Finals Reviewer PDF - Zoning/Land Use, Building Envelope

ARORDES [FINALS] - Zoning/land use- MODULE 2: THE Existing building/ COMMUNITY elements Module 1: THE SITE AND...

ARORDES [FINALS] - Zoning/land use- MODULE 2: THE Existing building/ COMMUNITY elements Module 1: THE SITE AND 3. Distance between Vicinity Map - map that ITS COMPONENTS Buildings & property lines shows the vicinity of an - Security of area or location. Things SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN building Site plan - landscape which are in the vicinity of - Setbacks the central or main feature. architectural plan, and a - Surrounding detailed engineering Community - group of infrastructures people living near one drawing. - Surrounding Plan of site - graphic another who interact buildings socially. representation of the 4. Parking arrangement of buildings. Community Center - - Carport public locations where General layout and - Parking spaces configuration of a site members of a community - Correct ratio gather for group activities. includes: 5. Driveway - Building footprints - Code requirement - Parking Ex. - Ramp - Basketball court - Conceptual - Sidewalk landscaping and - Refuge - Curb cuts (PWD) - Village market lightings 6. Surrounding Streets - Site cross section - Sari-sari store 7. Ground Sign Location - Small health center drawings 8. Landscaped Areas - Building elevations - Recreational activities 9. Easements - Community park - Site setbacks - Community school PARTS OF A HOME SITE - USA (unpaid surface areas) - has no concrete, ex. Garden - ISA (inpaid surface area) - has concrete, ex. House flooring 10. Utilities 1. FRONT YARD (Front garden/front lawn) Additional things for a site plan: - 3-6 meters Orientation - Amenities Street includes: pathwalk Shadows to entrance, front Dimensions & Labels porch/terrace, carport, manicured SITE ANALYSIS lawn, An inventory completed as shrubs/flower bed, a preparatory step to site waterscapes planning, a form of urban 2. SIDE YARD planning and involves - Usually 2 meters research. - Amenities include: Deals with basic data lanai, poolside, Preliminary phase veggie garden, laundry/clothesline Elements of a site analysis: 3. BACKYARD 1. Location - Usually 2 meters 2. Neighborhood context - Amenities include: 3. Size & Zoning lanai, garden, 4. Infrastructure, social, & pool. Laundry, political boundaries - outdoor dining neighboring buildings area, grilling 5. Legal information 6. Natural physical features 10 THINGS TO CONSIDER IN 7. Man made features YOUR SITE PLAN 8. Circulation 1. Property Line (Red & 9. Utilities phantom line) — - - — 10. Sensory 2. Existing and Proposed 11. Human & culture Conditions 12. Climate - Building footprints - Vegetation and landscaping - Pathways ARDESIGN [FINALS] ARTHEORY [FINALS] wall or door that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and Module 1: Building sound. Casement – a window Envelope and Bioclimatic sash opening on hinges Architecture generally attached to the Transom - window above upright side of its BUILDING ENVELOPE a door; frames. Building Envelope - exterior door – often fixed; separates conditioned interior door – can open. A space from unconditioned fan-shaped space. transom is known as a fanlight. Influences through: Resisting undesirable heat transfer. Allowing desirable heat Awning – one or more transfer. sashes swinging outward Providing heat storage on hinges. (delayed heat transfer). Allowing daylight penetration. Preventing undesirable light penetration (glare). ROOF Allowing desirable Hopper – one or more Roof - covering on the ventilation. sashes swinging inward on uppermost part of a Preventing undesirable hinges. building;protects the ventilation. building. Functions of Roof: To keep nature out of a structure; provide a barrier to the intrusion of water. The insulating properties Jalousie – a window of a roof having horizontal are a consideration in its glass or wood louvers structure which pivot and the choice of roofing WALLS simultaneously in a material. Wall - upright construction common frame. elements presenting a continuous surface and serving to enclose, divide, or protect an area. Types of Walls: Exterior Wall – having one face exposed to the weather or earth. Interior Wall – entirely Clerestory - surrounded by set in a roof structure an exterior wall. or high in a wall, used Partition – dividing a room for day lighting. or part of a Fixed – cannot be building into separate opened. areas. SITE DEVELOPMENT Shear wall, Retaining Site Development – the 2 wall, Bearing wall.. Etc.. primary considerations in siting a building are the orientation of the sun and the orientation of the wind. Sliding Landscaping can also Stained Glass - improve the performance: pieces of colored glass ➔ shade trees - frequently portraying control direct persons or scenes. radiation from the WINDOWS sun. Window - a transparent or a translucent opening in a  ➔ ground surfaces intercept exteriorly the - control reflected rays of the sun in the radiation. summer. ➔ planted ground Powered louvers to cover - moderate diminish heat gain – air temperature. block sunlight before it ➔ windbreaks - reaches glass walls, diminish the forces reducing the need for air of the winds. conditioning by up to 50%. White roofs & desert cooling White roofs or cool roofs Module 2: Architectural Elements of Site Control are to help stem global Concepts To modify adverse climatic forces warming. Dark roofs mean Architectural concepts - at a distance before they impact higher air conditioning Belonging to “schematic the building. The elements of Site bills, and higher carbon design phase”, the control include windbreaks, shade dioxide emissions as a designer has generated trees, ground surfaces, orientation result. big ideas for the building to the sun & to the wind, and design. underground Natural Heating & Day lighting structures. Sunlight can heat and light THEMATIC OR SYMBOLIC a building, while clerestory ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS windows help vent hot air. Analogies : LITERALLY relating Room sizes should match architectural form with other natural light availability. objects or processes A. Biological Analogy – Utilization of Natural growth Architecture based on Anatomy. It Shade Trees – Deciduous is a concept under Organic trees provide shade in the Architecture. It is usually summer and admit light influenced by the environment. during the colder season. Building Configuration – Critics and philosophers since The shape of a building ancient Greece have looked to impacts its energy use. “Natural organisms as offering Round buildings have less perfect models”. surface area, which means they gain or lose less heat compared to other shapes with the same floor area. Passive Solar Planning – In utilizing the sun, the first principles are to exclude it from the interior space in summer and to accept it interiorly (with adjustable Living organisms, and drapes) for warmth in works of art, are December, January & mid- schemata, definite after February (the cold their kinds, which Nature months). and Man respectively form Orientation of the Wind – by qualifying matter. a fence or a row of trees or shrubs which reduce air Animals and plants grow infiltration through to sizes determined by windows by diminishing their particular structures, the wind pressure. The habitats, and conditions of most effective location for life, and each separate a windbreak is upwind a organ observes the distance of 1.5 to 2.5 times proportion of the whole to the height of the building. which it belongs. Example: Building height = 9 meters, therefore the most effective location for a windbreak is at 13.5meters – 22.5 meters Solar Shading in Summer Shade by Structural Elements – affects the facades of the buildings.To  LESS IS MORE – Ludwig B. Mechanical Analogy Mies Van der Rohe Scientific evolution and B. Structural Concepts artistic evolution follow the By Gravity, Post and same laws. Lintel, Arches and Vaults, Movement and Function Flying buttresses, Domes. Collaboration in the Frames, Tube and progressive accumulation Mushroom Construction, of technical knowledge Stretched membrane, Precise destination and suspended systems expression of Stratification and potentialities. Prefabrication. C. Gastronomic Analogy Both architecture and the culinary arts are “a necessity rather than a luxury” and are each equally concerned with both science and art. It goes beyond scientific analysis, requires intuition, imagination, enthusiasm, and an immense amount of organizational skills. Ar. Marco Frascari compares modern architecture to fast food—superficially appealing but lacking depth and lasting satisfaction. D. Linguistic Analogy We can speak of the expressions of architecture, much as we speak of linguistic expressions ARCHITECTURAL SEMANTICS: It is important that the direction in semantics is connected with the concept. The role of the building in the semantics of architecture is isomorphic to the role of the sentence in the semantics of verbal language. FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS IN ARCHITECTURE A. Functional Concepts Traditional definition of Architecture: Utilitas, Firmitas and Venustas. Architectural Programming Optimization and Satisfaction of Needs “ORNAMENTS had nothing to do with architectural beauty since a building was only beautiful when it satisfied a need” HISTORY OF instability and ➔ Requirement for decline. church design was ARCHITECTURE ➔ The Empire was centered on [FINALS] split into Western worship and burial: and Eastern 1. A path for processional Empires. entry and exit of the clergy Module 1: Church ➔ 313 A.D. - 2. Altar - clergy celebrate Architecture: Early Emperor mass. Constantine 3. Space for the segregation Christian issued the Edict of of the clergy from the Milan making congregation during GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY Christianity legal. procession and LOCATION communion. ➔ Ruins of Roman 4. Burial space buildings served as quarries from which materials were obtained. Early Christian Architecture started in ➔ He also adopted it Rome and as a state religion Constantinople(Istanbul, and he became Turkey). the first Christian ➔ Early Christian emperor. Architecture ➔ Constantine united occurred in Rome the Roman and spread in the Empire. European and ➔ He established the Asian region. capital of the new empire at HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Byzantium, TIMELINE renamed ➔ No fixed Constantinople or architectural form ➔ 29 A.D. - Passing the city of ➔ Early Christian of Jesus Christ Constantine. builders adapted and beginning of ➔ After his death, the from Roman Christianity Empire again split. structures. ➔ 286 A.D. - Emperor ➔ Basilica - nave The most important flanked by lower Diocletian phenomenon was the aisles and reorganizes the spread and acceptance of terminated by an Roman Empire Christianity. Widely apse, was adopted splitting it into two; accepted in Asia minor as the standard Eastern and and Rome itself then by structure in Western part the third century, Rome Christian ➔ 313 A.D - had a population of 50,000 congregational Emperor Christians. worship Constantine 1st-3rd century: ➔ Martyria - erected recognizes the Christianity was a secret on sites connected Christian religion society. with certain events and adopts it as a Considered dangerous in life of Jesus and state religion and subversive by the other places held ➔ 324 A.D. - government. to be sanctified by Emperor Christians met in tombs the sacrifice of Constantine and private houses. martyrs. reunited the Roman Empire ➔ Martyrium - with a new capital structure built at a Architecture of the Period site that bears at Byzantium ➔ Necessary for witness to ➔ 364 A.D. - Rome architecture to Christian faith. finally splits into respond to the ➔ Martyrium and two; Western and demands of the Basilica were Eastern empire religion for worship combined, space. creating great SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ➔ Mode of worship significance of AND BELIEFS was the most Christian The Roman Empire and important architecture. the Christian Religion determinant of the Centralized plans - round, ➔ Roman Empire form of the church. polygonal, or cruciform Period (3rd century) - political  shapes were adopted creating new styles, so they don’t frequently used by occasionally. have a unique architectural value. Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. Basilican churches had closely spaced columns carrying the entablature or widely spaced columns carrying semicircular arches. Basilican church with 3-5 aisles, covered by timber roof, is the typical early Christian style. Basilican churches are rendered impressive and dignified by the long perspective of repeated columns which carry eye along to the sanctuary; combined with the low PRINCIPAL BUILDING height of interior makes STRUCTURE these churches appear CHURCHES longer. ➔ Basilicas or Roman halls of justice served as models for churches, forming a connecting link between buildings CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY of pagan and CHRISTIAN ARCHTIECTURE Romanesque 1. Simplicity period. 2. Coarseness (rough) in ➔ “Basilica” Execution (Gk.Basilikos = 3. Transitional Architecture kingly) - 4. Influenced by Roman appropriate Architecture designation for EARLY CHRISTIAN SYSTEM OF buildings ARCHITECTURE: CONSTRUCTION - dedicated to the INTRODUCTION Trabeated and Arcuated service of the King Early Christian BUILDING MATERIALS - of Kings. Architecture refers to the Salvaged Materials from architecture of the early Pagan Temple DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS: Christian churches of the ➔ Eastern Empire Roman era. TWO TYPES OF ➔ Western Empire Two types: basilica church TRUSSES INTRODUCED: PLANS USED and alternative church 1. King Post ➔ LONGITUDINAL - plans (different plans that Trusses - two 1 axis referring to are part of the basilica principal rafters, Basilican Type designs ) tie beam, and ➔ CENTRAL - 2 Christianity expanding central vertical axes referring to influence became king post; square plan. necessary for space simplest; demands in architecture. commonly used in conjunction with ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER two angled struts Early Christian 2. Queen Post Architecture (300-600 Trusses - two A.D.) principal rafters Builders continued Roman and two vertical traditions, although not queen posts; wealthy, their new extends the span buildings consisted of and combined with materials from Roman spliced joints in temples that were useless. the longer Roman basilicas reused old THE BASILICA CHURCH TYPE members extends columns and made them the same Some churches provided the useful span for height. Early Christian buildings burial spaces for the dead trusses of these didn’t solve design problems like Simple and functional types; known as Centered on Christian Palladiana,  worship baths, (Barley-sugar Not a completely new style dwelling-houses, column/Spiral but the use of available and even pagan column) - twisting Roman forms to satisfy a temples as places or spiral shaft; new program need. of worship. corkscrew pattern; Form chosen for the early ➔ Shelter Top of the column church was Roma Basilica. worshippers can take many No serious modification Walls shapes, including and easily built at low cost ➔ Rubble or the classical Ionic Emphasis on participation concrete, faced and Corinthian in mass with plaster, brick forms. Most common form - or stone. rectangular hall with timber ➔ Mosaic decoration trussed roof was added 1 or 2 aisles on each side internally and of a central nave and an sometimes apse at one end facing the externally on west principal entrance located facades. at the other end. ➔ Little regard to Clerestory lighting external Clerestory windows architecture. (symbol of transcendence Openings EXAMPLES OF THE EARLY and grace of god) ➔ Semicircular arch CHRISTIAN PERIOD Priest stood behind altar, ➔ Nave arcades, 1. S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO, facing east often rested ROME Entrance at west directly on capitals ➔ A typical example of the without any early Christian Church. entablatures, or ➔ First church commission were spanned by by Emperor Constantine. lintel ➔ Built as the Cathedral of Roofs the Bishop of Rome. ➔ Timber roofs ➔ Remodeled several times. covered the Types of Apse central nave ➔ Semi-circular ➔ Narrower side (Italian) aisles were occasionally vaulted and the apse was usually domed and lined with glass ➔ Polygonal mosaics. (German) ➔ Square (English) 2. OLD ST. PETER’S IN ROME ➔ Most important basilica built by Constantine ➔ Triple entrance gate to atrium; five aisle with wooden roof of interlocking ➔ Compound rafters. (French) ➔ Nave did not load directly Columns to apse but ends in ➔ Different sizes and transverse space that is as designs from early high as the nave then Roman buildings. terminated in a triumphal ➔ Carved capitals arch that framed the curve are governed by of the apse Roman pagan ➔ Some early churches built COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS precedent, the over tomb of martyrs and Plans acanthus leaf are known as martyrium. ➔ Basilican model forms an important ➔ Earliest and most for their new part. important of martyrium churches ➔ Solomonic churches. Built over what ➔ Old Roman halls, column was believed to be the  tomb of Saint Peter (disciple of Jesus) ➔ Erected by Constantine near the martyrdom of St. Peter ➔ Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it. ➔ CURRENT PLAN: ➔ Silver star at the Grotto of the Nativity mark place where Jesus was born. ➔ Door of Humility, small rectangular entrance to the church to force even the most important visitor to dismount from his horse to enter the holy place. 4. CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER, JERUSALEM AD335 ➔ Short atrium ➔ 5 aisle church terminating at a nave articulated by 12 columns. ➔ Side isles had a gallery on top ➔ Outer isles lead to long peristyle court closing in a curve 3. CHURCH OF NATIVITY, ➔ Court is believed to frame BETHLEHEM the holy sepulcher where ➔ Built at a place where Christians believe Jesus is Jesus is believed to be believed to be buried. born. ➔ Aisles provide access for ➔ Standard features of a pilgrims to go round the basilican church: holy sepulcher. - Central nave ➔ Churches that cater for - 2 aisles each side pilgrims usually have a 5. SAN CLEMENTE, ROME (AD. of nave slightly different form. 1084-1108) - Apse at the head ➔ Some of these churches ➔ Rebuilt over an earlier of nave also serve as burial spots church, retains the original - Atrium before for those who want to be internal arrangements and entrance buried along with the saint fittings of the 5th century - Clerestory lighting they commemorated. and shows the suitability of ➔ Significant aspect: large the basilican plan for octagon at its head Christian ritual and for covered by conical roof. sheltering a number of ➔ Therefore, palace of worshippers. pilgrimage (journey of faith) for the Christians. ➔ OLD PLAN ➔ NEW PLAN 6. SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE, ROME (A.D 432) ➔ Built by Pope Sixtus III and is the only church of which there is evidence that it was originally a  pagan basilica; one of the (centralized alternative beneath the altar. most typical basilican form more popular) and churches. Western Roman Empires. OTHER STRUCTURES BAPTISTERIES - used 8. ST. STEFANO ROTONDO (A.D only for sacrament of the 468) baptism, and for this rite ➔ First circular church in Roman circular temples Rome and tombs supplied a most ➔ Largest circular church suitable type of building. with diameter of 36 meters Used only for sacrament of ➔ Plan of the church blends baptism, on festivals of the cruciform with a Easter, Pentecost and circular plan Epiphany. ➔ Huge central nave Large separate building ➔ Central nave is encircled from church, sometimes by ionic columns and lit by adjoined atrium. 22 clerestory windows. ➔ Ambulatory surrounds the 11. BAPTISTERY OF colonnade of the nave and CONSTANTINE (THE LATERAN opens to four chapels BAPTISTERY), ROME used to define a cruciform shape. (A.D 430-440) - oldest Italian Baptisteries, probably the model. ➔ Built by Emperor Constantine in A.D 315 ➔ Designed to mirror S. Constanza ➔ Circular scheme of S. 7. CHURCH OF ST. PAUL Costanza was in this OUTSIDE THE WALL (A.D. 380) church changed to two ➔ S. Paulo Fuori Le Mura octagonal rings ➔ Was destroyed in A.D. ➔ A ring of trabeated 1823 but was rebuilt on colonnade defined the the original design; largest central space and most impressive of all basilican churches ALTERNATIVE CHURCH FORMS 9. HOLY APOSTLE, MILAN AD Rectangular basilica was 370 not the only form adopted ➔ Square form church with a by early church central plan Alternative more ➔ Built as the church of the centralized plans, with a imperial palace, when the focus on a central vertical capital of the Western axis rather than a Empire moved to Milan. longitudinal horizontal one ➔ Square central space 23.5 were also adopted meters wide extending in occasionally. all 4 directions Reason for adoption: not ➔ Central space was defined clear by a 2 storey columnar Centralized churches were screen supporting some of two broad types. half domes 1st: Circular churches ➔ Several subsidiary Circular or octagonal octagonal structures are space surrounded by grouped around the main ambulatory. church. 12. NOCERA SUPERIORE, THE Ex: Saint Constanza, BAPTISTERY, NOCERA Rome, The Lateran 10. ST LORENZO MILAN (BAPTISTERY OF SANTA MARIA Baptistery, Rome and ➔ Laid out as a huge cross MAGGIORE) (A.D. 350) Saint Stefano Rotondo shaped structure ➔ After the outer ambulatory, 2nd: lobed or four lobed ➔ Has a single aisle nave you reach the circular, form set within an overall opening through columnar double ring baptistery, pentagon/square. screens into it transept characterized by 15 Ex: Holy Apostle Milan and arms archivolts supported by 15 St. Lorenzo Milan ➔ Each of the arms columns. Early years of Christianity, terminate with a projecting ➔ At the center of the the alternative form was portal hall. Rotonda, great octagonal common both in Eastern ➔ Martyrium, holding relics of baptismal font, the second apostles in a casket biggest in Italy.  Land for burials had ➔ Earliest building which is become scarce and cruciform in plan in A.D. expensive 420 Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in immortality Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground several stories extending downwards Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic decorations Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible. OTHER STRUCTURES BELFRY - attached bell tower. Ex. Belfry at S. Maggiore 13. ST. CONSTANZA,ROME ➔ Erected by Constantine for his daughter , but later converted into a church in A.D. 1256 CAMPANILLE - detached ➔ This was a church bell tower. originally designed as a Ex. Campanile at St. mausoleum for Emperor Apollinare, Ravenna Constantine's daughter. ➔ Centralized monument. ➔ Symmetrical in plan with a domed central space ➔ Domed central space was ringed by an arcade with 12 pairs of double colonnade ➔ Beyond the arcade is an encircling ambulatory (barrel vault is used to roof). TOMBS - took place in the catacombs outside Rome; burial within the city was prohibited by the law. These tombs cut in tuf formation followed the old roman type, except that as the Christian church didn’t then allow cremation Christians objected to cremation, insisted burial 14. THE TOMB OF GALLA on consecrated ground PLACIDIA, RAVENNA