Final Exam Review PDF

Final Exam Review Exam Reminders Exam will be on December 17th (Tuesday) at 8:30 am ○ Be on time! Bring a pencil. 40 multiple choice questions, 2 short answer questions must be answered out of 3 Chapters 14 & 15 you will be tested fully on Other half of the test will be cumulative ○ T...

Final Exam Review Exam Reminders Exam will be on December 17th (Tuesday) at 8:30 am ○ Be on time! Bring a pencil. 40 multiple choice questions, 2 short answer questions must be answered out of 3 Chapters 14 & 15 you will be tested fully on Other half of the test will be cumulative ○ Terms listed on the study guide Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology The Dunning-Kruger Effect: When people lack the ability to accurately judge their own performance in areas they have little skill in Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology The Biopsychosocial Model: The approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors as interconnected influences that shape a human’s mental and behavioral processes Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Replicability: A quality of a scientific study that allows that specific experiment to be run again and get extremely similar results Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Cognitive Psychology: Aims to understand the basic skills and processes that are the foundation of mental life and behavior Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Stream of Consciousness: A phrase to describe every person’s continuous series of ever changing thoughts Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Zygote: The moment of conception, when a sperm unites with an egg to create, the first cell of a new life Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Teratogens: Agents that harm the embryo or fetus Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Infantile Amnesia: The phenomenon that humans are unable to remember events from early childhood Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Attachment Style: Secure, insecure/avoidant, insecure/ambivalent (anxious), and disoriented-disorganized Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Theory of Mind: The ability to understand that other people have mental states, and to infer what the person is thinking or feeling Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivation Self-actualization: When people achieve their own best self and are truly happy Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivation Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. After that, arousal impairs performance Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivation Intrinsic Motivation: Value or pleasure associated with an activity, rather than toward any external goal Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivation Extrinsic Motivation: Directed toward an external goal, typically a reward Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivation Cognitive Dissonance: Sense of discomfort with internal conflict and how people respond to it Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Health Psychology: The use of psychological research to understand the interrelations between thoughts, action, physical and mental health. Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Immigrant Paradox: As generations are born there are greater health disparities between foreign and native born, can be caused by several factors including, poor diet, loss of culture and social network and stress Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm- includes physical responses Resistance- Body prepares for longer sustained defense from the stressor Exhaustion- Body prepares for longer sustained defense from the stressor Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Fight or Flight: The physiological preparation that animals use when dealing with an attack. Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Four Types of Stressors: Major Life Stressor Chronic Stressor Daily Hassles Discrimination- Related Stressors Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Types of Coping: Emotion- Pinpointing the emotion resulting from the stimuli and tries to prevent an emotional response Problem-focused coping- Pinpointing the specific problem and taking direct steps to solve it by generating alternative solutions, weighing options and costs and benefits Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Buffering Hypothesis: When others provide emotional support to those in distress, it makes it easier for them to cope and work through the issue Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Social Support: Feeling cared for by others, improving mental and physical health Chapter 12: Social Psychology Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: People tend to see those on the outside of their group as less varied Chapter 12: Social Psychology Group Polarization: The initial attitudes of a group member often influence the decision of the rest or group, determining whether a risky decision will be made or not Chapter 12: Social Psychology The Mere Exposure Effect: The greater the amount of exposure to something the more likely a person will develop a more positive attitude towards it Chapter 12: Social Psychology The ABCs: Action - Discrimination: different treatment of people based on their group membership Bias - Prejudice: negative feelings or opinions associated with a certain stereotype Cognition - Stereotype: generalized belief of a group of people Chapter 12: Social Psychology Modern Racism: Prejudice that coexists with the rejection of racist beliefs Chapter 12: Social Psychology Factors that predict which people become friends, romantic partners or enemies : Proximity and Familiarity Personal Characteristics Physical Attractiveness Chapter 13: Personality Five-Factor Theory This theory identifies 5 basic personality traits: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism Chapter 13: Personality Internal Locus of Control Belief that you are in control of things that happen to you Chapter 13: Personality External Locus of Control People who believe rewards—and therefore their personal fates—result from forces beyond their control Chapter 13: Personality Better-Than-Average Effect The tendency for people to perceive their abilities, attributes, and personality traits as superior compared with their average peer Chapter 13: Personality Downward Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone else perceived as “lesser” or “worse” Chapter 13: Personality Upward Comparison: We compare ourselves to someone who is (perceived to be or performing) better than we are Chapter 13: Personality Temperament: The usual attitude, mood, or behavior of a person Chapter 13: Personality Situationism: A theory viewing human personality as a function of response to situation Chapter 13: Personality Interactionism: Focuses on the everyday interactions between individuals as the basis for the development of society Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Psychopathology: Illness or disorder of the mind The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Reference book used to diagnose mental disorders Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Diathesis-Stress Model: Provides a way of thinking about the interaction between environment and person in the onset of psychopathology. Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder: must experience a major depressive episode, which includes experiencing depressed mood or a loss of interest in pleasurable activities everyday for at least two weeks ○ Other symptoms: appetite and weight changes, sleep disturbances, loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, frequent thoughts of death, perhaps by suicide Persistent Depressive Disorder: have many of the same symptoms of those with MDD, but less intense ○ Mild to moderate severity ○ Must have a depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder: characterized more by manic episodes than by depression ○ Manic episodes impair daily living and can result in hospitalization ○ Depressive episodes not necessary for diagnosis Bipolar II Disorder: experience less extreme mood elevations, called hypomania ○ Heightened creativity and productivity, can be somewhat disruptive but not as impairing ○ Requires at least one major depressive episode to be diagnosed Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: alterations in thought, perception, and consciousness Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders OCD Obsessions: recurrent or unwanted thoughts that increase anxiety ○ Individuals typically try to ignore these thoughts but will engage in behaviors that lessen the emotional distress Compulsions: specific acts that people with OCD feel the need to repeat to reduce anxiety ○ Most common include cleaning and counting Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: the fear of becoming fat ○ People will usually restrict food intake and leads to an unhealthy body weight Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder that consists of over eating and purging ○ People will typically binge eat and become concerned they may gain weight so they usually engage in purging Binge eating disorder: people who overeat but do not purge ○ People will usually eat even if they are not hungry Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Addiction Addiction: the dependency of a particular substance or thing ○ Most common is drug use Tolerance: the diminished effect of a substance with continuous use ○ A person may need to consume more of the substance to have the same effect it did Withdrawal: the mental state a person is in when a certain substance is not ingested for a long period of time ○ Often includes nausea, body aches, and chills Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a disorder that develops after experiencing a highly stressful event ○ A person with PTSD will have frequent thoughts related to the trauma. ○ PTSD causes tension, anxiety, and problems in memory and attention ○ They are usually unable to forget the cause of their trauma Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia: person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a substantial block of time. May suddenly lose memory for personal facts, including their identity and place of residence Dissociative Fugue: loss of identity, traveling to new location, sometimes assumption of new identity; very rare and seen only in extreme cases Dissociative Identity Disorder: occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual, along with memory gaps Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Personality Disorders Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Broad diagnosis for individuals who behave with lack of concern for other people, by disregarding rules/laws, being deceitful, irresponsible, and showing little or no remorse for their behavior. People with this disorder tend to be hedonistic, seeking immediate gratification of their wants and needs Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Any Questions? Suggestions: ○ Types of therapy Methods they use ○ Medications Not specific names of drugs, but know what is used to treat what ○ Biological treatments ○ What kinds of therapies can be used to treat certain disorders