates force shock D. Short bone; facilitates fine motor movements C. Patellar tendon; facilitates extension of the knee Correct Answer: A. Sesamoid bone; increases the D. Fibular collateral ligament; stabilizes the outer mechanical advantage of tendons knee 14. Which type of synovial joint permits rotation Correct Answer: B. Meniscus; distributes weight around a single axis? and absorbs shock A. Ginglymus 20. During a hand injury assessment, the practitioner B. Enarthrosis notes difficulty in thumb opposition. Which synovial C. Trochoid joint is most likely affected, and what is the D. Condyloid significance of this movement? Correct Answer: C. Trochoid A. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; essential for grasping 15. The articulation between the metacarpal of the B. Metacarpophalangeal joint; allows flexion and thumb and the trapezium is a: extension of fingers C. Interphalangeal joint; critical for finger A. Hinge joint dexterity B. Pivot joint D. Radiocarpal joint; supports wrist flexion C. Saddle joint D. Condyloid joint Correct Answer: A. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; essential for grasping Correct Answer: C. Saddle joint 21. If a patient has difficulty rotating their forearm, 16. Which synovial joint permits the most movement which synovial joint is most likely impaired, and what on several axes? functional activity would this limitation affect? A. Trochoid A. Humeroulnar joint; difficulty with elbow B. Ellipsoid extension C. Enarthroses B. Radioulnar joint; impaired ability to turn a D. Ginglymus doorknob Correct Answer: C. Enarthroses C. Glenohumeral joint; restricted shoulder abduction 17. Which of the following structures reduces friction in D. Carpometacarpal joint; reduced thumb a synovial joint? opposition A. Synovial fluid Correct Answer: C. Glenohumeral joint; restricted B. Meniscus shoulder abduction C. Ligament D. Periosteum 22. The teres minor muscle is named according to ______. Correct Answer: A. Synovial Fluid A. Size B. Shape [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 C. Position contraction pathway is most likely compromised, D. Attachment leading to progressive muscle weakness? Correct Answer: B. Shape A. Troponin B. Myosin 23. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is named C. Dystrophin according to _______. D. Actin A. Position Correct Answer: C. Dystrophin B. Action C. Shape 29. Which type of muscle fibers would be most actively D. Attachment engaged during a high-intensity workout, and what metabolic pathway would they predominantly rely on? Correct Answer: D. Attachment A. Type I fibers, oxidative phosphorylation B. Type IIa fibers, aerobic glycolysis C. Type IIb fibers, anaerobic glycolysis 24. You wanted to have big biceps, so you decided to D. Type I fibers, creatine phosphate system go to the gym and perform some exercises directed towards the biceps like the biceps curls (elbow flexion Correct Answer: C. Type IIb fibers, anaerobic with dumbbells). What type of muscle contraction is glycolysis observed? 30. A muscle biopsy reveals a predominance of type I A. Concentric muscle fibers. Based on this finding, which of the B. Eccentric following activities is the individual most likely trained C. Isometric in? D. Tonic A. Powerlifting Correct Answer: A. Concentric B. Sprinting C. Marathon running 25. In skeletal muscles, the group of fibers/fiber D. Bodybuilding bundles is invested by which layer? Correct Answer: C. Marathon running A. Endomysium B. Epimysium 31. A drug that selectively inhibits the release of C. Perimysium calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would D. Paretenon most likely have which of the following effects on skeletal muscle? Correct Answer: C. Perimysium A. Inhibition of muscle contraction 26. Which type of muscle fiber is MOST resistant to B. Enhancement of muscle contraction fatigue? C. No effect on muscle contraction A. Type I (slow-twitch) D. Prolonged muscle contraction B. Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative) Correct Answer: A. Inhibition of muscle C. Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic) contraction D. Type IIx 32. The head of the humerus articulates with which Correct Answer: A. Type I (slow-twitch) part of the scapula? 27. Which of the following scenarios BEST A. Acromion demonstrates the concept of muscle recruitment? B. Coracoid process A. The activation of additional motor units to lift a C. Glenoid cavity progressively heavier object D. Spine of the scapula B. The simultaneous contraction of all muscle Correct Answer: C. Glenoid cavity fibers within a muscle C. The repeated stimulation of a muscle to 33. Which of the following is a feature of the humerus? maintain contraction D. The lengthening of muscle fibers under tension A. Deltoid tuberosity B. Greater tubercle Correct Answer: A. The activation of additional C. Olecranon fossa motor units to lift a progressively heavier object D. All of the above 28. In a patient with muscular dystrophy, which Correct Answer: D. All of the above molecular component of the skeletal muscle [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 34. The clavicle articulates laterally with the: Correct Answer: A. Surgical neck of humerus a. Sternum 41. Given the unique articulation between the clavicle b. Acromion of the scapula and the sternum, which type of synovial joint is c. Coracoid process of the scapula formed, and what is the primary movement allowed by d. First rib this joint? A. Hinge joint, flexion and extension Correct Answer: B. Acromion of the scapula B. Saddle joint, biaxial movement C. Ball-and-socket joint, rotational movement 35. Which bone forms the superior part of the shoulder D. Plane joint, gliding movement joint? Correct Answer: B. Saddle joint, biaxial movement A. Scapula B. Clavicle 42. A patient presents with a dislocated shoulder C. Humerus where the head of the humerus is displaced anteriorly. D. Radius Which anatomical structure of the scapula is most likely to have failed in providing adequate support? Correct Answer: A. Scapula A. Acromion 36. Where is the acromion process of the scapula B. Glenoid labrum found? C. Coracoid process D. Spine of the scapula A. Posteriorly B. Anteriorly Correct Answer: B. Glenoid labrum C. Lateral border 43. In cases of shoulder impingement syndrome, the D. Medial border tendon of which muscle is most frequently Correct Answer: A. Posteriorly compressed, and how does this impact shoulder movement? 37. Which of the rotator cuff muscles inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus? A. Supraspinatus, limited abduction B. Infraspinatus, limited external rotation A. Teres minor C. Subscapularis, limited internal rotation B. Supraspinatus D. Teres minor, limited adduction C. Subscapularis D. Infraspinatus Correct Answer: A. Supraspinatus, limited abduction Correct Answer: C. Subscapularis 44. Which muscle/s originate/s from the coracoid 38. Which angle of the spine marks the level of the 7th process of the scapula? rib and spine of the 7th thoracic vertebrae? A. Brachialis A. Superior B. Pectoralis major B. Inferior C. Short head of the biceps brachii C. Lateral D. All of the above D. Medial Correct Answer: C. Short head of the biceps brachii Correct Answer: B. Inferior 45. What is the prime mover of elbow flexion? 39. This important structure passes below the Superior Transverse Scapular ligament. A. Brachialis B. Brachioradialis A. Suprascapular artery C. Long head Biceps brachii B. Dorsal scapular nerve D. Short head Biceps brachii C. Posterior circumflex humeral artery D. Suprascapular nerve Correct Answer: A. Brachialis Correct Answer: D. Suprascapular nerve 46. The long head of the triceps brachii originates from which part of the scapula? 40. What structure is the lateral border of the quadrangular space? A. Supraglenoid tubercle B. Infraglenoid tubercle A. Surgical neck of humerus C. Coracoid process B. Long head of the triceps brachii D. Spine of the scapula C. Anatomical neck of humerus D. Medial head of the triceps brachii Correct Answer: B. Infraglenoid tubercle [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 47. Considering the force-velocity relationship in 52. What is the synergist and antagonist of pronator muscle physiology, how would the activation of the quadratus muscle? triceps brachii differ between a fast, explosive push-up and a slow, controlled push-up? A. Extensor digitorum communis - Anconeus B. Pronator teres - Supinator A. Greater force generation in the fast push-up C. Biceps brachii - Triceps brachii B. Greater force generation in the slow push-up D. Deltoid - Pectoralis major C. Equal force generation in both movements D. Reduced force generation in the slow push-up Correct Answer: B. Pronator teres - Supinator Correct Answer: B. Greater force generation in the 53. The muscles of the posterior compartment of the slow push-up arm is generally responsible for what movement at the elbow joint? 48. A tear in the long head of the biceps brachii would A. Flexion primarily affect which movement, and what other B. Extension muscle might compensate for this action? C. Supination D. Pronation A. Elbow flexion; brachialis B. Shoulder abduction; deltoid Correct Answer: B. Extension C. Elbow extension; triceps brachii 54. The medial quadrant of the breast drains at what D. Shoulder adduction; latissimus dorsi lymph node? Correct Answer: A. Elbow flexion; brachialis A. Anterior axillary B. Shoulder abduction; deltoid B. Posterior intercostal 49. During shoulder flexion, which muscles act as C. Internal thoracic synergists, and how do they contribute to the D. Anterior abdominal wall movement? Correct Answer: C. Internal thoracic A. Pectoralis major and deltoid; provide stability and 55. The axilla contains the following important initiate the movement structures, EXCEPT: B. Biceps brachii and latissimus dorsi; counteract opposing forces A. Lateral thoracic artery C. Trapezius and rhomboids; retract the scapula to B. Medial circumflex humeral artery facilitate the movement C. Highest thoracic artery D. Infraspinatus and teres minor; externally rotate D. Thoracoacromial artery the shoulder during flexion Correct Answer: B. Medial circumflex humeral Correct Answer: A. Pectoralis major and deltoid; artery provide stability and initiate the movement 56. How many divisions are there in brachial plexus? 50. A patient exhibits weakness in the external rotation of the shoulder. Which muscle is most likely A. 2 compromised, and which anatomical feature might be B. 3 involved in the pathology? C. 4 D. 5 A. Subscapularis; subscapular nerve damage B. Supraspinatus; impingement under the acromion Correct Answer: A. 2 C. Teres major; injury to the axillary nerve D. Infraspinatus; suprascapular nerve entrapment 57. The following are the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus, EXCEPT: Correct Answer: D. Infraspinatus; suprascapular nerve entrapment A. Radial B. Thoracodorsal 51. You are presented with a case of a patient with C. Axillary medial winging of the scapula. What action of the D. Musculocutaneous muscle affected is NOT observed? Correct Answer: B. Thoracodorsal A. Protraction of the scapula B. Retraction of the scapula 58. A patient with Erb-Duchenne presents with what C. Elevation of the scapula deformity? D. Lateral rotation of the arm A. Waiter's tip Correct Answer: A. Protraction of the scapula B. Claw hand [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 C. Wrist drop D. Extensor digitorum D. Flexed wrist Correct Answer: D. Extensor digitorum Correct Answer: A. Waiter's tip 59. Among the Rotator cuff muscles, which muscle is found anteriorly? 65. Identity: All except two muscles of the anterior A. Teres Minor compartment (forearm) are innervated by the median B. Supraspinatus nerve. C. Infraspinatus A. FCU and FCR D. Subscapularis B. EDM and ECU C. FDS and FDP (radial) Correct Answer: D. Subscapularis D. FCU and FDP (medial) 60. What muscle is responsible for shoulder abduction from 15 to 90 degrees? Correct Answer: D. FCU and FDP (medial) A. Supraspinatus B. Deltoid 66. The extensor digitorum extends the four medial C. Teres minor fingers. What is another muscle that extends the small D. Infraspinatus finger at the MCP and IP joints? A. EDM Correct Answer: B. Deltoid B. EIP C. ECRL 61. What innervates the anterior osseofascial D. ECRB compartment of the arm? A. Median Correct Answer: A. EDM B. Radial C. Musculocutaneous 67. These structures can be found distal to the distal D. Ulnar radioulnar joint EXCEPT: A. Radial tuberosity Correct Answer: C. Musculocutaneous B. Capitate C. Phalanges 62. This structure is a shallow depression on the D. Metacarpals scapula into which the head of the humerus fits. What is this structure? Correct Answer: A. Radial tuberosity A. Glenoid fossa B. Humeral head 68. How many tendon/s for the thumb can be found C. Glenoid labrum within the carpal tunnel? D. Greater tubercle of the humerus A. One B. Two Correct Answer: A. Glenoid fossa C. Four D. Ten 63. What part of the scapula separates the supraspinous fossa from the infraspinous fossa? Correct Answer: A. One A. Subscapularis fossa B. Acromion 69. These muscles flex the metacarpophalangeal joints C. Coracoid process and extend the interphalangeal joints. D. Spine A. Dorsal interossei B. Palmar interossei Correct Answer: D. Spine C. Lumbricals D. Opponens pollicis 64. The following muscles originate from medial epicondyle EXCEPT: Correct Answer: C. Lumbricals A. Pronator teres B. Flexor carpi radialis 70. Which tendon is deep distal to the proximal C. Flexor carpi ulnaris interphalangeal joint? [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 A. Flexor carpi ulnaris B. Flexor carpi radialis 76. What test , when positive, is highly suggestive of C. Flexor digitorum superficialis De Quervain’s tenosynovitis? D. Flexor digitorum profundus A. Allen B. Phalen Correct Answer: C. Flexor digitorum superficialis C. Finkelstein D. Boyd 71. The second dorsal compartment if the wrist contains which of the following tendon/s? Correct Answer: C. Finkelstein A. EDM B. ED & EIP 77. This branch of the radial nerve innervates the C. EPL supinator. D. ECRB & ECRL A. Anterior interosseous B. Posterior interosseous Correct Answer: D. ECRB & ECRL C. Palmar cutaneous D. Deep branch 72. _____ nerve compression happens when the nerve, which passes through the cubital tunnel on the Correct Answer: B. Posterior interosseous inside of the elbow, becomes inflamed, swollen, and irritated. 78. What muscle extends and radially deviates the A. Radial hand at wrist? B. Median A. Extensor pollicis longus C. Ulnar B. Extensor carpi ulnaris D. Carpal C. Extensor carpi radialis longus D. Extensor digitorum Correct Answer: C. Ulnar Correct Answer: C. Extensor carpi radialis longus 73. What carpal bone is hooked and found in the distal carpal row? 79. Which is a deep volar forearm muscle? A. Hamate A. Pronator quadratus B. Capitate B. Flexor carpi radialis C. Trapezium C. Flexor carpi ulnaris D. Trapezoid D. Palmaris longus Correct Answer: A. Hamate Correct Answer: A. Pronator quadratus 74. Which is NOT a part of the metacarpal? 80. The hypothenar eminence is created by three A. Base muscles which are innervated by what nerve? B. Neck A. Ulnar C. Head B. Radial D. Styloid C. Median D. Musculocutaneous Correct Answer: D. Styloid Correct Answer:A. Ulnar 75. Which statement BEST describes intrinsic hand 81. This artery is commonly used to measure blood muscles? pressure. A. They originate in the wrist and insert in the A. Brachial hand. B. Deep artery of the arm B. They carry out fine precision movement. C. Superficial ulnar collateral C. The radial nerve innervates most muscles D. Inferior ulnar collateral D. None of the above Correct Answer: A. Brachial Correct Answer: B. They carry out fine precision 82. Most common site of the fracture of distal humerus movement. among children from a fall on an outstretched hand. [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 A. Surgical neck 88. A 45-year-old presents with pain and swelling at B. Greater tuberosity the medial side of the elbow after throwing a baseball. C. Anatomical neck Which ligament is most likely injured? D. Supracondylar area A. Radial collateral ligament Correct Answer: D. Supracondylar area B. Ulnar collateral ligament C. Annular ligament 83. Which muscles originate from the coracoid D. Interosseous membrane process? Correct Answer: B. Ulnar collateral ligament A. Teres major- Pectoralis minor B. Biceps brachii long head- Brachialis 89. A patient suffers from "Saturday night palsy" after C. Coracobrachialis - biceps brachii short head sleeping with their arm over a chair. Which of the D. Subscapularis - teres minor following is the most likely anatomical explanation? Correct Answer: C. Coracobrachialis - biceps A. Compression of the ulnar nerve at the cubital brachii short head tunnel B. Compression of the radial nerve in the spiral 84. During a surgery to decompress the carpal tunnel groove the surgeon accidentally injures a nerve. Which of the C. Compression of the median nerve at the carpal following muscles would most likely lose its function? tunnel D. Compression of the musculocutaneous nerve in A. Flexor carpi ulnaris the arm B. Opponens pollicis C. Extensor carpi radialis longus Correct Answer: B. Compression of the radial nerve D. Dorsal interossei in the spiral groove Correct Answer: B. Opponens pollicis 90. Which of the following clinical signs would most likely be seen in a patient with a laceration to the ulnar 85.A golfer reports pain in the medial elbow and nerve at the wrist level? difficulty flexing the wrist. Which structure is most likely involved in this condition? A. Thenar atrophy B. Loss of extension of the thumb A. Medial epicondyle C. Clawing of the ring and little fingers B. Common extensor tendon D. Loss of abduction of the thumb C. Common flexor tendon D. Olecranon bursa Correct Answer: C.Clawing of the ring and little fingers Correct Answer: C. Common flexor tendon 91. An individual cannot flex the proximal 86. A laceration across the wrist injures the flexor interphalangeal joints of the fingers but can flex the retinaculum. Which structure passing deep to the distal interphalangeal joints. Which nerve or muscle is flexor retinaculum is least likely to be affected? most likely affected? A. Median nerve A. Median nerve; flexor digitorum superficialis B. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons B. Ulnar nerve; flexor digitorum profundus C. Ulnar artery C. Anterior interosseous nerve; flexor pollicis D. Flexor pollicis longus tendon longus Correct Answer: C. Ulnar artery D. Radial nerve; extensor carpi radialis longus 87. A patient has difficulty flexing the distal phalanx of Correct Answer: A. Median nerve; flexor digitorum the index finger. Which muscle and corresponding superficialis nerve are likely compromised? 92. Which structure provides the primary stability for A. Flexor digitorum superficialis; median nerve the distal radioulnar joint during supination and B. Flexor digitorum profundus; ulnar nerve pronation? C. Flexor digitorum profundus; anterior A. Interosseous membrane interosseous nerve B. B. Radial collateral ligament D. Flexor pollicis longus; median nerve C. Ulnar collateral ligament Correct Answer: C. Flexor digitorum profundus; D. Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) anterior interosseous nerve Correct Answer: D Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9 BATCH MERAKI 2028 93. A child falls on an outstretched hand, resulting in a 99. A patient with Dupuytren's contracture would most supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Which artery is likely present with flexion deformities in which of the most at risk of injury in this case? following fingers? A. Radial artery A. Thumb and index finger B. Uinar artery B. Ring and little fingers C. Brachial artery C. Index and middle finger D. Subclavian artery D. All fingers Correct Answer: C. Brachial Artery Correct Answer: B. Ring and little fingers 94. Which of the following movements would be most 100. Which of the following would most likely result affected by an injury to the posterior interosseous from a midshaft fracture of the radius with nerve? displacement? A. Wrist flexion A. Disruption of the interosseous membrane B. Thumb extension B. Injury to the radial artery C. Forearm pronation C. Ulnar nerve compression D. Elbow flexion D. Damage to the pronator quadratus Correct Answer: B. Thumb extension Correct Answer: A. Disruption of the interosseous membrane 95. After sustaining a laceration to the palm, a patient is unable to abduct their index finger. Which muscle is most likely damaged? A. First dorsal interosseous B. Lumbrical to the index finger C. Opponens pollicis D. Adductor pollicis Correct Answer: A.First dorsal interosseous 96. An injury to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve would most likely result in weakness of which of the following actions? A. Flexion of the thumb B. Extension of the wrist C. Abduction of the little finger D. Pronation of the forearm Correct Answer: C. Abduction of the little finger 97. A patient with a scaphoid fracture reports pain in the anatomical snuffbox. Which artery is at risk of avascular necrosis if the fracture is not properly treated? A. Radial artery B. Uinar artery C. Brachial artery D. Common interosseous artery Correct Answer: A. Radial artery 98. A medical student palpates the lateral epicondyle and asks a patient to extend his wrist against resistance. Which muscle is primarily being tested? A. Extensor carpi ulnaris B. Extensor digitorum C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis D. Supinator Correct Answer: C. Extensor digitorum [ANATOMY] ABDON, ARANGO, BELEN, TIPAN, VILLAVICENCIO Page 9 of 9