Final exam.docx

Final exam- human anatomy Genital systems – assigned male Testes Function: ensure survival of genetic characteristics of a species (transferring genes to new gen). under influence of LH. Interstitial cells secrete testosterone: androgen. Testosterone function: promotes 1 and 2 sexual characteristics...

Final exam- human anatomy Genital systems – assigned male Testes Function: ensure survival of genetic characteristics of a species (transferring genes to new gen). under influence of LH. Interstitial cells secrete testosterone: androgen. Testosterone function: promotes 1 and 2 sexual characteristics, protein anabolism and affects fluid/electrolyte balance as well increase pubic and body hair + height. Location: outside of the body because the testes require lower temp. for sperm production, oval covered by a capsule called tunica albuginea, suspended by scrotal tissue and spermatic cord Testosterone: anabolic hormone which promotes growth and development of bone, muscle, testes. Structure: lobules composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, each testis in a supporting sac called the scrotum Fetal life: testes in abdominal cavity and descend into scrotum 2 months before birth Crytochism: corrected by testosterone or surgery- when 1 or both testes fail to descend Orchitis: inflammation of the testes. Essential: for production of gametes- primary sex organs gonads (testes) Accessory: support reproductive process – scrotum, spermatic cord, and penis External genitalia: scrotum and penis Genital ducts epididymides: stores sperm (2 weeks), unused sperm broken down. Sperm learns to be motile in this space then travels to the ductus deferens. Vas deferens: excretory duct for seminal fluid, connects epididymis with ejaculatory duct. Peristalsis propels sperm and fluid along length of duct. 3 regions of the urethra Prostatic Membranous Spongy (penile) ejaculatory duct: joining of vas deferens & seminal vesicle. Penetrates muscular wall of prostate gland, empties into prostatic urethra. Accessory glands: secretions that nourish, transport, mature sperm seminal vesicles: posterior of bladder, secretion is viscous, alkaline, and nutrient rich (fructose). Contains vesiculase which prevents sperm from sticking together. Prostate gland: encircles urethra just below bladder (size of a walnut). Secretion is slightly acidic + watery. Contains seminalplasmin- naturally produced antibiotic to prevent UTIs bulbourethral glands: below prostate gland, duct connects to penile urethra. Secretion is alkaline with mucous. Vasectomy: cutting/tying of the vas deferens FLOMAX (tamsulosin): alpha-adrenergic blockers that relaxes muscles in prostate and bladder neck = easier urination. What is in the ejaculatory secretion % Semen 5% Seminal vesicles 60% Prostate gland 30% Bulbourethral gland 5% The scrotum A fleshy pouch suspended from perineum, has scrotal cavities which contain (a testes, epididymis, part of a spermatic cord). Thin layer of skin containing smooth muscle called dartos. The deeper cremaster muscle contracts pulling testes closer to body when heat required. If body temp rises cremaster relaxes. Spermatogenesis: stem cells go through division and create a sperm cell. In seminiferous & epididymis tubules – approx. 60/70 days. Stimulated by hormone control Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Structure of sperm- head covered by acrosome (hydrolytic enzymes released at capacitation) (breaks down cervical mucous to penetrate egg). Mid piece contains mitochondria (energy for locomotion). Tail (flagellum-responsible for movement) Regulation of spermatogenesis: FSH binds to Sertoli cell (starts to divide and promotes spermatogenesis). FSH nourish, support, protect sperm, then Sertoli cells secrete inhibin to regulate the number of gametes made using a negative feedback loop. Composition and course of seminal fluids Consists of secretions from the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate + bulbourethral glands. (each mL contains millions of sperm) Course: testes > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra Penis 3 parts: root- connects organ to body. Body- erectile tissue. Glans- erectile tissue and surrounds opening of the urethra Vascular channels, elastic C.T, smooth muscle. Overlapping skin resembles scrotum. Fold of skin (prepuce/foreskin) surrounds the tip Preputial glands produce smegma oil Circumcision: surgical removal 3 masses of erectile tissue: 2 corpora cavernosa: sponge-like regions that contains most of blood during erection (each mass has its own central artery). 1 corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra, extends to tip of penis forming the glans Penis contains terminal duct for urinary and reproductive tracts, during sexual arousal penis becomes erect serving as a copulatory organ Neural control of the sexual response Errection – released on various parasympathetic reflex initiated by stimuli (tactile, visual, mental). Acts on central artery, it dilates using neurons that innervate penile arteries and release nitric oxide allowing blood to fill the erectile tissue to distend the penis and compress the veins in the tissue to increase the blood flow coming in then the blood flow leaving the tissue. Emission – reflex movement of sperm and secretion of seminal fluid into prostatic urethra. Once emission has occurred, ejaculation will follow. Ejaculation – reflex response involves ejection of semen, increased heart rate, BP, hyperventilation, and dilated blood vessels and 3mL ejaculate= 300 million sperm. Genital systems assigned female Ovaries (gonads) (pairs) – primary sex organs, size of an almond, nodular glands Function: to create a sex cell, produces ova via oogenesis (creating an ova) Location: below & behind uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) Accessory sex organs: internal genitalia – uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina External genitals: vuvla (structures external to the vagina), vestibule Sex glands: mammary glands – lie over pectoral muscles, modified sweat glands for lactation Lactation: ovarian hormones make breast structurally ready to produce milk (prolactin stimulant) and oxytocin stimulates milk ejection. Ovarian ligament: anchors ovaries to uterus (contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves) Brain ligament: attaches posterior of ovary via mesovarian ligament Outer cortex of ovaries: germinal epithelium, 1000s of follicles at puberty then FSH causing the follicle to enlarge and mature into a Graafian follicle note as follicle grows estrogen secreted by follicle (400,000 oocytes at puberty) Ovulation: occurs on 14th day of 28 cycle, caused by LH. Ova swept into uterine tube by fimbriae under the influence of LH remaining follicle reforms into a corpus lutuem (yellow body) Corpus luteum: secretes more progesterone to prepare uterus for pregnancy and suppresses release of FSH to prevent development. No pregnancy: corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (white body), progesterone levels fall causing menstruation Pregnancy: placenta of embryo secretes HCG (eliminated in the body by urine). Maintains progesterone secretions for 3 months and maintains lining of endometrium (hCG indicates preg) Perineum Skin covered region between vaginal orifice and rectum Urogenital triangle: external genitalia and urinary opening Anal triangle: surrounds anus Episiotomy: incision in perineum, to ease delivery Uterine tubes 3 layers (layers continuous with uterus and vagina Outer serous Middle smooth muscle Mucous membrane End closest to ovary forms the infundibulum with numerous fimbriae, ciliated simple columnar epithelium moves ovum toward uterus. Uterus Pelvic cavity – body, cervix, fundus Location: Body lies anteflexed over bladder, begins to decrease in size at menopause (age). Cervix points downward, backward, joining vagina at a right angle. Wall: endometrium (mucous), myometrium (smooth muscle), perimetrium (peritoneum). Cervix dips into the vagina producing anterior and posterior fornix (seminal fluid pools, increasing chance of fertilization) Fertilization: occurs in upper 1/3 of uterine tubes forming a zygote (further division and implants into endometrium) 8 uterine ligaments Forms a deep pouch = rectal uterine pouch of Douglas 90% angle Vagina Located between rectum, urethra, bladder, a collapsible tube, composed of smooth muscle, lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae Functions: lubricates lining, a receptable or semen, lower portion of birth canal, transports tissue and blood shed during menstruation outside of body. Neural control of the sexual response released on various parasympathetic reflex initiated by stimuli (tactile, visual, mental). Acts on central artery, it dilates using neurons that innervate arteries and release nitric oxide allowing blood to fill the erectile tissue causing vaginal wall to swell which increases activity of mucosa and glands and lubricates vestibule no ejaculation occurs, Sympathetic reflex – vaginal muscles contract, Uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions, Cervix pushes into vagina, drawing seminal fluid into tract