Types Of Operating Systems PDF

Types of Operating Systems Batch Operating System is designed to manage and Distributed Operating System multiple CPUs are execute a large number of jobs efficiently by utilized, but for end-users, it appears as a typical processing them in groups. cent...

Types of Operating Systems Batch Operating System is designed to manage and Distributed Operating System multiple CPUs are execute a large number of jobs efficiently by utilized, but for end-users, it appears as a typical processing them in groups. centralized operating system. It enables the sharing Examples: Payroll Systems and Bank Statements. of various resources such as CPUs, disks, network interfaces, and computers across different sites, Multi-tasking Operating System allow multiple thereby expanding the available data within the entire users to perform multiple tasks at the same time. system. Types of Multi-tasking OS Network Operating System These systems run on a Pre-emptive Multi-Tasking OS is also known as server and provide the capability to manage data, cooperative multitasking, this operating system users, groups, security, applications, and other never initiates context switching from the running networking functions. process to another process. Real-Time Operating System A real time operating Examples: Macintosh OS version 8.0-9.2.2 and system time interval to process and respond to Windows 3.x operating system. inputs is very small. Mobile Operating System are those OS which is Non-pre-emptive Multi-Tasking OS can initiate a especially that are designed to power smartphones, context switching from the running process to tablets, and wearables devices. another process. In other words, the OS allows Some most famous mobile operating systems are stopping the execution of the currently running Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, process and allocating the CPU to some other Web, and watchOS. process. Examples: UNIX, Windows 95, Windows NT Data Representation operating system. Data - refers to the symbols that represent people, Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of events, things, and ideas. Data can be a name, a Operating System in which more than one CPU is number, the colors in a photograph, or the notes in a used for the execution of resources. It betters the musical composition. throughput of the System. Data Representation - refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted. Time-Sharing Operating System Each task is given Digitization - is the process of converting some time to execute so that all the tasks work information, such as text, numbers, photo, or music, smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they into digital data that can be manipulated by use a single system. These systems are also known electronic devices. as Multitasking Systems. Digital Revolution - has evolved through four Examples: phases, beginning with big, expensive, stand alone IBM VM/CMS : is a time-sharing operating system computers, and progressing to today’s digital world in that was first introduced in 1972. It is still in use which small, inexpensive digital devices are today, providing a virtual machine environment that everywhere. allows multiple users to run their own instances of operating systems and applications. The 0s and 1s used to represent digital data are TSO (Time Sharing Option) : It allowed multiple referred to as binary digits — from this term we get users to access the same computer simultaneously, the word bit that stands for binary digit. running their own applications. A bit is a 0 or 1 used in the digital representation of Windows Terminal Services : is a time-sharing data. operating system that allows multiple users to access a Windows server remotely.  Assembly Language Programming Representing Numbers Assembly language is a type of low-level Numeric data consists of numbers that can be programming language that is intent to communicate used in arithmetic operations. directly with a computer’s hardware. Digital devices represent numeric data using the binary number system, also called base 2. History of Assembly language The binary number system only has two digits: 0 and 1. It started in the 40s with the introduction of first assembler language. The mastermind behind it is Representing Text Kathleen Booth, who designed ARC assembly language. Character data - is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in calculations. Kathleen Booth (1922 - 2022) was a British computer Character data is commonly referred to as “text.” scientist and mathematician who created the first ASCII (American Standard Code for Information assembly language, including the Automatic Interchange, pronounced “ASKee”) requires seven Relay Calculator (ARC). bits for each character. The ASCII code for an uppercase A is 1000001. In 1947, Kathleen Booth traveled to the U.S. to meet Unicode (pronounced “YOU ni code”) uses sixteen John von Neumann and propose modifications to bits and provides codes or 65,000 characters. the ARC based on his architecture. She contributed UTF-8 is a variable-length coding scheme that uses to the development of several machines, including seven bits for common ASCII characters but uses the SEC (Simple Electronic Computer) and the sixteen-bit Unicode as necessary. APExC (All Purpose Electronic X-Ray Computer), ASCII codes are used for numerals, such as Social which she programmed. Security numbers and phone numbers. unformatted text is sometimes called ASCII text Von Neumann worked with Mauchly and Eckert on On Apple devices these files are labeled “Plain the design for EDVAC. Text.” In Windows, these files are labeled “Text Created an architecture of computer system which Document”. data and program can be stored in the same space. Bites and Bytes Application and Software All of the data stored and transmitted by digital Apollo Guidance Computer (ACG) was programmed devices is encoded as bits. in assembly language. Apollo’s software derived from The word bit, an abbreviation for binary digit, can the basic design of the Mars mission. be further abbreviated as a lowercase b. A group of eight bits is called a byte and is usually NBA Jam is a basketball arcade game developed by abbreviated as an uppercase B. midway in 1993. It is the first entry in the NBA Jam series, and was written entirely in assembly Use bits for data rates, such as Internet connection language. The main designer and programmer for this speeds, and movie download speeds. game was Mark Turmell. Use bytes for file sizes and storage capacities. Menuet OS is an operating system for PC. Written fully in assembly language (64 bit and 32 bit). Features include pre-emptive and real time multitasking with multiprocessor support and Graphical User Interface. VISICAL C or Visible Calculator was the spreadsheet computer program for personal computers and originally released for Apple II by VisiCorp in 1979. Assembly language Basic Syntax Data Section is used for declaring initialized data or constants: values, file names or buffer size. BSS Section (Block starting sysmbol) is used for declaring variables. Text section is used for keeping the actual code: declaration global _start which tell the Kernel where the program execution begins. Assembly language registers These registers are 32 bits each, like an int in c++. eax - accumulator. Very general purpose. Used for math, data, and functionreturn values. ebx - base address (within data segment - points to the data segment of the exc – counter. Used for loops and repeats edx - data. Very general purpose.Used for math and data Data Section: Contains the messages to be displayed to the user. BSS Section: Reserves memory for storing user inputs and the result. Text Section: Contains the main logic for displaying messages, reading inputs, performing addition, and printing the result. Syscalls: int 0x80 is used for system calls (sys_write for writing to stdout and sys_read for reading from stdin)