Lifespan Development Study Guide PDF

Physical and cognitive development in adolescence Conceptualizing adolescence- historical consideration, modern consideration Puberty-time and event that kick starts the adolescence years, changes cognitively, emotionally, and physically What is puberty? The growth spurt, secondary se...

Physical and cognitive development in adolescence Conceptualizing adolescence- historical consideration, modern consideration Puberty-time and event that kick starts the adolescence years, changes cognitively, emotionally, and physically What is puberty? The growth spurt, secondary sex characteristics, reproductive ability Growth spurt starts two year early for the girls than the guys Girls is done by 16 and guys is done by 18 Secondary sex characteristics- voice changing, development of breasts Reproductive ability- we can be able to make babies How is puberty signaled? hypothalamus(is in the brain and it is going to start the whole process) then triggers gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) then send it to the pituitary gland( answer the call when it receives the signals, makes its own chemicals and romans) then make its way to reproduction stimulating hormone (LH and FSH) then send it to the reproductive organs then they make testosterone , estrogen and progesterone What influences puberty? Health, nutrition, stress, social context, cultural trends, obesity (leptin)(when there's more leptin it signals to the hypothalamus that it's the beginning of that cycle). Puberty onset for females is 8 to 15 (11) and males for 9 to 15 (12) Girls who are underweight or are super athletic delay their period coming More protective of self esteem and behavior- males developing early and females developing late Why? Makes developing early cause more protective self esteem and self perception because he's viewed as more masculine, taller and stronger. Why? Females developing late cause more protective because they find if they develop early they get made fun of more, it gives more time for her to be her unique self without the pressure of her becoming a women Less protective of self esteem and behavior- females developing early and males developing late Why? Less protective for women because when they develop early they tend to have more expectations placed upon them, more dms, and attention, it can shake up their self esteem, self confidence, get stoned earlier, use alcohol earlier etc. Why? Less protective for men who develop late because they are viewed as less attractive, masculine than other men, they aren't meeting the same societal expectation. Start to use alcohol earlier because they want to fit in The brain during adolescence  Cerebral Cortex- helps the neurons communicate, gets stronger, helps the speed with how we think or process things Limbic Systems- is developing more quickly than the prefrontal cortex, got a lot of emotional decision making, making impulsive emotional decisions instead of making the prefrontal cortex Prefrontal Cortex- logic reasoning The front of the brain equals- critical thinking and planning Bottom curve of the brain- learning and memory How the brain evolves during puberty Unused connections in the prefrontal cortex undergo “synaptic pruning”, tossed to the curve, our brain gets rid of unused connections, cells, etc. Then the brain connections are strengthened, and changes in the number, size, and shape of cells, more cells are forming It makes it more efficient with information processing and organization Then the hormones attach to the brain cells Then the striatum development opens up to feedback-based learning Then striatum development opens us up to reward-based learning We are more driven to do things to benefit us, we are more likely to take chances and risk something How puberty affects mood Hormones influence the way brain cells become activated Actions are guided more by the emotional and reactive limbic system (and amygdala) General emotional fluctuations due to neurotransmitters: serotonin and dopamine More sensitive to reward and self-feedback and commonly seek rewarding feelings More emotional reactions and less logical, deep thought Piaget stage- formal operational stage Ages 11 through Mid-adolescence and beyond Be more rational abstract thinkers, be able to reason think critically, problem-solving, advanced perspectives, and advanced moral reasoning Once we get into adulthood we can be in less ideal situations and still think rationally David Elkind work Adolescent egocentrism- personal fable, imaginary audience Personal fable- this idea that I alone have certain thoughts and perspectives, nobody gets me, and nobody understands, the second piece is uniquely invulnerable to things, and mishaps. For example, is when you drink the same  amount as somebody but you won't let them drive but you can drive. Like I can handle it but you can't handle it. Imaginary audience- is when we have a zit on our face, we get self-conscious and think everybody can see it too. Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence Self Concept and Identity: its conceptualization of the self. shapes and shaped by our identity Adolescent identity vs. role confusion ages 12 to 20ish, The main theme is understanding the self during an adolescent identity crisis Successful- identity moratorium and identification Unsuccessful= identity diffusion or foreclosure (when we decide something to fast, when we are told who we are) Self-esteem and Mental Health We are going to see a decline in self-esteem between 11 and 13/14 years old Then, from 14 to early 20s, things start to pick up again Self-concept is the global understanding of who you are Self-esteem: how much you like and value yourself, your opinion about yourself Authoritative parenting is the good and structured one and that is singularing that linked the most to healthy self-esteem and body positivity Low self-esteem involves difficulty adjusting to certain things. Risky behavior, mental health concerns, social difficulties Self-esteem tends to dip in early adolescents. Mental health—the teens brain—chemical changes that are linked to serotonin, dopamine (temporary happiness or pleasure that burst we get), and norepinephrine (related to flight or fight); impulsivity; desire to novelty; sensitivity to rewards, which are linked to drugs, alcohol, sex, gaming, etc.; and mastering mental health problems. The most common health concerns we see in the teen years is depression, anxiety, ADHD, Eating Disorders, and drugs/alcohol Parenting styles and relationships Authoritative parenting helps with identity delays and the way the teen acts Authoritian parenting Friendships and peer pressure They mean alot more to the people that really have them It gives people a sense of intimacy and loyalty Openness and trust (Both of these things are for what teens really look for) is core elements or lacking core lessons in teen relationships  Friends that arent toxic allow you to have a safe space as a friend and help you explore who you are without the toxicity of a friend telling you who you are or forcing you into thinking or being some type of way Teens will have a small group of friends, but 30 to 50 percent of friendships are unstable. That doesnt mean its toxic but it means you guys are outgrowing each other In earlier teen years it will be same sex, then the middle to older teen is more mixed with males and females, then when we get older we go back to same sex friends Peer pressure can not only be being pressured but feeling the pressure in order to fit in Dating, Sexual Intimacy, StI’s, and Pregnancy As we get older, it can become more serious Sculpturing our identities and talking about important things in the world, you guys are able to develop social skills and intimacy skills with each other A time when violence will start to erupt or the complete opposite In the U.S., teens are having less sex than they are used to Some of the risk factors from having sex early or doing it often are your self-esteem being low, mental health concerns, and parenting styles that are not authoritative type. Early puberty often sees themselves and people often see them as older than what they are Getting pregnant early can cause teen moms not to get the full education that they want or need and less identity formation, or healthy identity formation. Sexually transmitted diseases or infections keep happening because teens think nothing is going to happen to them Moral Development and Delinquent Behavior Early Adulthood Phases of life: early phase (childhood and adolescence) and late phase (young adulthood middle age and old age) Markers of adulthood: employment, parenting, relationships, accountability Common characteristics of early adulthood Instability: feeling like you got it, then you feel like you don't Being in between-—feeling like you are in between the two phases of life Identity search-identity exploration Self-focus: where we are thinking about what we need to do, thinking about or making decisions abt ourselves, our partner, and our three kids Hello possibilities—new possibilities Identity search- identity vs. role confusion Main theme- understanding the self during an adolescent identity crisis  Successful- identity moratorium and identification Unsuccessful- identity diffusion or foreclosure Ages 12-20ish Intimacy vs. Isolation Ages 20s-30s Main these= love, connection, intimacy Successful or unsuccessful Relationships (Impact of Early Attachment Styles)... Secure attachment tends to mean you will have healthy relationships in the future. insecure attachment (avoidant, dismissive attachment)—you will be distant in future relationships, have a lot of walls up, etc. Insecure attachment (anxious-ambivalent, resistant attachment)—more obsessive type, clingy, adults in relationships aren't really sure if their love is being reciprocated; their love can be panicky or obsessive, misreading a lot of signals Insecure attachment (disorganized/disoriented) (Dating)... Individuals who are single but not dating tend to have a closer relationship with their friends and family compared to somebody who is committed. Cohabitation… Two individuals who are in a relationship but who aren't married and are living together Marriage … In the US, 90 percent are going to get married once in their entire life. The average age is 28 for women and 30 for guys Union brings a lot of benefits, such as financial stability and managing a household. Divorce… 50 percent is ending Marriage a second time is 60 percent. Divorce is good Physical Development Nothing much going on Cognitive development Expanding formal operations Postformal reasoning—an adult can think rationally, abstractly, etc. Dualistic thinking—black and white, yes or no, right or wrong type of thinking, polar reasoning, not as nuanced, or taking into consideration all the complexities  Relativistic thinking—more relative, appreciate things based on context, Reflective judgment-—taking in information and reflecting on it, things that fit with your ideogloy Think there are good and bad