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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the sinoatrial node in the heart?
What is the role of the sinoatrial node in the heart?
Which valves are responsible for closing during ventricular contraction?
Which valves are responsible for closing during ventricular contraction?
What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
Which statement describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Which statement describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
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What structure helps push the fetus out during childbirth?
What structure helps push the fetus out during childbirth?
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What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
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Which type of white blood cell primarily increases in response to bacterial infections?
Which type of white blood cell primarily increases in response to bacterial infections?
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Which statement accurately describes the composition of plasma?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of plasma?
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What is the role of lymphocytes in the blood?
What is the role of lymphocytes in the blood?
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Where do B cells mature in the human body?
Where do B cells mature in the human body?
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What process describes the formation of platelets?
What process describes the formation of platelets?
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Which type of white blood cell is known to increase in response to allergies?
Which type of white blood cell is known to increase in response to allergies?
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Which protein contributes the most to blood viscosity and osmolarity?
Which protein contributes the most to blood viscosity and osmolarity?
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Study Notes
Blood Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) make up 40% of blood
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) are 1%
- Platelets (fragments of bone marrow)
- Plasma (clear fluid) is 55%
White Blood Cell Counts & Functions
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White blood cells enter connective tissue to fight pathogens
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Granulocytes (BEN):
- Basophils: stable, increase with chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, and polycythemia; large, irregular shape
- Eosinophils: 10-14 µm, fluctuate throughout the day and the season, increase with parasites, infection, allergies, and collagen/spleen disease, two lobes connected by a thin strand
- Neutrophils: 9-12 µm (Zits), increase with bacterial infections, 3-5 lobes in s or c shape
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Agranulocytes:
- Monocytes: 12-15 µm, increase with viral infections and inflammation
- Lymphocytes: 2,200 cells, increase with diverse infections and immune responses
Blood Proteins
- Albumins (60%): help heal wounds, maintain blood viscosity and osmolarity
- Globulins (36%): transportation
- Fibrinogen (4%): inactive precursor to blood clots, lasts 14 days without food and 3 days without water
Blood Production
- Thrombopoiesis: Production of platelets
- Hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts
Plasma Components
- Water makes up most of the plasma
- Proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, and hormones are all present
Granular White Blood Cells
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
Antibody Secreting Cells
- Lymphocytes
B and T-Cell Maturation
- B cells mature in the bone marrow
- T cells mature in the thymus
Platelets
- Platelets come from megakaryocytes
- They aid in blood clotting
- Functions include vasoconstriction, clot dissolving, white blood cell attraction, bacterial destruction, and stimulating mitosis for healing
Leukopenia
- Blood cell deficiency
- Possible causes include heavy metal poisoning or radiation exposure
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
- Pulmonary: blood flow from right heart to the lungs
- Systemic: blood flow from the left heart to all organs
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular valves close when ventricles contract; semilunar valves close when ventricles relax
Heart Pacemaker
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
Heart Contraction
- Systole = contraction
- Diastole = relaxation
- Heart can sometimes regenerate
Lymphatic System
- Lymph flows one way
- Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the body, thoracic duct drains the left
- Lymph contains neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, and B cells
Immunity
- Innate immunity is quick, characterized by fever, inflammation
- Adaptive immunity takes 5-7 days; B cells & antibodies, and cytotoxic T cells
Cell Production
- Germ cells make sperm
Body Fluids
- Fructose is a sugar used by sperm
Cancer
- Breast cancer is a common tumor in women
- Testicular cancer is a common tumor in young men
Menstruation and Childbirth
- Females experience their first menstruation
- Myometrium (smooth muscle) pushes out a fetus during childbirth
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Description
Explore the essential components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, as well as their specific roles and counts. This quiz delves into the types of white blood cells and the crucial functions of blood proteins. Test your knowledge on the formation and functions of blood elements!
