Nanotechnology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What term describes structures that have one or more nanometer-sized dimensions?

Massive structures

Nanomaterials (correct)

Microstructures

Supersized materials

Which of the following is NOT an application of nanotechnology?

Medicines

Turbines (correct)

Sunscreen

Furniture

Which type of microscope was developed in the 1930s for viewing nanomaterials?

Scanning Electron Microscope

Optical Microscope

Electron Microscope (correct)

Atomic Force Microscope

What is the lower bound of the nanoscale applicable to nanotechnology?

Mesoscopic scale Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes of nanomaterials is specifically described as having a hollow core?

Tubes Signup and view all the answers

What role did Richard Feynman play in the field of nanoscience?

He proposed controlling individual atoms Signup and view all the answers

What measurement does a nanometer represent?

One billionth of a meter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscopy uses a mechanical probe to gather surface information?

Atomic Force Microscope Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a scanning tunneling microscope?

To allow scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles and atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which fabrication approach involves building products from atomic and molecular components?

Bottom-up fabrication Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nanomaterials?

Scratch-resistant Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves writing on a surface using a tip dipped in a chemical fluid?

Dip pen lithography Signup and view all the answers

Which approach discards excess raw materials to achieve nanoscale sizes?

Top-down fabrication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices?

Roll-to-roll processing Signup and view all the answers

What potential environmental benefit is associated with nanotechnology?

Development of benign industrial processes Signup and view all the answers

Which method is utilized to form very pure, high-performance films through chemical reactions?

Chemical vapor deposition Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a tropical savanna climate?

Severe dry season with tree-studded grasslands Signup and view all the answers

In which latitudinal range is a humid subtropical climate typically found?

25° to 35° Signup and view all the answers

What is an oceanic climate primarily characterized by?

Cool summers and cool winters with a narrow temperature range Signup and view all the answers

What typically leads to an energy crisis?

Over consumption of energy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes a situation where the human population exceeds Earth's carrying capacity?

Overpopulation Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to increased electricity costs for consumers?

Charging more during peak hours Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of an energy crisis?

Sufficient energy supply meeting demand Signup and view all the answers

What environmental issue stems from overconsumption of energy?

Increased greenhouse gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding the use of certain substances in medicine and cosmetics?

They are capable of crossing cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a primary cause of climate change?

Open burning of materials. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the predicted impacts of climate change?

Milder and wetter winters. Signup and view all the answers

What economic concern is associated with climate change?

Potential healthcare costs and cleanups. Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily emitted from vehicles and poses a poisoning risk?

Carbon monoxide (CO). Signup and view all the answers

What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) known for?

Their usage in refrigeration and propellants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Filipino climate is correct?

There are five distinct climate types in the country. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary concerns regarding the pervasive distribution of certain substances?

They have no specific regulatory oversight. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nanotechnology

Refers to science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale.
Coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi.
Involves the study and application of exceptionally small things.
Started in December 1959 by Richard Feynman.
He discussed a method of directing and controlling individual atoms and molecules.

Nanoscale

Refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology.
Lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids.
One nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10⁻⁹ m).

Shapes of Nanomaterials

Can have one or more nanometer-sized dimensions.
Examples include particles (spherical, rod-shaped, irregular), tubes (cylindrical), wires (silicon/metal oxides), films (coatings), and flakes (electronics, energy storage).

Viewing Nanomaterials

Electron Microscopes: Use a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to a million times compared to light microscopes.
- Invented in 1930s by German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll.
Two general types of electron microscopes are mentioned: Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope.

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

Developed in 1986 by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber.
A mechanical probe for gathering information from the surface of a material.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules
Developed in 1986 and won Nobel Prize

Nanomanufacturing

Refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials.
Enables the development of new products and improved materials.
Includes research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials.

Fundamental Approaches to Nanomanufacturing

Bottom-up Fabrication: Builds products from atomic and molecular components
Additional mentioned approaches include Dip Pen Lithography, Self-Assembly, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Nanoimprint Lithography, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Roll-to-Roll Processing, and Atomic Layer Epitaxy (in different sections of the text)

Characteristics of Nanomaterials

Durable
Stronger
Scratch-resistant
Electrically conductive
Lighter
Anti-reflective
Water-repellent
Antifog
UV-resistant
Antimicrobial
Infrared-resistant
Self-cleaning

Benefits and Concerns of Nanotechnology (in sections)

Environment*
Potential Benefits: Improved detection and removal of contaminants, development of benign industrial processes
Potential Concerns: High reactivity, toxicity, pervasive distribution, lack of specific EPA regulation.
Health*
Potential Benefits: Improved medicine
Potential Concerns: Ability to cross cell membranes, translocation in the body, lack of FDA approval for certain uses
Economy*
Potential Benefits: Better products, new jobs
Potential Concerns: Redistribution of wealth, potential cost of cleanups and healthcare, accessibility for all income levels

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of nanotechnology, where science, engineering, and technology converge at the nanoscale. Dive into the history, types, and applications of nanomaterials, as well as the advanced tools like electron microscopes used for their examination.