Green Algae and Plants: Plant Biology PDF

Living things are compared on their similarities Everything arose from green algae - Plants closest relative **Green Algae & Plants: SIMILARITIES** I. [Cell Walls with CELLULOSE ] a. Fungi cell walls are made of chitin b. Bacteria cell walls are made from peptidoglycan i....

Living things are compared on their similarities Everything arose from green algae - Plants closest relative **Green Algae & Plants: SIMILARITIES** I. [Cell Walls with CELLULOSE ] a. Fungi cell walls are made of chitin b. Bacteria cell walls are made from peptidoglycan i. Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on the earth ii. Chitin is the second most abundant organic molecule on earth II. [Major Energy Storage Compound using STARCH] c. Starch iii. It is composed of glucose chains just like cellulose 1. An energy storage compound made up of glucose III. [Photosynthetic Chlorophylls a & b ] IV. [Genetic Similarities ] **PLANTS: MORE COMPLEX THAN ANY OTHER LIVING THING BESIDES COMPLEX ANIMALS** *[Types:]* I. **[Non-Vascular Plants]** - Lack of veins (vascular tissue) - Cannot grow big - Simple diffusion moves fluids in the plants - Grow close to the ground - Lack of stems and leaves - Cannot live in dry conditions or dry periods - Major generation: Gametophyte a. Mosses i. Grows close to the ground where it is wet 1. Gametophyte: Gamete making a. Larger than the sporophyte b. Photosynthetic 2. Sporophyte: Spore making c. Smaller than the gametophyte d. Non-photosynthetic b. Liverwort ii. Flat body plant lying along the mud 3. Gametophyte: e. Larger than sporophyte f. Photosynthetic 4. Sporophyte: g. Smaller than the gametophyte h. Non-photosynthetic II. **[Vascular Plants ]** - Major generation: Sporophyte (big) - Photosynthetic - Minor generation: Gametophyte (small) - Can be attached or separated from the sporophyte - Has stems and leaves - Due to them having vascular tissue present A. **Primitive Vascular Plants** a. Selaginella b. Ferns c. Horsetails - None of the primitive vascular plants do not make seeds, but spores B. **Seed Plants** I. Gymnosperms - *Conifers* - Pine trees - Male: Produce pollen cones - Female: Produce seed cones - Wind from the pollen cones releases the pollen from the male cones in hopes of landing on a seed cone scale to reproduce - Seed drops when mature to grow - Cycads - Plants either male or female - Female: Makes seeds - Male: Produces pollen - Sperm cells swim to ovules to fertilize and grow - [Ginkgo: Genus Name] - Strobila: Reproductive Part - Trees either male or female - Female: Makes seeds - Male: Produce pollen - Seeds fall to the ground and potentially germinate II. **Angiosperms** a. Make fruits and flowers **ORGANS:** - **LACK ORGAN SYSTEMS BUT HAVE ORGANS** Young Dicot: Root System: Underground Shoot System: Above-ground - **[Root]** - Primary Root (1^st^ root from germination) - **Taproot: In Dicots (Radish, Turnip, Carrot)** - Secondary Root (1^st^ root that grows from a primary root) - **\*Branch Root\*** - Cotyledon: Seed Leaf - Full of nutrients that the young seedling uses for its first days of life - Uses it for food before it becomes photosynthetic - Considered a **leaf** - **[Stem]** - Support and Transport for the plant - Made up of nodes and internodes - Nodes: - Vascular tissues connect other organs - Internodes: - No vascular connections - **[Leaf]** - All reproductive parts of considered "leaves" - Has vascular tissue - Blade: - Flat photosynthetic part of the leaf - Petiole - Attaches the blade to the stem - Shoot Tip - End of the shoot - Youngest part of the shoot where it grows - Root Tip - End of the Root - Youngest part of the root where it grows - Leaf Axel - The space between each leaf - A bud can be produced here - Axillary Bud - Produces: - A new branch of photosynthetic stems and leaves - Branch for reproduction (flower) **Dicot Plants** 1. **Seed Leaves**: Cotyledons - Two seed leaves. 2. **Leaf Veins**: - Branched or net-like pattern. 3. **Flower Parts**: - Usually in multiples of four or five. 4. **Vascular Bundles**: - Arranged in a ring in the stem. 5. **Root System**: - Taproot system (one main root with smaller roots branching off). **Monocot Plants** - Less abundant than the dicots - Cannot make real wood 1. **Seed Leaves**: Cotyledons - One seed leaf. 2. **Leaf Veins**: - Parallel veins. 3. **Flower Parts**: - Usually in multiples of three. 4. **Vascular Bundles**: - Scattered throughout the stem. 5. **Root System**: - Fibrous root system (many small roots spreading out). **MATURE PLANT TISSUES:** ***STEM TISSUES:*** - [Dermal Tissue] - Outer layer of any plant organ Epidermis - Thin layer of live cells around the organ - A young stem [Vascular Tissue] - Dicots: - Ring of vascular bundles - Monocots: - Scattered vascular bundles [TYPES: ] i. Xylem 1. Inside tissue 2. Xylem Sap a. Carries water and minerals (root shoot) ii. Phloem 3. Outside 4. Phloem sap b. Carries water and sucrose i. Sucrose is created: Source ii. Sucrose is needed: Sink iii. (Source Sink) [Ground Tissue] - Cortex: Outer - Pith: Center - Ray: Extend through the pith and connections the vascular bundles - Importantly because of its chemistry ***ROOT TISSUES:*** ***Monocot plants:*** - Ground tissue on the inside and outside of the root i. Xylem Inside ii. Phloem on the outside ***Dicot plants:*** [Stele] - Center of a young dicot root - Dicot plants - Can look different iii. Xylem Inside iv. Phloem Prongs on the outside - Ground tissue surrounds the stele ***LEAF TISSUE:*** - Epidermis lies on the outside - Stomate or Stomata - Has pores majority on the bottom, but a few on the top - Allows gas exchange to occur - Phloem: Bottom - Xylem: Top - **Younger parts are towards the end of the plants** **[MERISTEMS: ]** - [AKA: STEM CELLS] **[Apical Meristems:]** - Located in the apex - Divides by mitosis - Moving downward decreases the rate of mitosis and becomes longer (Becoming mature) - Tissue differentiation and variation - **Primordium(a):** A leaf that is growing - So small you need a microscope to see it! - Shoot or root apical meristems - Lateral meristems - **Vascular Cambium (LIVE SYSTEM)** - **Cork Cambium (DEAD SYSTEM)** - Axillary bud meristems - Comes from the leaf axil's axillary bud - Located in the shoot (Shoot meristem) - Produces a flower or a green leaf with the apical meristem at the tip - [Modified leaves protect the bud from the dry winds during colder seasons and stay hydrated] [Root:] - **[Root cap:]** - **[DOES NOT GROW ]** - **[CELLS CONSTANTLY DYING ]** - [Purpose: Protects the apical meristem from the conditions of the soil ] - Apical meristems higher up the root - Cells move towards the shoot system and mature while decreasing the rate of mitosis as they mature and elongate **MATURE PLANT TISSUES:** - **Dermal Tissue** - Epidermis - - **Vascular Tissue** - Xylem (Inside) - Phloem (Outside) - **Ground Tissue** **[SECONDARY GROWTH:]** Young Dicot Stem: - Epidermis on the outside and inside with vascular tissue - Vascular bundles - Xylem: Inside - Phloem: Outside - [1^st^ year of growth] - Forms a lateral meristem ring - Divides and makes new cells to the inside and outside of the ring - Makes new vascular tissue called: **Vascular cambium** - **LIVE CELLS** - **Forms a new ring of xylem and the meristem gets pushed out when the new xylem is added** - **Primary xylem: Original xylem from the apical meristem** - **Secondary xylem: New xylem came from the vascular cambium** - [WOOD] - **Phloem ring is added to the outside** - **Primary Phloem: Original Phloem from apical meristem** - **Secondary Phloem: New phloem that came from the vascular cambium** - Cork - It is created by the **Cork Cambium** - As it divides, it creates cork which causes the epidermis to shred and fall off - It is replaced by a thick protective cork - Xylem stays - Add one lose one Phloem - One at a time - **\# of rings shows how old the plant is** - **Lignification:** - Hardens wood provides strength and protection - Heartwood: Hardwood (for strength) - Sap wood: Transfers xylem and phloem around the plants - **Wood Rays:** - Special cells that allow the xylem sap to move laterally - Important because if the wood is wounded it would still allow the materials to go around the wood Image: Biology 2e, Plant Structure and Function, Plant Form and Physiology, Stems \| OpenEd CUNY **TYPES OF PLANT CELLS:** **[Epidermis:]** - Guard cells - Depending on the amount of water in the guard cells makes the stomata open or closed - Regulates the amount of gas that goes in and out of the leaf without losing too much water - Regulates the size of the stomata - LOT OF WATER = Open - NOT A LOT OF WATER = Closed - Root hairs - Increase the surface area to volume ratio - To absorb the most water and minerals in the soil to the roots - Epidermal cell with "hair" - An extension of an epidermal cell **[Cork:]** I. Programmed cell death I. Provide structure, strength, and support I. Secondary Growth **[Ground Tissue Cells:]** - Parenchyma - Live with THIN cell walls - Common site of C3 photosynthesis - Found in vascular tissue: **In woody plants** - Collenchyma - Live with THICK cell walls - Give strength (typically on their corners) - Keeps the vascular bundles from damage - Sclerenchyma - DEAD with VERY THICK cell wall **[Vascular Tissue Cells:]** - Xylem cells - Dead at maturity - Found in all vascular plants - Root Shoot - **Tracheids:** Water-conducting cells that contribute to water transportation - Sticks to cellulose and itself to move the water upward - **Vessels:** Moves water "better" - Only found in flowering plants - Phloem cells - Source Sink (Sucrose created Sucrose needed) - **Sieve cells:** Moves sucrose the plant (Phloem sap) - Live cells that act like a hollow tube - Inside the living cell is all phloem sap - Needs aid from **companion cells** - **Companion cells:** - Shares plasmodesmata to keep the **sieve cells** alive - The only purpose is to keep the **sieve cells** alive **H~2~O FLOW** - **Transpiration:** Water evaporating from the plant - **In the root Out through the mouth (stomata)** - **Transpiration stream**