Nanotechnology PDF

Final STS **THE NANO WORLD 9.1** **NANOTECHNOLOGY** - Refers to science, engineering, and technology conducted at nanoscale - Coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi after decade of dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining **NANOSCIENCE and NANOTECHNOLOGY** - employs the study and...

Final STS **THE NANO WORLD 9.1** **NANOTECHNOLOGY** - Refers to science, engineering, and technology conducted at nanoscale - Coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi after decade of dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining **NANOSCIENCE and NANOTECHNOLOGY** - employs the study and application of exceptionally small things - Started in December 29, 1959 by Physicist *Richard Feyman* - He discussed a method where it can direct and control individual atoms and molecules **Nanoscale** - Refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology. - Lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids - One of the important interdisciplinary area generated by advancement in science - Scientists were able to build materials with innovative properties as they manipulate nanomaterials A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter - A billionth of meter or 10 raised to negative 9 of a meter SHAPES OF NANOMATERIALS -- has one or more nanometer-sized dimensions - Particles- Spherical,rod shaped or irregular - Tubes- a cylindrical structures w/hallow core - Wires- wire can be made as silicon and metal oxides - Films- used for coatings ,sensors and electronic device - Flakes-can be used for electronic, energy storage **HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS** 1. **ELECTRON MICROSCOPE** - German Engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope during 1930s - Utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop well-magnified image - Produce higher and better resolution where it can magnify objects up to a million times compared to conventional light microscopes (1,500x only) **TWO GENERAL TYPES** Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope **2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE** - Developed by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber (1986) - A mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of the material **Nanotechnology sample making a big impact** 1.Sunscreen 2.Clothing 3.Furniture 4.Adhesives 5.Car paint 6.Sports equipment 7.Medicines 8.Food 9.Energy 10\. Environment **3. SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE** - Enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particle, atoms and small molecules\\ - 1986 - Gerard Binig and Heinrich Rohner won Nobel Prize in Physics **NANOMANUFACTURING 9.2** - It refers to scaled-up, reliable and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. - nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products and improved materials. - research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials. **2 FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES TO NANOMANUFACTURING:** 1. **BOTTOM-UP FABRICATION** - It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components. - This can be time-consuming **2. TOP-DOWN FABRICATION** - It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. - This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials. **NEW APPROACHES TO THE ASSEMBLY OF NANOMATERIALS\ BASED FROM APPLICATION OF TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP FABRICATION** **1. DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY** - A method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper. **2. SELF-ASSEMBLY** - It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction. **3. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION** - It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-performance films **4. NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY** - **It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface.** **5. MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY** - It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films. **6. ROLL-TO-ROLL PROCESSING** - It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal. **7. ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY** - It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface. - **CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOMATERIALS:** Durable Scratch-resistant Stronger Electrically Conductive Lighter Antireflective Water-repellent Antifog Ultraviolet-resistant Antimicrobial Infrared-resistant Self-cleaning **BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING NANOTECHNOLOGY** **[ENVIRONMENT]** **Possible Benefits** - Improved detection and removal of contaminants. - Development of benign industrial process and materials. **Concerns** - High reactivity and toxicity. - Pervasive distribution in th environment. - No nano-specific EPA regulation **[HEALTH]** **Possible Benefits** - Improved medicine. **Concerns** - Ability to cross cell membranes and translocate in the body. - No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or supplements. **[ECONOMY]** **Possible Benefits** - Better products. - New Jobs **Concerns** - Redistribution of wealth. - Potential cost of cleanups and healthcare. - Accessibility to all income levels. **CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY CRISIS** **CLIMATE CHANGE** A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels **CAUSES CLIMATE CHANGE** **OPEN BURNING** burning of unwanted materials such as paper, trees, brush, leaves, grass, and other debris where smoke and other emissions are released directly into the air. During open burning, air pollutants do not pass through a chimney or stack **EMISSION OF FOSSIL FUEL** hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. \... The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing and contributes to global warming **EMISSION OF GAS FROM VEHICLES** Carbon monoxide (CO). This odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks. **CFC GAS** Freons are colorless, odorless, nonflammable, noncorrosive gases or liquids. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are highly stable compounds that were used as propellants in spray cans and in refrigeration units. They are several organic compounds composed of carbon, fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen. **PREDICTED IMPACTS** Milder and wetter winters Hotter and drier summers More extreme weather events Rising sea levels **KINDS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES** The Philippines has five types of climates: A **tropical rainforest climate** is typically hot, very humid and wet. In rainforest climates the dry season is very short, and rainfall is normally heavy throughout the year. One day in a tropical rainforest climate can be very similar to the next, while the change in temperature between day and night may be larger than the average change in temperature during the year. - A **tropical savanna climates,** the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands, rather than thick jungle. It is this widespread occurrence of tall, coarse grass (called savanna) which has led to Aw and As climates often being referred to as tropical savanna - A **humid subtropical climate** is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 35° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates - **An oceanic climate**, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate. - Climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool but not cold winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature, with the exception for transitional areas to continental, subarctic and highland climates. **ENERGY CRISIS** - **An Energy Crisis** is any significant bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In literature,it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, in particular those that supply national eletricity grids or those used as fuel in vehicles. - **Stems** from the foreseeable end of the cycle of oil, gas and coal which in addition have been producing a considerable increase in greenhouse gases. **WHAT CAUSES ENERGY CRISIS?** **OVER CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY** Some power plants charge consumers more during peak hours. Your overuse will contribute to a scarcity in this energy supply and thus an increase in overall electricity costs. Drilling for natural gas or mining for coal to meet excessive energy demands will negatively energy. - Is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. - Overpopulation is caused by number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which results in overpopulation. **POOR INFRASTRACTURE** - Such as corruption, political influence, inefficiency of labor force, absence of incentives, poor accountability and less political concern given to the sustainability of - urban infrastructure service provision were also indicated by the respondents as factors contributing to the poor coordination among the infrastructure. **ENERGY WASTE** - Results from the over consumption of energy **WHAT SHOULD WE DO?** **AS AN INDIVIDUALS:** ▪Energy transition to renewable energy sources ▪Energy effeciency and conservation ▪ Lighting controls ▪Energy simulation ▪Perform Energy Audit **IN GOVERNMENT:** ▪Increasing energy efficiency standards ▪Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources (wind and solar panel) ▪ Eliminating the subsidies that encourages the use of coal and oil ▪ Protecting and restoring forests that serves as important storehouses of carbon