Arch 321 History and Theory Lecture Notes PDF

Arch 321 -- history and theory Lect 2: Part 1 -- from end of the qing dynasty to 1911 From 1890s to 1905 nearly all Chinese railways were planned, financed, built and operated by foreign powers. - Russians and Japanese in Manchuria, Germans un Shandong, French in Yunnan and Guangzhou and B...

Arch 321 -- history and theory Lect 2: Part 1 -- from end of the qing dynasty to 1911 From 1890s to 1905 nearly all Chinese railways were planned, financed, built and operated by foreign powers. - Russians and Japanese in Manchuria, Germans un Shandong, French in Yunnan and Guangzhou and British in Yangtze valley - Countries would sell railway stocks The railway protection movement let to many uprisings and eventually led to the Xinhai revolutions in 1911 Summary - he foreign competition of building railroads in China pushed the industrialisation and modernisation of the national defence. - From an architectural perspective, the railway stations built during this time were dominated by Western architecture styles from different countries. - For example, in 1896, under the direction of the Minister of Transportation Sheng Xunhuai (1844--1916), a Belgian consortium (supported by the French) agreed to lend £4.5 million for the construction of a railway between Beijing and Hankou, which was completed in 1906. - A notable station, Dazhimen station was built in 1900 to 1903 as the last stop of the Beijing--Hankou Railway\ in the South. It was built as a two-floor brick-wood structure, designed by French architects in a German medieval style. The whole building is symmetrical, divided crossways into five sections, and there are four 20-metre-high towers at the corners of the central section Part2 -- from the revolution of 1911 to the nationalist party retreat to Taiwan in 1949 Stats collected by prof koshizawa showed that the Chinese pop declined from 90% to 74% in 1939 in SMR settlement in Xinjing. It was the complete opposite in the same area in Japan The Asia express was an express passenger train operated by the south Manchuria railway from 1934 until 1943 Railways were heavily used during wars, one way in which was used was to move antiques from Beijing to other places to prevent damage Artists Feng Zikai published a collection of essays to discuss his first experience of travelling through railways in 1935. Part 3 - from the foundation of the people's republic of China (1949) to the end of the cultural revolution Beijing railway was one of the top 10 buildings in Beijing and shows the power of modern arch as the building still stands and is used The tazara railway ("freedom railway") was designed and constructed between 1986 and 1976 with financial and technical assistance from China, to connect Zambia and Tanzania buildings for ourselves." A full ownership of the railway was also promised to the Tanzania and Zambia. Not long after the construction started, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was passed, recognising that the People's Republic of China was the "only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations", and the collective representatives of Chiang Kai-shek were removed from the UK. Mao famously said: "It is our African brothers that carried us into the United Nations."\ - The 1,860 km-long project was built in the form of a long-term interest-free loan, and half of the debts were cancelled in 2011 by the Chinese government to demonstrate their continuous support. After being turned down by the UK, the USA, the Soviet Union and the World Bank, Tanzania's leader Julius Nyerere and Zambia's president Kenneth Kaunda visited Beijing in February 1965, right after the Chinese New Year. As reported, Nyerere hesitated to raise the issue of the railway because China was also a poor\ country, a country that was recovering from the Great Famine. Chairman Mao said to Nyerere: "You have difficulties as do we, but our difficulties are different. To help you build the railway, we are willing to forsake buildings for ourselves." A full ownership of the railway was also promised to the Tanzania and Zambia. Not long after the construction started, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was passed, recognising that the People's Republic of China was the "only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations", and the collective representatives of Chiang Kai-shek were removed from the UK. Mao famously said: "It is our African brothers that carried us into the United Nations." Lect 4: hospitals and other healthcare buildings St Bartholomews hospital, London 1720- - Building was built in 1720 but wasn't originally a hospital Proposal design for hotel dieu, Paris 1788 - Long wards with many beds - Makes circulation very easy, long thin straight corridors means circulation is very basic - Similar to a nightingale ward In mid 19^th^ century the designs of hospitals become more advanced, with x or y designs which allows circulation for staff a bit easier as corridors aren't as long, also reduces cross ventilation University college hospital, London 1897-1906 - X shaped building 20^th^ century - Room placement and layout became more key, with bigger central rooms having the wards branch off, more facilities also got added into the buildings due to tech advancements etc - Hospital size increased massively eg Birmingham hospital centre 1933-38 From 1896 isolation hospitals were designed by the government - Much smaller than actual hospitals and some would be specific to certain aspects eg smallpox hospital 1752 Tuberculosis sanatoria - Eg mundesley sanatorium, Norfolk 1899, zonnestraal, Hilversum, Netherlands 1920 - Would be facing the sun (either rooms or sleeping chalets) as patients needed exposed to sunlight - More modern buildings eg Poole sanatorium, Middlesbrough 1938-45, had more glazing - Wards would be open air Pioneer centres - Eg peckham pioneer centre 1935 - Would have activities and exercise for the patients - Would include features like swimming pools Function and design - Big windows with smaller windows above that stop glare - Curtains that divide patients and provide privacy - Studies into colours, windows etc were done to see what was most optimal Retail hospital - Princess margaret hospital, Swindon 1960 - Had many features, open space and different buildings for different illnesses/injuries Low energy hospitals Contemporary world hospitals - British hospitals abroad - Adapt to climates, design on local buildings, logistical costs, materials - Eg leper hospital, lasur, india 1995 - Francis kere designed centre for health and social welfare in burkina faso - He is local to there so understood the requirements needed as labelled before Lect 2.a -- mental health: physical space on the mind Bethlem hospital, London, c17/c18 - One of earliest buildings made for mental health - Patients taken out of society Introduction of humane and moral treatment - The retreat, York or bicetre hospital, Paris - Patients were taken care of more n some were reintroduced to society There were acts put in place for lunatic asylums (lunatic asylum act in 1853 and the lunacy act in 1890) Asylums like Cornwall lunatic asylum (1817-20) were made with straight buildings branching off from a centre point, it increased accom while minimising circulation between patients Asylums over time increased in size Evolution of the echelon plan-type, widely adopted in late c19 and early c20 - Different areas were allocated for certain types of mental health/lunacy - Buildings were massive, meaning some time could take 2 hrs to get one end to another Mental treatment act 1930 - Allowed for people to volunteer to join the asylum if they felt necessary Prudhoe hall colony, Northumberland, 1918-23 - 'colonies' - It's a plot with many different smaller buildings - Breaks away from an institutional feel from the large buildings Park prewet hospital - Similar to asylum design, long wings, rooms south facing In early c20, the 'curable' cases were separated from the'uncurable' - Eg Hellesdon hospital, Norfolk, 1934 Steinhoff psychiatric hospital, Vienna - Very large site with many different buildings - Was designed for therapy as had plenty of greenery, swimming pool, open spaces etc - Was more backward approach to other psychiatric hospitals After nhs was made the acts became more specific and saw better change for mental health - Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Cost of the National Health Service\ (1956) - A Hospital Plan for England and Wales (1962) Mental treatment act 1930 and mental health act 1953 saw a big change as they saw mental health as more psychological and not just physical New admission unit, fair mile hospital - More modern design that was completed in 1956 - Had a wing dedicated to new patients Modern designs - More open, open floors, open doors (patients aren't trapped), game rooms - More pleasant of an environment for pateints Lect 2.b -- beyond healthcare: from health back to architecture Lect 3 -- the representation of architecture in media Journals - Professional - Shows buildings from various designs etc - Academic - Competition - Would show winners of comps, and would later publish more when building made Journals and magazines were the main source of designs and builds Froschauer's process of arch books/journals - Encyclopaedic - Specific - Selective - Manifest Growth's theory of what's needed, according to Fuhlrott - Actuality/ topicality -- convey present or contemporary issues - Periodically -- regular interval of publication - Publicity -- accessibility to readership - Universally -- collectability (of facts/ knowledge) - These are all subject to fluctuation Picture books Help younger readers to understand the culture Not much post war architecture is shown in books due to negative reconstruction - Cheap quickly built buildings to try and recover from the damage of the war Lect 3.2 -- mister x retro futurism and the city of tomorrow Lect 4 -- centre fir architecture and visual arts What is a city - Lewis Mumford wrote an essay on this topic - "the city is not a mere collection of buildings it is a way of life" - "its an expression of their collective will, their social organisation and their culture" - "city is a large community that is held together by the kinship of its inhabitants and the strength of its institutions" The city as machine - Correlation between people, trains and buildings - City seen as a machine made being with all forms of life and functions The futurist manifesto (1909) - Fillipo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944) - Founder of futurist manifesto of architecture - Wanted radical break from the past - Aesthetic and cultural norms were forgotten and futuristic design and ideas were more desirable - Speed and nature - War and danger is good as can restart cities and create a fresh approach to life - Antonio St Elia (1888-1916) - Made eutopia styled buildings - Futurist architect - Theres also been predictions of how the future will look - Machines are heavily linked to the future - Metropolis film - Predicted high rise cities - Future of city will look American - Social components are organised too - Rich live higher up (pent houses compared to slums) - Berlin -- symphony of a great city - Approach city on train - High shot over the city - Perspective switches to ground before the city wakes up - Archigram 1961-1974 - Mobile buildings depending on functions - Kevin lynch - Recognised cities would be organised around machine like structures - The city and its perspective is from ground level - Took the top down view to the street level - Wanted to know how people navigated and perceived the city - Wanted to understand the city as a living organism - Playtime Jacques Tati 1967 - Shows machines getting more complicated - Criticises futurist architecture for impracticalities - No longer individual machines but a flurry of micro machines that sit in our pockets - Spaces in the back have been treated as machines, today these small machines collect our data and filter our decisions - 2001: space odyssey Lect 4 -- comics and architecture Prospect : retrospect - Comics allow us to read spaces Understanding comics: closure - 6 different types of transitions between panels - One panel after another implies time - Action to action between panels - Subject to subject -- looking at one place and another but same time - Scene to scene - Aspect to aspect -- zooming in - Non-sequitur -- two different things next to each other creating a relation Time - Going left to right shows order of events 99 ways to tell a story Long shots - Show the timeline in bigger gaps, but still showing the key features/events - More objective Close ups - Shows scenes but zoomed into certain features - More subjective More closure Frames - Shows the bigger picture, can be a surreal showing 30 panels - Can extend the story with potential side missions 1 frame - Shows the whole story but in 1 big frame Manga - Reads right to left Hierarchy of texts - Narrative texts is more important than the graphic texts - Types -- narrative, explanation box, speech bubbles, sound effects - Extra diegetic speech = standing outside the world, can't hear in the moment - Diegetic speech = what we can actually hear and is represented Inspiration - Some buildings look similar to what comic books predicted future buildings would look like Process Communication - Le Corbusier letter to madame meyer 1925 - Proposed a villa to madame meyer - Looks like a comic book with images of the building from different views with text next to it Elements and sequences - Rob kier, architectural composition - Mimetic -- showing what people/things actually look like (realistic) - Iconic -- features that are distinguishable (stick figure we know is a person) Richard mcguire, 'here' - In comic we are in the middle of the room - Get to understand the characters - Shows different years in one panel in same place, different stories in same room linking them together Amazing archigram - Uses different styles of comics to convey architectural theory - Texts, comic sketches, photographs etc R. crumb, short history of America \- over 12 panels he shows how the same corner changes over time \- gave futuristic ideas of how the corner may look Chris Ware, building stories - Shows a building, its stories (it thinks/talks), shows rooms and elements of the house Seung soo shin, urban space bar: extending individual domain - A design represented by a cardboard model Edited with characters and speech in different areas