Final Reviewer Art PDF

FINAL REVIEWER ART Painting – is one of the fine arts that depict History of Painting various intrinsic values of man through Like drawing, painting has its documented imaginative aggregation of lines and color. It origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest expresses...

FINAL REVIEWER ART Painting – is one of the fine arts that depict History of Painting various intrinsic values of man through Like drawing, painting has its documented imaginative aggregation of lines and color. It origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest expresses the artist’s perceptions and feelings examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years on a particular selected subject. old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in - It is also a branch of the visual arts in which southern France. In shades of red, brown, color, derived from any numerous organize or yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and synthetic substances, is applied to various ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. surfaces to create images with decorative value, Paintings of human figures can be found in the representational value, or both. tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of - It is also a branch of the visual arts in which Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted color, derived from any numerous organize or being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to synthetic substances, is applied to various painting but much of their work has been lost. surfaces to create images with decorative value, One of the best remaining representations is representational value, or both. the mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. What is painting as a visual art? Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine Painting is the practice of applying paint, art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a pigment, color or other medium to a surface tradition in icon painting. (support base). The medium is commonly The invention of photography had a major applied to the base with a brush but other impact on painting. In the decades after the first implements, such as knives, sponges, and photograph was produced in 1829, airbrushes, can be used. photographic processes improved and became Paintings may have for their support such more widely practiced, depriving painting of surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, much of its historic purpose to provide an lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may accurate record of the observable world. A incorporate multiple other materials including series of art movements in the late 19th and sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects. early 20th centuries— Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Furthermore, painting is a mode of creative Cubism, and Dadaism —challenged the expression, and the forms are numerous. It can Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and be naturalistic and representational (as in a still African painting, however, continued a long life or landscape painting), photographic, history of stylization and did not undergo an abstract, be loaded with narrative content, equivalent transformation at the same time. symbolism, emotion or be political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes. The Styles and Movements 6. Painting knife or a palette knife Painting Styles 7. Painting palette Realism 8. Masking tape Impressionism 9. Sponges Expressionism 10. Stencils Fauvism 11. Brayer Abstractionism Painting Media and Techniques Dadaism 1. Acrylics Pointillism Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion Cubism and plasticizers, silicon oils, defoamers, Futurism stabilizers, or metal soaps. Most acrylic paints are water-based, but become water-resistant Surrealism when dry. An artist uses tools in painting. Qualities: What Does Painting Tool Mean? Binder: acrylic polymer A painting tool is a tool or function in a graphics Vehicle (solvent): water editing or painting program used to change the area of the canvas or image by adding paint Ground: prepared(gesso) or raw canvas, strokes or filling the areas with color. The most paper, wood, glass, etc. common painting tools are the brush and the Dries fast/permanent pencil, which can be found in just about any type of drawing or painting program, from Opaque/transluscent/transparent simple ones like MS Paint to professional Versatile media - can mimic oil, tempera, and graphics software such as Photoshop. watercolor ART TOOLS AND MATERIALS FOR DRAWING 2. Oils AND PAINTING Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that Here are the best art tools and materials for consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drawing and painting. drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of 1. Graphite pencils the paint may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and 2. Brushes varnish may be added to increase the glossiness 3. Paint of the dried oil paint film. 4. Kneaded eraser 5. Painting or drawing paper pads Qualities: Watercolor paint is made from a color pigment dispersed in a suspension that binds the Binder: linseed oil pigment and allows it to adhere to a surface Vehicle (solvent): turpentine, mineral spirits when dry. In commercial watercolor paints, the binder is either natural gum arabic or synthetic Ground: prepared canvas, paper, wood, glycol. Every manufacturer has their own Drys slow/permanent unique suspension composition, called the backbone composition. While watercolor paint Opaque/transluscent/transparent is water-soluble, due to the water-soluble Versatile media binder, pigments, themselves, do not dissolve in water. 3. Tempera Qualities: Also known as poster board paint, tempera paint is great for crafts and art projects because Binder: gum arabic and water it's fast drying, long lasting, and easy to clean. Vehicle (solvent): water It's also not likely to flake, streak, or crack. Tempera paint is water-soluble, and the Ground: paper majority of tempera paint available is non-toxic. Drys fast/water soluble The paint's creamy consistency helps it flow smoothly onto paper, cardboard, cloth, wood, transparent to transluscent or canvas and provides excellent coverage, which allows kids to use a variety Types of water color of creative painting techniques. A. Transparent water colors come in tubes or Qualities: pans. Binder: gum arabic and water B. Opaque watercolor - also called gouache, is Vehicle (solvent): water usually obtained in tubes, but are also familiar in the form of poster paints. Ground: paper, prepared wood panel Drys fast/water soluble 5. Fresco opaque Fresco is a technique of mural painting dry, matte surface executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is Egg Tempera: egg yolk can be added to make it used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment enamel-like and permanent to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral 4. Watercolor part of the wall. Watercolor paint is a translucent medium Lifted from the Italian word ‘fresco’ (‘fresh’), the suitable for many purposes: in the classroom, term refers to wall paintings generally made on for illustration, botanical painting, as studies, wet plaster so that the coloured pigment is and as final works of art. absorbed into the surface of the wall, resulting in brilliant, vibrant colours. Fresco is an ancient tradition of painting that came to prominence Techniques and Styles in Painting during the Italian Renaissance and has been revived by various artists since. Cloisonnism - Cloisonnism is a style of post- Three types of fresco painting have emerged Impressionist painting with bold and flat forms throughout the history of art – separated by dark contours. The term was 1. Buon Affresco (True Fresco), coined by critic Edouard Dujardin on the occasion of the Salon des Indépendants, in 2. Mezzo Fresco (Medium Fresco) And; March 1888. 3. Fresco Secco (Dry Fresco). Constructivism - Constructivism was an artistic Buon fresco, the most common fresco method, and architectural philosophy that originated in involves the use of pigments mixed with water Russia beginning in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and (without a binding agent) on a thin layer of wet, Alexander Rodchenko. Abstract and austere, fresh, lime mortar or plaster (intonaco). The constructivist art aimed to reflect modern pigment is absorbed into the wall as described industrial society and urban space above. By contrast, secco painting is done on Cubism dry plaster and therefore requires a binding medium, (eg. egg tempera, glue or oil) to attach Expressionism - Expressionism is a modernist the pigment to the wall, as in the famous mural movement, initially in poetry and painting, painting known as The Last Supper by Leonardo originating in Northern Europe around the Da Vinci. beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective Mezzo-fresco involves painting onto almost but perspective, distorting it radically for emotional not quite dry intonaco so that the pigment only effect in order to evoke moods or ideas penetrates slightly into the plaster. By 1600 this had largely replaced buon fresco on murals and Fauvism ceilings. Futurism Fresco-secco is a wall painting technique where Impressionism pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto a dry plaster. The paints Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement used can e.g. be casein paint, tempera, oil paint, characterized by relatively small, thin, yet silicate mineral paint. visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its 6. Encaustic changing qualities Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax Pointillism - Pointillism is a technique of painting, involves using heated encaustic painting in which small, distinct dots of color medium to which colored pigments have been are applied in patterns to form an image. added for creating artworks. Molten medium is Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, technique in 1886, branching from though canvas and other materials are Impressionism sometimes used. Realism Symbolism Related Techniques in Painting Body Art (Tattooing) - A Tattoo is a permanent mark or design on the body made by introducing indelible ink into the dermis layer of Collage - Collage is a technique of art creation, the skin. Tattooing has been a popular form of primarily used in the visual arts, but in music bodily decoration since the era of Neolithic art: too, by which art results from an assemblage of the oldest known example of tattooed skin different forms, thus creating a new whole belongs to a mummified man of the Chilean Chinchorro culture. Handicrafts - A handicraft, sometimes more Ceramics - A ceramic is any of the various hard, precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of materials made by shaping and then firing an work where useful and decorative objects are inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at made completely by one’s hand or by using only a high temperature. Common examples are simple, non-automated related tools like earthenware, porcelain, and brick. scissors, carving implements, or hooks. Tapestry -Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom. Tapestry Lesson 6 is weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp Sculpture as Visual Art threads are hidden in the completed work, unlike most woven textiles, where both the A new awareness of sculpture as an art warp and the weft threads may be visible. separate from painting may be experienced as we explore the historical development of Graphic Arts (Relief Printing, Intaglio Printing, sculpture. Like painting, sculpture is a visual art, Planographic] Painting, Stencil / Monotype but it is something more than merely visual. Sculpture appeals to the tactile sense of touch. A category of fine art, graphic art covers a broad It is not only intended to be seen; it is also to be range of visual artistic expression, typically two- dimensional, i.e. produced on a flat surface. touched, or, if it cannot be touched, at least the participant feels an implicit invitation to touch. Acrylic - Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made Sculpture is three dimensional art, having of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer length, width, and height. Sculpture can be emulsion and plasticizers, silicon oils, performed on just about any material that can defoamers, stabilizers, or metal soaps. [Most be chiseled bit by bit. acrylic paints are water-based, but become water- resistant when dry. SCULPTURE AS A VISUAL ART Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting operates in three dimensions. It is one of the can resemble a watercolor, a gouache, or an oil plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes painting, or have its own unique characteristics originally used carving and modelling, in stone, not attainable with other media Acrylic metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process. What is Sculpture? a Renaissance man. David is one of his famous sculptures. It is made out of marble and depicts The most enduring and, arguably, the greatest the prominent Biblical personality of the same form of fine art known to man, sculpture has name. Michelangelo completed David in three played a major role in the evolution of Western long years. It was a commissioned work that culture. Its history and stylistic development are was supposed to be lined up with other those of Western art itself. It is a key indicator sculptures in a different location. Instead, it was of the cultural achievements of Classical prominently displayed solo in a public square in Antiquity, and became an important influence Florence, Italy. on the development of Renaissance art in Italy. Donatello di Niccolò di Betto Bardi. Together with architecture, it was the principal form of monumental religious art which for Donatello perfected his sculpting on several centuries (c.400-1800) was the driving force of materials like stone, bronze, wood, and terra European civilization. Even today, although cotta. Other famous artists in his heyday of the continuously evolving, sculpture is still the early Renaissance were reinventing other art leading method of expressing and forms while he was trailblazing sculpture. He commemorating both historical figures and created works that combined reality and events. emotion and were aesthetically beautiful. But at the same time, these sculptures were full of Well-Known Sculptors and Their Works energy and meaning and looked as if they could There are several prominent names in the come to life at any moment. Donatello’s life- sculpting world, but here are some prominent sized Magdalene Penitent sculpture is an artists worth mentioning because of their amazing work of the depiction of the imperfect trailblazing work: Mary Magdalene as a disheveled and starving woman who the masses can relate to as well as Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti a character with a divine level due to her Simoni. Michelangelo dominated art in the relationship with Christ. Donatello’s European enclave for centuries until Picasso understanding of body anatomy was evident made an impact. He was not only a sculptor but with the realistic depiction of the effects of food a painter and an architect. Michelangelo is the deprivation on the face and body of the typical artist who is temperamental, moody, sculpture and melancholic. You won’t expect what his Elements of Sculpture emotion is next. He had an obsession with the male human body form, which he conveyed as 1. Subject - tells what the sculpture is all about his expression of human beauty, sensibility, and 2. Medium - the materials used by artist in the spirituality. completion of his work He also portrayed the male physique as the 3. Texture - the touch of the skin against the ultimate standard for all things: perfect surface or the body of a given sculpture symmetry, muscular, confident, and near divine and godly. But he also made works of art that 4. Space - the portion or area where the piece portrayed the flaws, imperfections and stands weaknesses of the human image. He constantly borrowed from Greek and Roman ideals, being The Stages of Creating a Sculpture 1. Clay Sculpture – Clay has many advantages to an artist. One it is widely available. Two, it is The best way to start collecting art sculptures is inexpensive. And three, it is versatile such that to learn how sculptors create their works. the sculptor can create unique objects using the Sculpting requires mastering all the stages of material. Also, clay provides an avenue where making a sculpture. These steps differ an artist can portray an idea before working on considerably depending on the type of material the final design. It also allows people to transfer used, such as bronze, steel, wood, resin, etc. designs from one object to the other in the 1. Assembling: Assembling various objects form of molds. together to form a unique sculpture whose 2. Wax Modelling – Wax modeling allows an value will exceed the aesthetic value of the artist to come up with a unique design. separate elements. Sometimes, the use of wax acts like a step to 2. Modelling: The process of shaping materials, achieving another design. Take an example of either by adding or removing material. bronze sculpting. The artists sometimes use models made of wax in their creative processes. 3. Moulding: Making a mould to take the impression of a modelled work or a living model 3. Stone Carving – This form of sculpting is and making one or more plaster or wax casts common in architectural pieces as well as the from this mould. making of figures. The type of stone used depends on the region. Take marble as an 4. Carving: A technique that involves cutting or example. It was common in Italy and resulted in scraping away from a bloc of material to give it stunning designs. The downsides of using it a specific shape. There are two carving were that it was quite brittle. However, with techniques: - Direct carving, without using a supports in place, working with it became preliminary sketch or a model. - Indirect carving easier. Artists often use columns or tree trunks with the help of a pointing machine, which to support the heavy weight of the stones. duplicates the model faithfully based on exact measurements. 4. Wood Carving – as is the case with stones, the region played an essential role in the 5. Casting: Technique that involves all the selection of the tree in use. Softwoods are operations occurring before and after casting easier to carve as they are less dense. However, molten metals in a mould. where an artist wants to create a durable piece, 6. Ronde-bosse: A technique that produces hardwoods are the best option. They also three-dimensional sculptures that are not enable the artist to carve out finer details than attached to a background but rest on a base. they would with a softwood. Carving on wood is similar to that in stone. It starts with splitting a Classification of Sculptures According to tree trunk before roughly creating the design Materials and Methods of Treatment with an ax before using shaping tools on the Sculptors use various materials and techniques wood. Once the carving takes place, the artist in their creations, and their choices reflect on smoothens the surface and decides on the the resultant objects. Here are the standard finishing which can involve glass embellishing, methods in place as at now: painting or gilding. 5. Ivory Carving – ivory often refers to the hard- 8. Repousse Sculpture – Repoussé, method of white substance in the tusks of mammals, but decorating metals in which parts of the design its definition also extends to materials of a are raised in relief from the back or the inside of similar nature. The design attained by the artist the article by means of hammers and punches; depends on the source of the ivory as the definition and detail can then be added from successful layers influence the shape of the the front by chasing or engraving. The name sculpture. Also, the size of the tusks will affect repoussé is derived from the French pousser, the design. African tusks get preference owing “to push forward.” to their large dimensions in the ranges of two meters. This ancient technique, which has been used 6. Semi-Precious Stones and Shell Carvings extensively throughout the history of Other than the materials stated above, artists metalworking, achieved widespread popularity also work with gemstones and hard stones in in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th their designs. Example include rock crystals. centuries They also use softer materials such as corals and shells. When working with hard stones, Lesson 8 they use metal tools, abrasive powders, and diamond drills to work on the shapes. For the soft mineral materials such as amber, they lean Architecture as a Visual Art on the use of chisels and knives which can easily What is architecture as an art? Since works of cut into the masses, thus helping them bring the arts are expressions of what is seen and felt, forms to life. then the study of architecture can give us some The use of soft materials is not only about the hints as to the values and sensitivities of the ease of carving, but it also extends to culture of a particular place. Architecture is an symbolism in that they are representative of art form that reflects how we present ourselves medicinal benefits. The hard elements are across the earth’s landscape, and, like other characteristic of purity and light, as was the expressive mediums, it changes with styles, case in medieval times. technologies and cultural adaptations. 7. Bronze Casting – Bronze is a sturdy and Furthermore, Architecture not only provides durable material as it is a combination of tin worldly needs of shelter, workspace and and copper and often has traces of zinc or lead. storage but also represents human ideals in The advantage of using it is that it allows the buildings like courthouses and government artist to feature captivating details through the buildings and manifestations of the spirit in use of casting molds, resulting in objects such as churches and temples. Traditional architecture sculptures, tools, and weapons. Its use started has survived over thousands of years in one back in Europe before spreading throughout the form or another, while contemporary design globe in the medieval times and the eras that offers new approaches in how we use materials followed. and technology to shape the look of our environment. Casting takes place in two ways. There is the use of powdery sand molds and those madeof wax, and it all depends on whether the artist wishes to reuse the molds. Architecture is the art and science of designing Architecture solves problems concerning the structures and spaces for human use. use of space, interior design and the landscape Architectural design is an art form realized that surrounds it. The limitations imposed on through considerations of spatial design and architecture by the laws of physics are solved to aesthetics. Related to sculpture, architecture a large extent by engineering. The greatest creates three-dimensional objects that serve limitations on design are the physical loads human purposes and forms visual relationships exerted by a structure's weight. Compression with the surrounding areas. loads refer to vertical weight and shear loads travel at an angle or horizontally. Buildings Related to sculpture, architecture creates three- dimensional objects that occupy a given space Types of Architecture and create a visual relationship with the space The design of a building is one of the first things around them. The differences between the that will capture your attention. If a building is sculpture and architecture are in their scale and architecturally remarkable, it often becomes a utility. Early human structures provided shelter landmark that defines a city and is visited by from the elements. As hunter- gatherer tourists from all over the world. societies transitioned to farming they made more permanent shelters, eventually formed Memorable buildings often follow certain communities, towns and cities. For thousands of architectural styles that are immediately years, architecture reflected the specific identifiable. Many of these design elements are environment and materials available in any still being utilised by architecture and design given region, including rock caves or huts of consultants adopting timeless principles of good wood, soil and brick. Many were assemblages of design as an inspiration for their design materials like grasses, leaves and animal hides. projects. Nomadic people still utilize these materials. 1. Greek and Roman Classical Architecture In simple design terms, architecture adheres to the dictum that "form follows function". Timeline: 850 BC to 476 AD Architecture's function reflects different human This type of architecture refers to the style that needs. For example, warehouses take the shape was prominently used in ancient Greece and of large squares or rectangles because they Rome. This architectural style adhered to the need only to enclose a space that protects and concept of building structures utilising a set stores products and materials in the most template. Classical architecture is often efficient manner. A home is designed with other expressed by the temple, an oblong enclosure functions in mind, including cooking, resting, or surrounded by columns. cleaning and entertaining. So the interior design of a home includes specialized areas for these The Greek order of columns, Doric, Ionic and different functions. Corinthian, are some of the more identifiable elements of classical architecture. Roman A church or school design would have their own architects, with the Corinthian being the more set of spatial requirements because they favored style used in many Roman buildings, provide for large groups of people at once. followed these guidelines. Some of the most popular examples of classical architecture are the Acropolis complex in Athens and the Colosseum in Rome. 2. Gothic Architecture 4. Neoclassical Architecture Timeline: 1150 to c. 1530 Timeline: 18th Century to early 19th Century Some of the most famous churches in Europe As the name suggests, Neoclassical architecture feature the Gothic style of architecture. This is the revival of Classical architecture. The style architectural type that dominated for hundreds is very reminiscent of the Greek and Roman of years began in France and was then adapted forms. This resulted in 18th-century buildings throughout the continent. This is a style of somewhat resembling Greek and Roman stonework/masonry building that is temples. characterized by three main features: sharply Neoclassical architecture is defined by clean, pointed arch, ribbed and vaulted columns, and elegant lines, uncluttered appearance, free- flying support. standing columns and massive buildings. Some One of the most famous examples of French of the more popular examples are the Bank of Gothic architecture is the Notre-Dame in Paris, England Building in Liverpool, the White House France. Other prominent examples of structures in the United States, and the General Post that used Gothic architecture are Canterbury Office in Dublin. Cathedral in England, Cologne Cathedral in 5. Victorian Architecture Germany, Milan Cathedral in Italy, Basilica of St. Denis in Paris, and Salisbury Cathedral in Timeline: 1837-1901 England. This style of architecture refers to buildings that 3. Baroque were constructed during the reign of England’s Queen Victoria. Unlike other styles, Victorian Timeline: Late 16th Century to 18th Century architecture is not limited to a single particular This style of architecture originated in Italy and design but is used as a broad term that saw the was said to be a more emotional and dramatic revival of Gothic, Romanesque, and Tudor style designed to appeal to the senses. Baroque elements. architecture usually includes curving forms such The Victorian style was applied to residential as ovals, as well as concave and convex forms house designs during the industrial revolution. that suggest motion. Distortion is also another Many homes in the UK, US, and Australia key aspect in this style where you will see utilized this style. One characteristic that most figures that are broken, elongated or Victorian homes share is the “dollhouse” look manipulated to make them stand out. having elaborate trims, vivid colours, and Some of the examples of buildings with the asymmetrical designs. Baroque style are the Palace of Versailles in Some of the more prominent Victorian buildings France, St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, St. are the Palace of Westminster and Royal Albert Peter’s Square in Vatican, and Schönbrunn Hall in London, Osborne House in the Isle of Palace in Vienna. Wight, Balmoral Castle in Scotland, and Postcard Row in San Francisco, California. 6. Modern Architecture structures designed by architect Frank Gehry, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and Timeline: 1900s to 1960s the Dancing House in Prague are also notable This architectural style is an umbrella term that examples. In the UK, the SIS Building and the No encompasses several different styles that 1 Poulty in London are some examples. became prominent during the first half of the 20th century. This is a minimalist style that was practised by many architects until after World 8. Neo-Futurist Architecture War 2. Timeline: 2007 to Present of form, clean structure, lack of ornamentation, Neofuturism is an architectural style that is seen and function over form. This style also took as a more idealistic approach to the future. The advantage of the advances in steel, glass and designs increasingly take advantage of new concrete. Some of the best-known architects of technologies to build seemingly impossible the 20th century flourished during this era forms and innovative structures that have never including Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. been done before. It follows that some of the most iconic examples Neofuturist architecture is identified with of Modern architecture include Frank Lloyd structures that seem to defy natural physics Wright’s Fallingwater house in the United which were only previously seen in sci-fi States, Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye in France, movies. and Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe’s Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. One of the best-known architects of Neofuturist architecture is ground-breaking Iraqi- British 7. Post-Modern Architecture architect Zaha Hadid. In 2004, she was the first Timeline: 1960s to 1990s female architect to be awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture which was considered the As a reaction to the austerity and rigidity Nobel Prize in the architecture world. She was promoted by Modern architecture, the Post- also a two-time recipient of the Riba Stirling Modernist architects launched this design Prize- the UK’s most prestigious architecture movement in the 1960s. The post-modern award. designs incorporated artistic ornamentation and decorative elements into the building’s façade Hadid, who passed away in 2016 at the age of as opposed to just the clean lines upheld by 65, was known for her distinctive projects modernist styles. including The New Riverside Museum in Glasgow, Serpentine Sackler Gallery in Hyde The Post-modernist style refused to be boxed to Park, the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Stadium in Japan, just one type so designs often drew inspiration the 2022 FIFA World Cup Stadium in Qatar, and from a mix of architectural styles. For some the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Azerbaijan. buildings, this combination often resulted to a somewhat hybrid and whimsical design. The Vanna Venturi House in Pennsylvania, USA designed by Robvert Venturi is one of the first prominent structures of the post-modern architecture movement. Two famous Other Architecture Types Worth Mentioning: 3. Byzantine Architecture 1. Egyptian Architecture Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Ancient Egyptian architecture was mostly that Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition of the monumental temple and tomb, and to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining featured obelisks, battered walls, pylon-towers, characteristic is a heightened dome, the result pyramids, cavetto (or gorge) cornices, large of the latest sixth-century engineering columns with lotus, papyrus, palm, and other techniques. capitals, hypostyle halls, courts, vast processional axes (called dromos) flanked by Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern sphinxes, stylized sculpture, and hieroglyphs. It half of the Roman Empire during the reign of was an architecture of the columnar and Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned trabeated type. centuries, from 330 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and on into today's The early stone-built funerary complex at church architecture. Saqqara (c.2630–c.2611 BC) had many buildings including a stepped pyramid, processional hall 4. Romanesque Architecture with reeded and fluted engaged columns, Romanesque architecture is an architectural courts, and a vast wall containing the whole: it style of medieval Europe characterized by semi- was designed by Imhotep. Stepped pyramids circular arches.... were superseded by the smooth-sided type, of which the Gizeh pyramids (mid-third millennium The style can be identified right across Europe, BC) are exemplars. The big temple complex at despite regional characteristics and different Deïr-el- Bahari (middle of the second materials. Many castles were built during this millennium BC) was designed with three main period, but they are greatly outnumbered by levels approached by ramps and having long churches. façades of plain square columns that were greatly influential in C20 Neo-Classicism and 5. Renaissance Architecture Rational architecture. The temple-groups of Renaissance architecture is the European Karnak and Luxor were also started around the architecture of the period between the early same time, and their remaining ruins are still 14th and early 16th centuries in different impressive. There are many surviving buildings regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and of the Graeco-Roman period (332 bc–395 bc), development of certain elements of ancient including the Philae and Edfu temples. Greek and Roman thought and material culture. 2. Early Christian Architecture Renaissance architecture, style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, that Early Christian art and architecture or originated in Florence in the early 15th century Paleochristian art is the art produced by and spread throughout Europe, replacing the Christians or under Christian patronage from medieval Gothic style.... Filippo Brunelleschi is the earliest period of Christianity to, depending considered the first Renaissance architect. on the definition used, sometime between 260 and 525. In practice, identifiably Christian art only survives from the 2nd century onwards 6.Philippine Architecture Lesson 9 The architecture of the classical period of the Dance as a Performing Art Philippines is based on vernacular architecture for most of its centuries and Islamic Dance is a form of performing arts that refers to architecture in some coastal areas at the south, the art of moving the body rhythmically and plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th usually in accordance to music. It is used as a century. The bahay kubo is the term for huts form of social interaction and expression, or it is built out of nipa. commonly presented in a performance or spiritual setting. It is also seen as a form of These types of edifices were characteristic of nonverbal communication, a type of the way that indigenous people of the communication where words are not used. Philippines built homes prior to the arrival of Definitions of what dance is really all about the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use usually varies in each culture, society or person. today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the Dance is considered not only to be the oldest of different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, the arts but also as the mother of all arts. although most homes built along the shorelines Throughout the ages, the dancing body has conform to being stilt houses, similar to those inspired the musician, the sculptor, and the found in neighboring countries such as painter. In like manner, the drama of many Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of countries started in their dances. The Southeast Asia. beginnings of music have been traced to the dance. (Sanchez, et al.) Group work. DANCE AS A PERFORMING ART - Dance is a Group I will visit the Las Pinas City Hall performing art form consisting of sequences of virtually movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and Group II will visit the Bamboo Organ Church often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized virtually and described by its choreography, by its Group III will visit the SM Southmall virtually repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Group IV will visit the DFCAM-Main virtually An important distinction is to be drawn Group V will visit the DFCAM-IT virtually between the contexts of theatrical and Observe the types of architectural designs participatory dance, although these two employed in the buildings / or houses found in categories are not always completely separate; these places. Document your observations by both may have special functions, whether taking pictures to be presented in class together social, ceremonial, competitive, erotic, martial, with a narrative on their output. or sacred/liturgical. Other forms of human movement are sometimes said to have a dance- like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, cheerleading, figure skating, synchronized swimming, marching bands, and many other forms of athletics Kinds of Dance US and Europe. Drawing on classical, modern and jazz dance styles, contemporary dance has Dance has been a part of human culture since evolved to incorporate many characteristics of a the very earliest communities and civilisations, broader range of dance forms. Known for its with recorded evidence of dancing being found emphasis on strong torso and legwork, contract dating back to 30,000 years ago.Since then, and release, fall and recovery and floor work, it different dances have changed, merged and is often known for unpredictable and evolved into what we know today as the most disordered changes in speed and rhythm well-known dance genres. throughout a performance. Here is a list of the most popular types of 4. Hip Hop dance: Hip-hop dancing refers to a range of street 1. Ballet dances that developed in relation to hip hop Ballet dance developed during the Italian music and culture. Hip-hop dancing dates back Renaissance, before evolving in France and to the early 1970s in New York and California, Russia into a concert dance meant for public evolving out of Funk and the development of performance. This is in the form of a ballet, in break beat. which the dance is choreographed with classical Main styles of hip-hop dancing include music. Ballet productions vary between using Breaking, Locking and Popping, with derivative elaborate costumes and staging and using styles emerging out of these including Memphis minimal costuming and bare staging. Ballet is Jookin’, Turfing, Jerkin’ and Krumping. These now a widespread, highly technical form of were often popularised and made mainstream dance with many subgenres including classic, after being featured in music videos of the time. romantic, neoclassical and contemporary. Today, hip-hop is performed in outdoor spaces, 2. Ballroom in dance studios and competitively. Ballroom dance is a type of partner dance 5. Jazz originating at the end of the sixteenth century in France. Commonly used as shorthand for any Jazz dancing has its roots in seventeenth- partner dance, ballroom has today evolved into century African traditions, brought to the two main subgenres – standard/smooth and Americas via the Atlantic slave trade as slaves Latin/rhythm. continued dancing traditions in Brazil, the US and elsewhere on the continents. Known for its Dances within these categories include the improvisational and dramatic body movements, waltz, tango and foxtrot, and pasodoble, bolero the jazz dancing grew in popularity in early and samba. Ballroom is a popular form of twentieth-century jazz clubs. competitive dance, or dance sport, with competitions being held all over the world. Today, jazz dancing builds on African American vernacular dance styles that emerged along 3. Contemporary with Jazz music in the US. Swing, the Lindy Hop, Developed during the mid-twentieth century, the Shimmy and the Charleston are popular contemporary dance is now one of the most kinds of jazz dances. popular and technical forms of dance studied and performed professionally, especially in the 6. Tap Dance Most Irish dancing events are traditionally accompanied by signing and music. During Tap dancing is a type of percussive dance festivals, dances are held to showcase talent characterised by the “tap” of shoes hitting the and to compete for trophies or medals. Whilst floor as the person dances. Tap dancers often most people may recognise Irish dancing as wear metal “taps” on the heel and toe of a shoe being a group performance, there are many to accentuate the sound. well-known forms of solo Irish dances, such as Often performed as part of musical theatre, tap the step dance. dancing often focuses on choreography and 9. Modern Dance formations, with more than one tap dancer performing at once. Considered as being a broad genre of dance, modern dance primarily arose from western Tap dancing includes a range of dances countries such as the USA and Germany during including flamenco, rhythm, classical, broadway the late 1900s. While most forms of dance are and postmodern tap. structured and feature set steps, the purpose of As a percussive dance style, tap dancers are modern dance is to rely on the dancer’s looking to achieve a crisp, hollow sound to interpretation of the music and feeling to guide accentuate their performance. This unique movements. characteristic of tap dancing requires a Modern dance was initially born out of dislike specialist floor for optimal performance. for the limitations of traditional dances such as 7. Folk Dance ballet, which often oppressed dancers with rigid rules and techniques. Currently, modern dance Folk dancing is celebrated worldwide with is enjoyed across the world with participants people of different cultures and religions using having the ability to practice ballet dancing various forms of folk dance to portray without having to place strict focus on their emotions, stories, historical events or even techniques or turnout. Instead, dancers can aspects of daily life. choose a piece of music and use unconventional Folk dances are commonly held at public movements to convey emotions or to tell a events, where people can participate regardless meaningful story. of whether they are professional or complete 10. Swing Dance beginners. Such dances are also accompanied by traditional music to further enhance the Swing is a variation of jazz dance which cultural experience. developed between the 1920s to the 1940s as a response to the growing popularity of swing jazz 8. Irish Dance in America. With the evolution of music that Originating in Ireland, this form of traditional occurred during the Jazz era, dance also began dance has been popular for hundreds of years to change with the likes of swing music amongst Irish people and other countries encouraging faster, more rigorous movements. worldwide. Popularised by shows such as Popular forms of swing dance include the Lindy Riverdance, Irish dancing is famously known for Charleston, the Jitterbug, Lindy Hop and the its fabulous display of footwork and dance Balboa, many of which are still performed formations. today. Swing dancing would commonly be accompanied by Big Band musicians who often Lesson 10 played upbeat melodies which were smooth and easy to listen. Music as an Auditory Element of Art Swing dancers will feel at home on our range of Music, in some form has existed since vinyl dance floors prehistoric times. Indeed, it is suggested that music may be the primordial art form -- the Elements of Dance form in which men and women first expressed their feelings and longings about the mysteries Theme - refers to the message conveyed by of life and the way in which they first the dance questioned the meaning of things. Music may Design - refers to the plan or organization of have evolved first from sounds uttered for pure movement in time and space pleasure and from sounds uttered in imitation of nature, then finally perhaps from these to Movement - refers to the actions of dancers heretofore sound of human questioning. As as they use their bodies to create or technology allowed, music became an organize a pattern. expression of both humankind’s unceasing quest for self and of the individual’s growing Elements of Movement awareness of self. 1. Space - the area of movements. Music is a form of art that uses sound organised 2. Time - duration of movements. in time. 3. Duration - length of time expanded by a Music is also a form of entertainment that puts movement sounds together in a way that people like, find interesting or dance to. Most music includes 4. Force - dynamic of movements people singing with their voices or playing 5. Techniques - refers to the skill in executing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, the movements drums or violin. 6. Music - refers to the melodious sound that MUSIC AS AN AUDITORY ELEMENT OF ART motivates the movement of the dancers. Music is the art of arranging sounds in time to 7. Costume and Props - refer to the visual produce a composition through the elements of elements which are reflective of the customs, melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre. It is one beliefs, and the environment of the people that of the universal cultural aspects of all human enhance the effect of a dance. societies. Music is an art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for 8. Choreography - refers to the form, beauty of form or emotional expression, usually arrangements and organization of dance steps according to cultural standards of rhythm, and movements. melody, and, in most Western music, harmony. 9. Scenery - refers to the setting of the Both the simple folk song and the complex background; the place of action to make the electronic composition belong to the same dance more artistic and beautiful. activity, music. Both are humanly engineered; both are conceptual and auditory, and these factors have been present in music of all Musical Elements and the Relationships styles and in all periods of history, throughout THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC the world. You are embarking on an adventure through Music is an art that, in one guise or another, fills musical time, and this journey will be more every human society. Modern music is heard in pleasurable if you first become familiar with a bewildering profusion of styles, many of them some basic musical concepts. Keep in mind that contemporary, others engendered in past eras. most new experiences require some initial Music is a protean art; it lends itself easily to adjustment and insight. The process is similar to alliances with words, as in song, and with visiting a distant country for the first time: You physical movement, as in dance. Throughout are instantly immersed in a different culture history, music has been an important adjunct to and surrounded by people who speak an ritual and drama and has been credited with the unusual language or follow unfamiliar customs. capacity to reflect and influence human This new experience could be either very emotion. Popular culture has consistently exciting—or quite unbearable—depending on exploited these your perspective. If you were not prepared for possibilities, most conspicuously today by this journey, your naive responses and actions means of radio, film, television, musical theatre, might bring you embarrassment or instill the and the Internet. anger of others. Worst of all, you would get very little from a potentially rewarding experience. Music is everywhere to be heard. But what is These new ideas will be introduced gradually, music? Commentators have spoken of “the systematically and actively, so for now, focus on relationship of music to the human senses and learning the fundamental elements of music intellect,” thus affirming a world of human and their related terms Listen carefully for these discourse as the necessary setting for the art. A aspects in the music you hear, and—in time— definition of music itself will take longer. you will attain a heightened understanding that As Aristotle said, “It is not easy to determine the will open your ears, mind and soul to the nature of music or why anyone should have a deeper levels of musical thought. knowledge of it.” Early in the 20th century, it ELEMENT - Basic Related Terms was regarded as a commonplace that a musical tone was characterized by the regularity of its Rhythm: (beat, meter, tempo, syncopation) vibrations; this uniformity gave it a fixed pitch Dynamics: (forte, piano, [etc.], crescendo, and distinguished its sounds from “noise.” decrescendo) Although that view may have been supported Melody: (pitch, theme, conjunct, disjunct) by traditional music, by the latter half of the 20th century it was recognized as an Harmony: (chord, progression, consonance, unacceptable yardstick. Indeed, “noise” itself dissonance, key, tonality, atonality) and silence became elements in composition, and random sounds were used (without prior Tone color: (register, range, instrumentation) knowledge of what they would be) by Texture: (monophonic, homophonic, composers, polyphonic,imitation, counterpoint) Form: (binary, ternary, strophic, through- composed) MUSIC AS AN AUDITORY ELEMENT OF ART The Classical Music Music - is the art of combining sounds into a 1. Cantata - a work for choir or chorus and coherent perceptual experience, typically in usually with an orchestra accordance with conventional patterns and 2. Concerto - a long piece of music usually in aesthetic purpose. several movements, for a solo instrument and Musical Elements and the Relationships an orchestra 1. Notation - it is a kind of shorthand. It 3. Madrigal - a piece of music for several singers specifies the pitch of notes, their length, the in which each singer has a separate part and degree of loudness with which they are to be may sing different words from other singers. performed, their articulation, and the speed at 4. Minuet - originally a dance that became a which a piece is to be played. piece of instrumental music a. Pitch - refers to the relative highness or 5. Nocturne - a short piano piece with a quiet lowness of a tone. reflective mood. Nocturne means “night piece” b. Time - explains the relative lengths of various 6. Oratorio - a large work for a big choir or notes. chorus or even two choirs, several solo singers, 2. Sound - is that which is heard in a music. and an orchestra a. Range - refers to the inexhaustive levels of 7. Passion - an oratorio based on the biblical voice. stories of the suffering, death, and the resurrection of Christ b. Dynamics - refers to the comparative loudness and softness of music. 8. Serenade - a piece of music intended for evening performance c. Tone / Color / Timbre - gives a characteristic flavor to musical action and is an important 9. Sonata - a piece that is played rather than means of conveying expressive values. sung, but mainly a long work for one or two instruments with several movements d. Harmonic Color - it refers to the effects created by combinations of tones sounded 10. Symphony - a long work for orchestra, together. sometimes including a chorus and solo singers in several movements. e. Texture - refers to the interaction of musical lines. 1. Electronic Dance Music: 3. Movement and Arrival - the marks or Generally referred as EDM, this form of music is punctuations of a musical composition. produced by DJs who add dozens of tones to a piece to create unique music. You can hear a. Rhythm - refers to the organization of them in clubs or even live, depending upon your musical time. accessibility for the same. In the early twenties, b. Melody - refers to the musical line electronic dance music was known in the form of Jamaican dub music, the electronic music of c. Harmony - refers to the specific relationships Kraftwerk, the disco music of Giorgio Moroder, of musical tones. the Yellow Magic Orchestra and many more. 2. Rock Music: Originated as “Rock & Roll” in 6. Techno: - you may have listened to a number the United States, Rock music has been rocking of techno music while clubbing, but it is Detroit the world since the 1950s. It is a form of music techno that is considered to be the foundation that started actually around string instruments, of this form of music. Unlike the days of its but now uses other modern instruments too emergence, the use of technology today has making it a little difficult to give it an accurate greatly enhanced the quality of techno style definition. Its loud and strong beats make it music and popularizing it among people day by popular among the youths. Some of the rock day. stars who have popularized the culture include 7. Country Music: Little Richard, Bill Haley and Chuck Berry while rock bands like Pink Floyd, The Doors, Metallica, Another popular genre of American music Nirvana and Megadeth are the modern bands which originated in the 1920s, Country music who have taken the culture by storm. has its roots from American folk and western music. It is formed using simple forms of 3. Jazz: instruments ranging from electric and steel Identified with swing and blue notes, Jazz has its guitars to drums and mandolin or mouth organ. roots both in the West African and European Some very popular country music singers culture. It is said that Jazz is “One of America’s include Shania Twain, Johnny Cash Taylor Swift original art forms” and boasts a unique and Kenny Rogers. combination of creativity, coactions and 8. Electro: interactivity. Originating in the late 19th to early 20th century, Jazz has also played an important A perfect blend of hip hop and electronic music, role in introducing the world to a number of electro or electro-funk uses drum machine, women performers like Ella Fitzgerald, Betty vocoder and talkbox helping it to distinguish Carter, Abbey Lincoln and Ethel Waters. itself from another similar form of music, Disco. Notable artists who have been into this form of 4. Dubstep: music include Arthur Baker, Freeez, Man Parrish The use of instruments attracting music lovers and Midnight Star for its bass and rhythm, this falls in the 9. Indie Rock: electronic music genre. People consider it to be a darker form of music, but since its birth in the Falling in the genre of alternative rock music, late 1990s, this genre has successfully made its Indie Rock originated in the 1980s and has place in the industry. gradually changed the music industry. After a decade, it also gave birth to a couple of sun- 5. Rhythm and Blues: genres in related styles such as math rock, emo, Vocalists like Rihanna, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, noise pop, post rock and lo-fi. Usher and the legendary Michael Jackson have 10. Pop Music: all made it huge in the music industry with their love for this form of music. Originated in the “Pop” is a term derived from “Popular” and thus 1940s, this African-American music is a Pop Music is known to be a genre of popular combination of hip hop, funk, dance, pop and music. With its roots in the rock & roll style, this soul focusing on themes like relationships, sex form can include any form of music ranging and freedom. from urban and dance to rock, country and Latin. Instruments highly used are electric guitars, 4. String Instruments synthesizer drums as well as bass and one can String instruments, stringed instruments, or listen to this form of music by listening to songs chordophones are musical instruments that by Britney Spears, Madonna, Beyonce Lady produce sound from vibrating strings when a Gaga and of course the “King of Pop”, Michael performer plays or sounds the strings in some Jackson. manner. 11. Reggae Some Classical Musicians Reggae, style of popular music that originated in 1. Johann Sebastian Bach Jamaica in the late 1960s and quickly emerged as the country’s dominant music. By the 1970s 2. Bela Bartok it had become an international style that was particularly popular in Britain, the United 3. George Friedrich Handel States, and Africa. It was widely perceived as a 4. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky voice of the oppressed. 5. Ludwig Beethoven The Orchestral Instruments 6. Wolfgang Mozart 1. Woodwind Instruments The woodwind family of instruments includes, from the highest sounding instruments to the Some Filipino Musicians lowest, the piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, 1. Julian Felipe clarinet, E- flat clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon and contrabassoon. 2. Levi Celerio 2. Brass Instruments 3. Cecil Licad A brass instrument is a musical instrument that 4. Resti Umali produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air 5. Angel Pena in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments 6. Antonio Molina are also called labrosones or labrophones, from 7. Antonio Buenaventura Latin and Greek elements meaning 'lip' and 'sound'. 8. Lucrecia R. Kasilag 3. Percussion Instruments 9. Lucio San Pedro A percussion instrument is a musical instrument 10.Ryan Cayabyab that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Excluding zoo musicological instruments and the human voice, the percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments. Lesson 11 and 12 tragic character flaws that ultimately lead to their demise. A. Drama as a Performing Art and Theater as a Living Art Farce: Drama is the specific mode of fiction Featuring exaggerated or absurd forms of represented in performance: a play, opera, comedy, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama mime. In literature, a drama is the portrayal of in which characters intentionally overact and fictional or non-fictional events through the engage in slapstick or physical humor. Examples performance of written dialog (either prose or of farce include the play Waiting for Godot by poetry). Dramas can be performed on stage, on Samuel Beckett and the hit 1980 movie film, or the radio. Dramas are typically called Airplane, written by Jim Abrahams. plays, and their creators are known as Melodrama: “playwrights” or “dramatists.” allet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or An exaggerated form of drama, melodramas television. depict classic one-dimensional characters such as heroes, heroines, and villains dealing with Types of Drama sensational, romantic, and often perilous Dramatic performances are generally classified situations. Sometimes called “tearjerkers,” into specific categories according to the mood, examples of melodramas include the play The tone, and actions depicted in the plot. Some Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and the popular types of drama include: classic movie of love during the Civil War, Gone with the Wind, based on Margaret Mitchell’s Comedy: novel. Lighter in tone, comedies are intended to make Opera: the audience laugh and usually come to a happy ending. Comedies place offbeat characters in This versatile genre of drama combines theater, unusual situations causing them to do and say dialogue, music, and dance to tell grand stories funny things. Comedy can also be sarcastic in of tragedy or comedy. Since characters express nature, poking fun at serious topics. There are their feelings and intentions through song also several sub-genres of comedy, including rather than dialogue, performers must be both romantic comedy, sentimental comedy, a skilled actors and singers. The decidedly tragic comedy of manners, and tragic comedy—plays La Bohème, by Giacomo Puccini, and the bawdy in which the characters take on tragedy with comedy Falstaff, by Giuseppe Verdi are classic humor in bringing serious situations to happy examples of opera. endings. Docudrama: Tragedy: A relatively new genre, docudramas are Based on darker themes, tragedies portray dramatic portrayals of historic events or non- serious subjects like death, disaster, and human fictional situations. More often presented in suffering in a dignified and thought-provoking movies and television than in live theater, way. Rarely enjoying happy popular examples of docudramas include the movies Apollo 13 and 12 Years a Slave, based on endings, characters in tragedies, like the autobiography written by Solomon Shakespeare's Hamlet, are often burdened by Northup. Classic Example of Comedy and Tragedy Drama Key Terms Perhaps no two plays better illustrate the Drama: The portrayal of fictional or non- juxtaposition of the masks of drama—comedy fictional events in theater, film, radio, or television. and tragedy—than these two William Shakespeare classics. Thalia: The Greek Muse of comedy, depicted as one of the two masks of drama. Comedy: Melpomene: The Greek Muse of tragedy, the A Midsummer Night’s Dream In his romantic other mask of drama. comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare explores one of his favorite Dramatic tension: The most basic element of themes—“love conquers all”—with a humorous drama used to stir the emotions of the twist. Due to a series of comical and audience. unpredictable situations, young couples keep Comedy: The humorous genre of drama falling in and out of love. As they struggle with intended to keep the audience laughing on the the foibles of love, their equally amusing real- way to play’s happy ending. world problems are magically resolved by a mischievous sprite named Puck. In the very Tragedy: The portrayal of darker subjects like Shakespearian happy ending, old enemies death, disaster, betrayal, and human suffering. become fast friends and the true lovers are united to live happily ever after. A Midsummer Farce: An “over the top” form of purposely Night’s Dream is cited as an example of how over-acted and exaggerated comedy. playwrights utilize the ageless conflict between Melodrama: The depiction of simple classic love and social convention as a source of characters like heroes and villains dealing with humor. sensational, romantic, and often perilous Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet situations. Young lovers live anything but happily ever after Opera: The artful combination of dialogue, in Shakespeare’s unforgettable tragedy Romeo music, and dance to tell grand stories of tragedy and Juliet. In what is still one of the most- or comedy. performed plays in history, the love between Docudrama: Historical or non-fictional events Romeo and Juliet is doomed by the raging feud portrayed in a dramatic between their families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The night before the star-crossed Elements of Drama lovers are secretly married, Romeo kills Juliet's Drama is a composition of prose or poetry that cousin in a duel, and Juliet fakes her own death is transformed into a performance on stage. The to avoid being forced by her parents to marry a story progresses through interactions between family friend. Unaware of Juliet’s plan, Romeo its characters and ends with a message for the visits her grave and, believing she is dead, kills audience. What are the different elements of himself. When she learns of Romeo’s death, drama? How are they related to each other? Juliet truly does kill herself. Through the How do they affect the quality and thereby the technique of switching moods between hope popularity of a play? and despair, Shakespeare creates heartbreaking dramatic tension in Romeo and Juliet. The six Aristotelian elements of drama are, plot, could be blind love or the strength of selfless character, thought, diction, spectacle, and song. love and sacrifise, or true friendship. For Out of these, the first two are the most example, the play Romeo and Juliet, is based on important ones according to Aristotle. Drama a brutal and overpowering romantic love can be defined as a dramatic work that actors between Romeo and Juliet that forces them to present on stage. A story is dramatized, which go to extremes, finally leading them to self means the characters and events in the story destruction. are brought to life through a stage performance Plot by actors who play roles of the characters in the story and act through its events, taking the The order of events occurring in a play make its story forward. In enacting the roles, actors plot. Essentially, the plot is the story that the portray the character’s emotions and play narrates. The entertainment value of a play personalities. The story progresses through depends largely on the sequence of events in verbal and non- verbal interactions between the the story. The connection between the events characters, and the presentation is suitably and the characters in them form an integral part supplemented by audio and visual effects. of the plot. What the characters do, how they interact, the course of their lives as narrated by Through the characters involved, the story has a the story, and what happens to them in the message to give. It forms the central theme of end, constitutes the plot. A struggle between the play around which the plot is built. While two individuals, the relation between them, a some consider music and visuals as separate struggle with self, a dilemma, or any form of elements, others prefer to club them under conflict of one character with himself or staging which can be regarded as an another character in the play, goes into forming independent element of drama. Lighting, sound the story’s plot. The story unfolds through a effects, costumes, makeup, gestures or body series of incidents that share a cause-and-effect language given to characters, the stage setup, relationship. Generally, a story begins with and the props used can together be considered exposing the past or background of the main as symbols that are elements of drama. and other characters, and the point of conflict, What dictates most other dramatic elements is then proceeds to giving the central theme or the setting; that is the time period and location climax. Then come the consequences of the in which the story takes place. climax and the play ends with a conclusion. Theme Characters The theme of a play refers to its central idea. It The characters that form a part of the story are can either be clearly stated through dialog or interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each action, or can be inferred after watching the character in a play has a personality of its own entire performance. The theme is the and a set of principles and beliefs. Actors in the philosophy that forms the base of the story or a play have the responsibility of bringing the moral lesson that the characters learn. It is the characters to life. The main character in the play message that the play gives to the audience. For who the audience identifies with, is the example, the theme of a play could be of how protagonist. He/she represents the theme of greed leads to one’s destroyal, or how the the play. The character that the protagonist wrong use of authority ultimately results in the conflicts with, is the end of power. The theme of a play antagonist or villain. While some characters (if any), the conflict, and the interactions play an active role throughout the story, some between the characters. The historical and are only meant to take the story forward and social context of the play is also defined by the some others appear only in certain parts of the time and place where it is set. The time period story and may or may not have a significant role and the location in which the story is set, affect in it. Sometimes, these characters are of help in the play’s staging. Costumes and makeup, the making the audiences focus on the play’s theme backgrounds and the furniture used, the visuals or main characters. The way in which the (colors and kind of lighting), and the sound are characters are portrayed and developed is among the important elements of a play that known as characterization. Here is a list of dictate how the story is translated into a stage characters in Romeo and Juliet. performance. The Merchant of Venice has been set in the 16th century Venice. Romeo and Dialog Juliet has been set in the era between 1300 and The story of a play is taken forward by means of 1600, perhaps the Renaissance period which is dialogs. The story is narrated to the audiences the 14th and 15th centuries. through the interaction between the play’s Performance - It is another important element characters, which is in the form of dialogs. The of drama, as the impact that a story has on the contents of the dialogs and the quality of their audiences is largely affected by the delivery have a major role to play in the impact performances of the actors. When a written that the play has on the audiences. It is through play is transformed into a stage performance, the dialogs between characters that the story the actors cast for different roles, the way they can be understood. They are important in portray the characters assigned to them, and revealing the personalities of the characters. the way their performances are directed are The words used, the accent, tone, pattern of some important factors that determine the speech, and even the pauses in speech, say a lot play’s impact. Whether an actor’s appearance about the character and help reveal not just his (includes what he wears and how he carries personality, but also his social status, past, and himself on stage) suits the role he is playing, family background as given by the play. and how well he portrays the character’s Monologues and soliloquies that are speeches personality are determinants of how well the given to oneself or to other characters help put play would be taken by the audiences. Different forward points that would have been difficult to actors may play the same roles in different express through dialogs. “What’s in a name? renditions of a play. A particular actor/actress in That which we call a rose By any other name a certain role may be more or less accepted and would smell as sweet” from Romeo and Juliet in appreciated than another actor in the same which Juliet tells Romeo of the insignificance of role. As different actors are cast for different names or “To be, or not to be”, a soliloquy from roles, their roles are more or less appreciated Hamlet are some of the greatest lines in depending on their performances. The stage literature. performances of a play’s characters, especially Setting -The time and place where a story is set those in lead roles, directly affect the success is one of its important parts. The era or time in and popularity of a play. Although considered as which the incidents in the play take place, a part of the staging, factors such as music and influence the characters in their appearance visuals can be discussed separately as the and personalities. The time setting may affect elements of drama. the central theme of the play, the issues raised Music Symbols are often used to give hints of the future events in the story. They complement This element includes the use of sounds and the other elements of a scene and make it more rhythm in dialogs as well as music compositions effective. The use of contrasts adds to the that are used in the plays. The background dramatic element of a play. It could be in the score, the songs, and the sound effects used form of contrasting colors, contrasting should complement the situation and the backdrops, an interval of silence followed by characters in it. The right kind of sound effects that of activity and noise, or a change in the or music, if placed at the right points in the pace of the story. story, act as a great supplement to the high and low points in the play. The music and the lyrics The dramatization of a story cannot be called should go well with the play’s theme. If the successful unless the audiences receive it well. scenes are accompanied by pieces of music, It may improve through constructive criticism or they become more effective on the audiences. due to improvisations introduced by the actors. And a generous appreciation from the Visual Element audiences encourages everyone involved in the While the dialog and music are the audible making of a play, to continue doing good work. aspects of drama, the visual element deals with Filipino Dramatists and their works the scenes, costumes, and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama, also known Aurelio Tolentino - Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas as the spectacle, renders a visual appeal to the Tomas Remigio - Malaya stage setup. The costumes and makeup must suit the characters. Besides, it is important for Juan Abad - Tanikalan