Introduction to Electronics & Electrical Engineering PDF

Introduction to Electronics & Electrical Engineering Prof. Mrs. Mrunal Aware Department of Computer Engineering School of Polytechnic & Skill Deve...

Introduction to Electronics & Electrical Engineering Prof. Mrs. Mrunal Aware Department of Computer Engineering School of Polytechnic & Skill Development #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer Science and School Engineering of Polytechnic - Department & Skill Development of Polytechnic  Unit 1: Electronic Components CO: Identify types of electronic components. #Education with #Education with Values Values Department Computer of Computer Science Engineering and Engineering School of - Department Polytechnicof and Polytechnic Skill Development  Points to be Covered Active and Passive Electronic components Classification, Symbol, Specification, Application of Resistor Capacitor Inductor #Education with Values Department Computer of Computer Science Engineering and Engineering School of - Department Polytechnicof and Polytechnic Skill Development  Electronic Circuit #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnic of & Skill andPolytechnic Skill Development Development  Electronic Components #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Symbols :Electronic Components #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Department Engineering ofofComputer Computer ComputerEngineering Science EngineeringSchoolSchool and Engineering Schoolofof of Polytechnic -Polytechnic Department and Polytechnicofand &Development Skill Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Types of Electronics Components #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Department Engineering ofofComputer Computer ComputerEngineering Science EngineeringSchoolSchool and Engineering Schoolofof of Polytechnic -Polytechnic Department and Polytechnicofand &Development Skill Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Types of Electronic Components Electronic elements that make up a circuit are connected together by conductors to form a complete circuit. Electronic Components are of two types: Active components Passive components ##Education Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  1. Active Components An active component is an electronic component which supplies energy to a circuit. Common examples of active components include: 1. Voltage sources 2. Current sources 3. Generators (such as alternators and DC generators) 4. All different types of transistors (such as BJT, MOSFETS, FETs, and JFET) Diodes ##Education 5. Education (such withwith as zener ValuesValues diodes, Department photodiodes, of Mechanical Department schottky Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science diodes, of-and SchoolSchool and Engineering ofLEDs) Polytechnic Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Active Components Active components requires source of energy for their operation. Active components are capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal. They induces gain. ( Gain= Output/ Input ) Active components conduct current in only one direction , so known as unilateral or unidirectional components. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Active Components: Examples #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Computer Computer Engineering Science School of Polytechnic and Engineering - Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  2. Passive Components A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or store it, in the form of an electric field or a magnetic field. Passive elements do not need any form of electrical power to operate. As the name ‘passive’ suggests – passive devices do not provide gain or amplification. Passive components cannot amplify, oscillate, or generate an electrical signal. Common examples of passive components include: Resistors, Inductors,Capacitors, Transformers, Sensors ##Education Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Passive Components: Examples #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Comparison Chart Parameter Active Elements Passive Elements Basic It provides power to the circuit. It stores and dissipates power present in the circuit. Requirement of external Required Not Required source Acts as Generators Attenuators Current Controllability Can control the current flowing Do not exhibit current controllability. through the circuit. Direction of operation Unidirectional Bidirectional Categorized as Non-linear elements Linear elements Power gain Provides power gain Do not provide power gain Examples Diode, transistor, op-amp. Resistor, capacitor and inductor. ##Education #Ed ucation Education withwith Values ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Resistor The resistor is a passive component that opposes the flow of electrical current through it. The amount of opposition to the flow of current is called the resistance of the resistor. Symbol = Unit = Ohms. (Ω) #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Resistor The resistance of a resistor can be defined in terms of the voltage drop across the resistor and the current flowing through the resistor as related by Ohm’s law ( V=IR) V= I.R ----voltage drop Where: R is the resistance, V is the voltage across the resistor, and I is the current flowing through the resistor. #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Resistor This relationship between the voltage and current called the V-I relationship in a resistor is linear in both DC and AC circuits. The power absorbed by a resistor is represented by : #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Resistance value measurement 1) By using multi meter 2) Colour Coding Method /Technique 3) LCR Q meter is also used to measure resistance value. Resistance unit is ohms (Ω) Larger units are Kilo- Ohm (KΩ), mega-Ohms (MΩ) etc. 1000 Ohms = 1 K (Ω) 1000 K (Ω) = 1 M (Ω) #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnic of & Skill andPolytechnic Skill Development Development  1. Using DMM #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science School School and Engineering of of Polytechnic Polytechnic - Department & Skill andPolytechnic of Skill Development Development  2. Colour Coding Technique The resistor value is measured and coded automatically by machine. Various colour coding techniques are used to code values of resistors. The carbon composition resistors are often identified by colour bands marked on them. They indicate resistor ohmic value and tolerance. Different colour coding techniques includes: Four band method Five band method Six bands Method #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  4 band method #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicof & Skill andPolytechnic Skill Development Development  Resistor Colour Code Chart #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values Department of Mechanical Department Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science School School and Engineering of of Polytechnic Polytechnic - Department & Skill andPolytechnic of Skill Development Development  How to Remember colour code sequence ? Letter B B R O Y Of Great Britain Has Very Good Wife Colour Black Brown Red Orange Yellow NA Green Blue NA Violet Gray White Colour Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department of Engineering Computer Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of Polytechnic -ofDepartment Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values Digit, Digit, Multiplier, Tolerance = (Colour, Colour x 10 colour +- % Colour in Ohm’s (Ω) For example, a resistor has the following coloured markings; Yellow, Violet , Red , Gold = (4 , 7, 2 ) ± 5% = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω ± 5% or 4k7 Ω ± 5% #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer Science and School Engineering of Polytechnic - Department & Skill Development of Polytechnic  Calculating Resistor Values The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of the resistor. Resistor tolerance is a measure of the resistors variation from the specified resistive value and is a consequence of the manufacturing process and is expressed as a percentage of its “nominal” or preferred value. Typical resistor tolerances for film resistors range from 1% to 10% while carbon resistors have tolerances up to 20%. Resistors with tolerances lower than 2% are called precision resistors with the or lower tolerance resistors being more expensive If resistor has no fourth tolerance band then the default tolerance would be at 20%. #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science School School and Engineering of of Polytechnic Polytechnic - Department & Skill andPolytechnic of Skill Development Development  4 Band Resistor #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicof & Skill andPolytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of Polytechnic -ofDepartment Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicof and & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.(Ω) #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department ofDepartment Mechanicalof Engineering Computer Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School-of of Polytechnic Department Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.(Ω) #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department ofDepartment Mechanicalof Engineering Computer Computer ScienceEngineering School and Engineering School-of of Polytechnic Department Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Calculating Resistor Values SR No Colour bands Band 1 2 3 4 Answer Number 1 ORANGE RED BROWN SILVER 2 GREEN ORANGE ORANGE SILVER 3 ORANGE RED BROWN GOLD 4 BROWN BLACK BROWN GOLD 5 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 6 RED ORANGE BLACK GOLD #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of Polytechnic -ofDepartment Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Colour Coding Technique #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  5 Band Resistor #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department ofDepartment Mechanicalof Engineering Computer Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of Polytechnic -ofDepartment Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  Colour Coding Technique The colors brown, red, green, blue, and violet are used as tolerance codes on 5-band resistors only. All 5-band resistors use a colored tolerance band. ( 5th band ) The blank (20%) “band” is only used with the “4-band” code (3 colored bands + a blank “band”). #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department ofDepartment Mechanicalof Engineering Computer Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of Polytechnic -ofDepartment Polytechnic ofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  5 Bands Resistor Colour Code Chart Colour 1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band Multiplier Tolerance Black 0 0 0 1Ω Brown 1 1 1 10Ω ± 1% (F) Red 2 2 2 100Ω ± 2% (G) Orange 3 3 3 1KΩ Yellow 4 4 4 10KΩ Green 5 5 5 100KΩ ± 0.5% (D) Blue 6 6 6 1MΩ ± 0.25% (C) Violet 7 7 7 10MΩ ± 0.10% (B) Gray 8 8 8 ± 0.05% White 9 9 9 Gold 0.1Ω ± 5% (J) Silver 0.01Ω ± 10% (K) #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicof & Skill andPolytechnic Skill Development Development  6 Band Resistor First three bands – 3 Digits of resistor value Fourth band - Multiplier Fifth band – Tolerance Sixth band – Temperature Coefficient #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Department Engineering Computer of Computer Science Engineering School and Engineering School of of Polytechnic - Department Polytechnicofand & Skill Polytechnic Skill Development Development  ANSWERS SR No / Colour bands Band 1 2 3 4 ANSWER Number 1 ORANGE RED BROWN SILVER 320 Ω + -10% 2 GREEN ORANGE ORANGE SILVER 53K Ω +- 10% 3 ORANGE RED BROWN GOLD 320 Ω +- 5% 4 BROWN BLACK BROWN GOLD 100 Ω + -5 % 5 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 Ω, 1K Ω #Education6 withwith # Education RED Values Values ORANGE Department ofDepartment Mechanicalof BLACK Engineering Computer Science Computer GOLD Engineering School and Engineering School of 23 Ω +Polytechnic Polytechnic - Department of Polytechnicofand -&5%Skill Skill Development Development  Specifications of Resistor The resistors are manufactured with following specifications 1. Maximum Voltage rating 2. Maximum Power Rating 3. Ohmic Ranges 4. Tolerance 5. Maximum Operating temperature 6. Temperature Coefficient #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Specifications of Resistor 1. Maximum Voltage Rating: Maximum voltage at which the resistor can operate without failure , is called as maximum voltage rating OR Maximum voltage that can be applied to a resistor without any damage to it is called Voltage rating Vmax = ( power Rating * Resistance value )½ 2. Maximum Power Rating: The power rating of a resistor is given by the maximum wattage, it can dissipate without excessive heat. Since, Power P = I2R Thus power rating is proportional to the square of current , therefore current must not be higher than its safe value. The normal rating are ¼ W, ½ W , 1/8W , mostly preferred for low power applications. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Specifications of Resistor 3. Ohmic Ranges : Ohmic range is minimum to maximum resistance value that can be manufactured. It changes with type of material used and also changes depending on manufacturing process. The resistors are available with low values such as 47Ω to as high as hundreds of Megaohms. 4. Tolerance: The tolerance means the allowed variation permitted in the normal or marked value of the resistor. It means that the actual value of the resistor may be either greater or smaller than that of the specified value, by a factor, given by the tolerance. Eg. 1000 Ω / 1 KΩ with 10% tolérance may have actual value , in between 900 Ω to 1100 Ω. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Specifications of Resistor 5. Maximum Operating temperature: Maximum temperature at which the resistor can operate without failure is called maximum operating temperature or temperature rating. 6.Temperature Coefficient : The % change in resistance per unit change in temperature value is known as Temperature Coefficient. It is denoted by letter “alpha”, as parts per million (ppm) It may be positive or negative. Thus , the resistor may have positive or negative temperature coefficient. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Classification of Resistors #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Resistor Classification : The resistors are broadly classified as:- Linear Resistors Non Linear Resistors #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Linear Resistors Fixed value Resistors Variable value resistors Resistance value is fixed Resistance value can be varied from 0 Ω to specified value. Types : Types : 1. Carbon Composition Resistors 1. Rheostat( variable wire wound 2. Thin film resistors resistor ) 3. Thick film resistors 2. Potentiometer 4. Wire wound resistors 3. Trimmer #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Linear Resistors The resistors through which the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage are called linear resistors. Their resistance value do not change, with the variation in applied voltage, temperature or light intensity. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic Fixed Value : Wirewound Resistor #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Fixed Value:Carbon Composition Resistor #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Fixed Value:- Thick and Thin film Resistors #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Variable value :-Rheostat #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Variable value :- POT-Potentiometer #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Variable value :- Trimmer #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Non Linear Resistors The resistors through which the current is not directly proportional to the applied voltage are called non linear resistors. Their resistance value changes , with the variation in applied voltage ,temperature or light intensity. The types of non linear resistors are : Thermistor Photo Resistor /LDR Varistor #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Thermistor Thermal resistor or temperature sensitive resistor. It is used to detect very small changes in temperature. Change in temperature is reflected as change in resistance value of device. Thermistor types: 1. Positive temperature Coefficient 2. Negative temperature Coefficient #Education # Education withwith ValuesValues Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer Science and School Engineering of Polytechnic - Department & Skill Development of Polytechnic Thermistor Types PTC NTC Positive temp. coefficient type Negative temp. coefficient type Semiconductor like barium titanate Cobalt, nickel, manganese etc As temp. increases, resistance value As temp. increases, resistance also increases value decreases #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Photo Resistor /LDR Also known as photo conductive cell. Material : photoconductive materials such as Cadmium sulphide(CdS), Cadmium Selenide(CdSe), Lead Sulphide (PbS ). These are materials whose resistance value changes when illuminated with light energy. The resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of incident light energy. #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Varistor Voltage Dependent Resistor It stands for voltage variable resistor. A varistor is an electronic component with an electrical resistance that varies with the applied voltage. #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  Classification of Resistors #Education with Values ##Education Education withwith Values DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical Engineering of Computer Computer Engineering Science SchoolSchool and Engineering of Polytechnic of-Polytechnic Department and Skill&Development Skill Development of Polytechnic  Application of Resistor Resistors are used in high frequency instrument. Resistor is used in power control circuit. It is used in DC power supplies. Resistors are used in filter circuit networks. It is used in amplifiers, oscillators, telecommunication and digital multimeter. It is used in wave generators. Resistors are used in transmitters, modulators and demodulators. It is used in medical instrument. It is used in instrumentation applications. Resistor is used in voltage regulators. It is used in feedback amplifiers. #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  Capacitor A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors called “plates”. The capacitor has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. It is also referred to as a storage cell, a secondary cell, a condenser or an accumulator. #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  Capacitor Symbol There are two capacitor symbols generally used in electronics. One symbol is for polarized capacitors ( electrolytic). and the other is for non-polarized capacitors ( Non electrolytic ). #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Classification of Capacitors #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Plastic capacitor #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Symbols #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Capacitance Value Where, εr = relative permittivity εo = permittivity of free space A= area of parallel plates D= separation between parallel plates. #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Dielectric material used in capacitor Vacuum, Teflon, Polyethylene, Polypropylene , Polystyrene , Glass , Titanium dioxide, Mica, Paper, Tantalum oxide, Ceramic porcelain #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Specifications of Capacitors 1. Capacitor Value 2. Tolerance 3. Dielectric Constant 4. Dielectric Strength 5. Power Factor 6. Temperature Coefficient 7. Voltage Rating 8. Leakage Resistance/Leakage Current #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Application of Capacitor The capacitor used for storage of energy. It is used in filter circuits to minimize the ripple voltage. Capacitors are used to run the motor. Bypass the high frequency signals. Used in tank circuits in electronic oscillators. Used in snubber circuit to suppress radio frequency interference. It is used in timing circuit to selects the time. It is used in single phase motors. Capacitors are used in both AC and DC application. Capacitors are widely used in radio and telecommunications. #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Inductor An inductor is a passive electrical device that introduces inductance into a electric circuit. It is basically a coil of wire with many winding, often wound around a core made of a magnetic material, like iron. An inductor stores energy in the form of electromagnetic field. Self inductance of coil : Where: L is in Henry's N is the Number of Turns Φ is the Magnetic Flux Ι is in Amperes #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Inductor When current is passed trough the coil, it generates magnetic field. #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Inductor It opposes the change in current flowing through it by producing self induced emf. This opposition is known as reactance of inductance. The reactance of an Inductor is denoted as XL. XL= 2.π.F.L Where, F= frequency of input signal L=inductance value #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  XL= 2.π.F.L 1) For DC signal , frequency is zero , F=0 Hz , So, XL= 2πFL= 0, i.e. opposition is zero, no opposition to DC signal means inductor easily passes DC current. 2) For AC signal , frequency is not zero , So, XL = 2πFL i.e. As frequency increases opposition also increases means , inductor blocks AC current. #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  Classification of Inductors #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  Inductor Symbol #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic  Specifications of Inductors 1) Inductance value 2) Resistance 3) Capacitance 4) Frequency range 5) Quality factor 6) Power loss 7) Current rating 8) Temperature coefficient #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer Science of Computer and Engineering Engineering School of-Polytechnic Departmentand of Polytechnic Skill Development  Inductor Air Core: Since only air is present in the core, they are known as air core inductors. They have very low value of inductance ranging from fractions of µF to few µF. Ferrite Core Inductor: It is the fixed value inductors which have a ferrite core placed inside the coil are known as a ferrite core inductor.The value of inductance ranging from µH to few milli Henry. Iron Core:In Iron core inductor coil is wound over Iron Core. An iron core solenoid has self-inductance 2.8 H. #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer Science of Computer and Engineering Engineering School of-Polytechnic Departmentand of Polytechnic Skill Development  Application of Inductor Inductors are widely utilised in alternating current (AC) applications such as television and radio. Chokes – An inductor’s principal property is employed in power supply circuits when an AC mains supply has to be converted to a DC supply. Filters: Inductors when combined with capacitors will be used as filters. Switch: Relay behaves as an electrical switch. Energy storage is used to provide the spark that ignites the gasoline in car engines. Transformers– A transformer is made up of inductors that have a distributing magnetic channel. Induction motors: In Induction motors the shaft in the motor will rotate due to the presence of the magnetic field produced due to alternating current. #Education with Values Computer Science and Engineering - Department of Polytechnic  THANK YOU #Education #Education with with Values DepartmentComputer of Computer Engineering Science School of-Polytechnic and Engineering Departmentand Skill Development of Polytechnic