Final Exam Highlight - Chapter 22: Plants - Abdulrahman Fakieh Schools for Girls

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ Ministry of Education...

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليم‬ Private Education Agency ‫األهل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وكالة التعليم‬ General Administration of International and Foreign Education ‫واألجنب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اإلدارة العامة للتعليم‬ International & Foreign Education Office in Makkah Region ‫واألجنب بمنطقة مكة المكرمة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مكتب التعليم‬ Abdulrahman Fakieh Schools for Girls (Intermediate Stage) ‫مدارس عبد الرحمن فقيه لبنات‬ License No ( 127805 ) ) ‫األمريك‬ ( ‫المنهج المرخص‬ ‫ي‬ Final exam highlight Chapter 22: Plants 1. Basic Needs of Plants: o Sunlight: Necessary for photosynthesis. o Gas Exchange: Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. o Water and Minerals: Essential for nutrient transport and structural support. o Plants use Photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy 2. History and Evolution of Plants: o Early ancestors of plants lived in water, such as green algae. o Plants adapted to land about 472 million years ago, developing structures to resist drying out and reproduce without water. 3. Defining Features of Plants: o All plants are eukaryotic, have cell walls with cellulose, and perform photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b. o Key evolutionary traits: embryo protection, water-conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers. 4. Plant Life Cycle: o Plants alternate between haploid (N) gametophyte and diploid (2N) sporophyte phases. o Evolution favored a reduced gametophyte phase and an expanded sporophyte phase. Lesson 2: Plant Diversity 1. Green Algae: o Aquatic ancestors of plants, mostly unicellular or colonial. o Reproduce both sexually and asexually, switching between haploid and diploid phases. 2. Bryophytes (Mosses and Relatives): o Lack vascular tissues; remain small and grow in moist environments. o Gametophyte is the dominant life cycle phase, requiring water for fertilization. 3. Ferns and Seedless Vascular Plants: o Vascular plants, known as tracheophytes). Tracheids are hollow tubelike cells with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin. Tracheids are found in xylem), a tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plan o second transport tissue called phloem , which transports nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.  o Ferns have true vascular tissues, strong roots, creeping or underground stems called rhizomes , and large leaves called fronds. Ferns can thrive in areas with little light. They are most abundant in wet habitats o Life Cycle The large plants easily recognized as ferns are actually the diploid sporophyte phase of the fern life cycle. 4. Seed Plants: o A seed is a plant embryo and its food supply encased in a protective covering. o Gymnosperms: Seeds in cones (e.g., pines). o in gymnosperms houses the female gametophyte is Seed cone , and for male gametophyte is pollen cones o Angiosperms: Seeds in fruits, which develop from flowers. o Adaptations include pollination, seed protection, and dispersal mechanisms. Lesson 3: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 1. Angiosperms and Their Classification: o Defined by flowers and fruits protecting seeds. o Classified into monocots (one seed leaf) and dicots (two seed leaves). o In angiosperms, seeds develop inside the Ovary 2. Flower Structure: o Includes sepals, petals, stamens (male), and carpels (female). o Petals attract pollinators, while carpels house the ovary, which develops seeds. o color and shape of the petals is a method to attract the animals and insects to help in pollination 3. Pollination and Fertilization: o Pollen is transferred to the stigma, leading to fertilization via pollen tubes. o Angiosperms undergo double fertilization, forming a zygote and endosperm. 4. Fruits and Seed Dispersal: o Fruits form from thickened ovary walls to enclose seeds. o Seeds are dispersed via animals, wind, or water, aiding in species survival. o Sweet and fleshy fruit is an adaptation for seed dispersal by animals. 5. Vegetative Reproduction: o Asexual reproduction allows plants to produce genetically identical offspring without seeds or gametes. Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function 1. Overview of Plant Structure Roots: o Anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients. o Types: Taproots and fibrous roots.  Stems: o Support the plant and transport substances between roots and leaves via vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Leaves: o Primary site of photosynthesis, containing stomata for gas exchange. o Plants produce sugar primarily in the leaves using energy from photosynthesis Sugar that is not needed immediately is stored in the roots 2. Plant Tissues9 Dermal Tissue: o Outer protective covering, including epidermis and cuticle. Vascular Tissue: o Xylem transports water; phloem distributes nutrients and carbohydrates. Ground Tissue: o Functions in storage, photosynthesis, and support. 3. Adaptations for Nutrient Transport Water Uptake: o Root hairs increase surface area for absorption. o Water moves via osmosis and cohesion-tension mechanisms. o A plant pumps mineral ions into its root cells , this ions allow water to enter the roots by osmosis Nutrient Transport: o Sugars produced in leaves are transported to roots and other areas via phloem. 4. Growth and Development Meristems: o Regions of unspecialized cells (apical meristems for length, lateral for girth). Plant Hormones: o Regulate growth (e.g., auxins, gibberellins, ethylene). 5. Environmental Responses Phototropism: o Plants grow toward light. Gravitropism: o Roots grow downward; stems grow upward. Thigmotropism: o Responses to touch, as seen in climbing plants. Eelectrical signals cause the rapid movement of a Venus flytraps leaf Chapter 24: Animal Evolution, Diversity, and Behaviour 1. Animal Evolution Origins:  o Animals evolved from colonial protists over 600 million years ago. o Earliest fossils: Ediacaran biota. Body Plans: o Symmetry: Radial (e.g., jellyfish) vs. bilateral (e.g., humans and most animals). o Animals with bilateral symmetry typically have specialized sense organs at one end of their body. o Layers: Ectoderm (skin/nerves), mesoderm (muscles), and endoderm (digestive). o Reptiles are almost all ectotherms but Birds are endotherms. o The nervous system interacts with other systems to help animals respond to their environment. A coelom is a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. 2. Animal Diversity Invertebrates: o Invertebrates include all animals that lack a vertebral column, such as worms, insects, and snails. o Sponges: Simplest animals, filter feeders. o Cnidarians: Jellyfish, coral, with stinging cells (cnidocytes). o Mollusks: Snails, clams, with specialized organs. o Arthropods: Insects, crabs, with exoskeletons. Vertebrates: o Develop a backbone Include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. o Distinguished by spinal cords and advanced organ systems. o Most chordates are vertebrates that develop a backbone 3. Primate Evolution Characteristics of Primates: o Flexible hands and feet with opposable thumbs for grasping. o Hominins evolved an opposable thumb that enabled hands to grasp objects. o Forward-facing eyes for depth perception. o Large brains relative to body size for advanced problem-solving. Major Groups of Primates: o Prosimians: Early primates like lemurs, small and nocturnal. o Anthropoids: Includes monkeys, apes, and humans. Evolutionary Trends: o Increased reliance on vision over smell. o Development of bipedalism in humans, freeing hands for tool use. o Complex brain development, enabling advanced social behaviours and communication. 4. Social Interactions in Primates Types of Social Structures:  o Solitary: Seen in some prosimians, with minimal interaction. o Group Living: Common in monkeys and apes, providing safety, resource sharing, and cooperative care of offspring. o Forming social groups is social behavior increases an animal's evolutionary fitness Forms of Communication: o Vocalizations, facial expressions, and body language. o Use of tools and gestures to convey intent. Cooperation and Altruism: o Primates exhibit behaviours like grooming, sharing food, and protecting others in their group. o Some behaviours suggest empathy and understanding of others’ emotions. Academic Coordinator Teacher Principal Aisha Khidr Huda Mohamad Eman Al-amare