Ergonomics for Workplace Posture | FINAL ERGO PDF

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IMpayt Improper Leg Positioning: The bal might not let your legs sit at the right angle which can cause discomfort in yourhips, knees, and ankles Laici Lack of Armrest or Support for Arms:: There are(no amrests on the ball, so your arms don't have anywhere to rest, which can cause pain in your shoulders, neck, and arms after sitting for too long. L2: 3general principle for control manual handling hazard in the workplace Kedha Reducing the Weight of the Load: Reduce the weight of what needs to be lifted by breaking it into smaller parts or using lighter materials. This makes it easier for the worker. Vntuk Using Mechanical Aids: Use equipment like trolleys or forklifts to cary heavy items. This makes the job safer, and easier. IMan Improving Workplace Design: Arrange the work area so that it's easier to move around, with the right height to avoid bending or reaching too much, and adding handles to boxes to make them easier to lift. 3. 3 types of manual materials handling activities isa Lifting: Picking up something from the ground and putting it somewhere higher; like lifting abox. It can hurt your back if done wrong or with heavy items Cawy Carrying: Holding and moving something from one place to another. It can make youtired or hurt your muscles, especially if it's heavy: Pushing/Puling: Moving something by pushing or puling it it can hurt your arms; shoulders, and back if the item is heavy or hard to move. Featue ta that theproe vOU woik stian Fexbih ty Bertv heyborad '3 houJ Fehu tet s aJer change m coreen heght angle to arojd heck teduce ana mgan Paih Ergeno msce chair usth asyrtmte  SECTION B DATA CHAP 2: ANTHROPOMERIC A 2 type of anthropometrie data anthropometric data: Measurements of the bodily dimensions Structural Saya subjects in fixed (statio) position. Example Height of knuckles above the floor > Height of knee above the floor full Functional anthropometric data: (Movement of abody part with respect to a fixed reference point. Example Workspace envelopes (maximum reach around an operator) This data use for designing layouts for dashboard: CHAP 5: VISION, LIGHT AND LIGHTING V6. Define any 2of the following term used in photometric terminology Luminance:Light lemitted by asurface lluminance: Amount of light falling on a surface Luminous intensity: Power bf a source br illuminated Luminous flux: Rate of flow of luminous energy surface to emit eht sae issuestotigue - 3re frneet teadoehe h dzeefort wore haler tharsh ISghhs can ceuse headahe  6 Discuss 4of eachguideline' for color selection in general.and forvisunt display units (VDUs) Color Selection in General: CoMey Contrast: Make sure there is agood differençe between textand background color so it's easier to read. Neutral Colors: Use heutral colors (like gray or white) for walls or backgrounds. uplect They are easier on the eyes Ramoat Reflectance: Surfaces that reflect a lot of light, like white walls, make a room Anale brightér. Avoid Bright Colors: Bright colors can hurt the eyes if used too much. Color Selection for VDUs: High Contrast: Use a strong contrast between text and background, like black text on a white background. Reduce Glare: Avoid bright lights that cause reflections on the screen. Screen Placement: Place the screen so there's no glare from windows or overhead lights. Brightness Adjustment: Let people adjust the screen brightness based on the room's light. 7. Discuss four factors that must be considered for proper lighting design at workplaces in order to perform visual tasks " Proper lumination: Make sure the room is bright enough for the task: Too little light can strain the eyes, and too much can cause glare. Even Light on Surfaces: The light should be spread evenly across surfaces. Having a very bright area next to a dark area can be uncomfortable. A Avoid Glare: Glare from lights can hurt the eyes. Use to avoid this: lights that shine indirectly Consistent Lighting: The lighting should stay the same all the time. lights can be annoying and tiring for the eyes. Flickering  1.4 mdepends on the interaction between The ability to view objects up to accommodation, both of whieh the amount of vergence and angle of gaze and downward. Suggest three methods for restfut viewino increase when looking Adjust Viewing Distance: around 0:5 to Make sure the display is not too close or too far. Itshould be meter away from your eyes for comfortable viewing. Adjust Display Angle: Set the screen slightly below eye level to make it easier to look at without straining your eyes. Use Proper Lighting: Avoid direct light on the screen that can cause glare. Use indirect lightingto make it easier on youreyes. You have been assigned to make up an ergonomic office in your company. Some of the problems in the office are reflectance. Recommend the suitable color of office furniture and suitable environment color to help reduce the reflectance in the office Furniture Color: Choose furniturè with a matte finishin neutral colors like light gray or beige. Matte surfaces don't reflect too much light, so they reduce glare. " Wall Color: Use light-colored walls, like white or light beige, to make the room bright without causing glare. Avoid shiny walls that can reflect too much light. Ceiling Color: Pick a light color for the ceiling, like white, to help light spread evenly andreduce glare. CHAP 6: HEARING SOUND AND NOISE L10. Four basic principles of nolse control in Idustrlee Elimination or Substitution Redesign or feplace doisy machines with quieter ones. Modify production processes to reduce noise. Engineering Controls work arcas Soundproof machines byenclosing thernin acoustie barriers. Install acoustic materials to absorb sound and reduce reverberation. Reduce noise from fans, pneumatic tools, and impact tools using muffers and vibration dampeners. Administrative Controls Rotating workers between noisy and quiet jobs to imit exposure time. Demarcating noisy areas with warning signs. Implementing a comprehensive noise-reduction program. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Provide earplugs and earmuffs to workers in high-noise areas. Ensure that ear protection is impervious to air, properly fitted, and oomfortable. Conduct regular audiometric testing to monitor workers hearing health.  Inceiee Keca Coo 12/Three Three steps to Three Administrative Controls > >Increased > > Reduced Communication Controls º Engineering Conduct > Personal Continuous It Workers Noise PeopleTalking effects effects EnsureProvide Limit PlaceRotate Soundproof Fix Use can noisy materials time also makes Concentration of Protectlve warning workers Stress must and of they earplugs tools industrial manage noise may noise ragular spent disturb noise noise fit machines feel it to speak usingProblems well signs between with and hard below in absorb below hearing or Equipment sleep can tired the and earmuffs high-noise mufflers Irritation to louder, in cause and phone noisy and and focus 86 loud noise. and (70-80 85 tests block dB(A) work makeProductivity which dB(A): to (PPE) zones.areas. and and affectstress (Below on becomes for noise workers. areas. tasks. quiet dampeners. more can dB) and workers. effectively. exposure: overall and o 50 be three jobs. reduce dB) mistakes. harder. Veah well-being. (50-60 tiring. stops job dB) satisfaction. to manage nolse expoure  termns 13. Definitions of soundImeasurement Equivalent A-weighted noise lovel (LAeq) adjusted to match how human ears hear The average noise level over time, different frequencies. > Used to measure long-term noise exposure. Sound Level (LS) The intensity of sound measured in decibels (dB) > It shows how loud a sound is at a specific moment. () Design and Discuss Suggestions to Improve the Operator's Posture (10 marks) To improve the operator's posture and reduce discomfort, the following ergonomic modifications can be made: Adjustable Seat Positioning > Install a swivel seat that allows rotation to minimize twisting and bending. Provide lumbar support to maintain a neutral spine position. Ensure the seat height and backrest angle can be adjusted for individual comfort. " Joystick and Control Repositioning Relocate the joystick and other controls to be within easy reach at elbow height to avoid excessive wrist extension. Use ergonomically designed joysticks that allow for a natural wrist position (neutral alignment, reducing strain). Armrest and Support Additions > Provide adjustable amrests to support the operating arm, reducing strain on the shoulders and wrist. > Awrist support pad can prevent unnecessary extension and flexion.  Redesigning the Window and Viewing Area Impl ement display a larger, repositioned side window or integrate cameras with a screen inside the cabin to reduce the need for twisting the neck and upper body. Useanti-glare screens to improve visibility without forcing awkward head movements. Pedal and Foot Control Adjustments Ensure foot controls are positioned to allow a natural leg posture to prevent excessive stretching or reaching. Regular Breaks and Training Educate operators on proper posture techniques and stretches to relieve tension. Implement scheduled break system to prevent prolonged awkward positioning. (ii) Explain Design Changes to Reduce Awkward Postures (10 marks) To reduce awkward postures, the following design changes should be made: Seat Redesign Install a swivel function to allow easier side viewing without twisting the torso. º Ensure the seat has adjustable lumbar and neck support to maintain a neutral posture. Joystick and Control Panel Redesign Position the joystick and controls at waist level, within a comfortable reach zone, avoiding excessive wrist bending. Use ergonomic control levers that allow neutral wrist positioning rather than extended or flexed postures. Cabin Layout Optimization Move essential controls closer to the operator to reduce overreaching and leaning forward. Introduce touchscreen controls or voice commands to minimize unnecessary hand and wrist movement. Monitor and Window Adjustments Installlarger windows or a 360-degree camera system with monitors to reduce the need for constant neck twisting. Use tiltable screens so operators can view information without straining their necks. Wrist and Arm Support Equip the vehicle with adjustable armrests to reduce shoulder fatigue. Introduceawrist rest pad to keep wrists in a neutral position while operating controls. Foot Pedal Design Adjust pedal placement to ensure a natural leg posture, preventing excessive leg strain. Introduce hands-free foot controls for some operations to balance workload distribution. Operator Awareness and Training Educate operators on the importance of maintaining neutral postures and taking short breaks to relieve muscle tension. º Provide stretching routines before and after shifts to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.  la) Thhree Tips for Each To reduce Ant driver fatigue and hropometric Variable (6 marks) the risk of should be made: musculoskeletal disorders, the following adjustments Seat Height Adjust the seat so the feet rest flat on the floor or pedals. Keep knees at about a 90-degree angle for Ensure clear vision of the dashboard and comfort. road without stretching. Lower Limb Position Keep the legs relaxed and slightly bent while driving. Place pedals at a comfortable distance to avoid Use a footrest if needed for extra overreaching. support. Seat Pan > Adjust seat depth so thighs are fully supported but knees are not pressed. Ensure about two fingers' gap between the seat edge and knees. Use a seat with a slight tlt to reduce hip pressure. Backrest Adjust the backrest to keep the spine in a natural curve. Avoid leaning too far back or forward. > Use breathable cushioning to prevent discomfort. Lumbar Support Position lumbar support at the lower back to prevent slouching. Adjust firmness for a gentle push against the back. > Use aseparate lumbar cushion if needed. Headrest Keep the headrest level with the top of the head. > Adjust so it touches the middle of the back of the head. > Avoid pushing the head too far forward to prevent neck strain. stretch. 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