Introduction to Electronics & Electrical Engineering

Introduction to Electronics & Electrical Engineering

• The course was taught by Prof. Mrs. Mrunal Aware.
• The course was given by the Computer Science and Engineering department of the Polytechnic.
• The course began in 1983.

Unit 1: Electronic Components

• The objective of this unit is to introduce the different types of electronic components.

Points to be Covered

• Active and Passive Electronic Components
• Classification, Symbol, Specification, Application of:
  • Resistor
  • Capacitor
  • Inductor

Electronic Circuit

• Diagrams of electronic circuits were displayed.

Electronic Components

• Various electronic components were shown.

Symbols: Electronic Components

• Symbols and diagrams of common electronic components were displayed to aid understanding.
• Included symbols for Diode, Capacitor, Inductor, Resistor, DC voltage source, AC voltage source, And gate, Nand gate, Or gate, Nor gate, Xor gate, Inverter (Not gate), Coil, LED, Transistor, Fuse, Regulator, and Transformer.

Types of Electronics Components

• Active components include: Transistor, Diode, LED, Photodiode, Integrated Circuit, Operational Amplifier, Seven Segment Display, and Battery.
• Passive components include: Resistor, LDR, Thermistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Switch, Variable Resistor, Transformer, and Battery.

Active Components

• Active components require a power source.
• Active components can amplify or process electrical signals.
• They have gain (Gain = Output/Input).
• Active components generally conduct current in one direction (unilateral or unidirectional).
• Examples of active components include Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators (e.g., alternators, DC generators), Transistors (e.g., BJT, MOSFETs, FETs, JFETs), and Diodes (e.g., Zener diodes, photodiodes, Schottky diodes, and LEDs).

Active Components: Examples

• Diagrams and symbols of various active components (Diode, Zener Diode, LED, Schottky Diode, Transistor, MOSFET, Amplifier, Logic Gates) were shown.

Passive Components

• Passive components only receive energy.
• They can dissipate, absorb, or store energy in the form of electric or magnetic fields.
• They do not require an external power source to operate.
• Passive components do not amplify, oscillate, or generate electrical signals.
• Examples of passive components include Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Transformers, and Sensors

Passive Components: Examples

• Diagrams of various passive components were shown (Resistor, Capacitor, Sensor, and Inductor).

Comparison Chart

• A comparison table was presented comparing active and passive components. The parameters compared include basic description, external source requirement, acting as, current controllability, direction of operation, categorization, power gain, and examples.

Resistor

• Resistors are passive components that impede current flow.
• Resistance is the measure of opposition to current flow.
• The unit of resistance is ohms (Ω).
• The resistor's resistance can be related to the voltage drop and current flowing through it by Ohm's Law (V=IR).
• The power absorbed by a resistor is represented by P = VI = I²R = V²/R watts.
• Ohm's Law shows a linear relationship between voltage and current in both DC and AC circuits.
• Resistance values can be measured using a multimeter or color coding.
• The four and five-band resistors use color coding, and the chart of color coding was displayed.
• Resistance values can be calculated using the color code, and relevant examples were shown

Resistance value measurement

• Multi-meter, color coding, and LCR-Q meter are used to measure resistance value.
• Larger units are Kilo-Ohms (ΚΩ) and Mega-Ohms (ΜΩ).
• 1000 Ohms = 1 KΩ, 1000 KΩ = 1 MΩ

Using DMM

• Practical demonstration of using a digital multimeter to measure resistance.

Color Coding Technique

• Resistor values are often coded using color bands.
• Different color coding techniques include four-band, five-band, and six-band methods.
• A color code chart was displayed to show the relationship between colors and resistor values.

Calculating Resistor Values

• Methods to calculate resistor values using color codes were detailed and example calculations were provided.
• The tolerance of the resistance value is given by the fourth band (or fifth band for five-band).

Calculating Resistor Values (Continued)

• Tolerance is a measure of the variation of a resistor's value from its nominal value.
• Typical tolerance values for film resistors are between 1% and 10%.
• Carbon resistors can have tolerances up to 20%.
• Resistors with tolerances lower than 2% are termed 'precision' resistors and are more costly.

4 Band Resistor

• Example diagram of a four-band resistor was shown.

Calculating Resistor Values (Continued 2)

• Practical example of calculating resistance values based on color codes.

Calculating Resistor Values (Continued 3)

• Calculating resistor values using color codes and the associated tolerance.

5 Band Resistor

• Diagram of a five-band resistor was shown, with associated calculations.

Color Coding Technique (Continued)

• Color codes for tolerance were indicated and explained.
• Examples of determining resistance values using five-band color codes were shown.

6 Band Resistor

• Explanation of calculation of resistance values using six-band resistors.

Answers

• Sample calculations for determining resistor values based on colour code.

Specifications of Resistor

• Maximum voltage rating, Maximum power rating, Ohmic ranges, Tolerance, Maximum operating temperature, and Temperature coefficient are the specifications of a resistor.

Specifications of Resistor (more detailed)

• Maximum voltage rating: The maximum voltage that can be applied to a resistor without damage.
• Maximum power rating: The maximum power the resistor can dissipate without overheating.
• Ohmic ranges: The range of resistance values a resistor can have.
• Tolerance: The allowed variation in resistance from the specified value.
• Maximum operating temperature: The maximum temperature a resistor can tolerate.
• Temperature coefficient: How the resistance changes with temperature.

Capacitor

• Capacitors are passive components used to store electrical energy in an electric field.

Capacitor Symbol

• Two types of capacitor symbols were shown: polarized (electrolytic) and non-polarized.

Classification of Capacitors

• Capacitors can be classified into fixed and variable types, with further subdivisions based on dielectric materials. Examples include Electrolytic (Tantalum, Aluminum), Electrostatic (Mica, Ceramic, Plastic, Paper), Ceramic, Air, Mica, Plastic, and Polyester types.

Plastic capacitor

• Showing diagrams and examples of different types of capacitors.

Capacitance Value

• Formula for calculating capacitance (Capacity).

Dielectric material used in capacitor

• Common dielectric materials used in capacitors were listed.

Specifications of Capacitors

• Detailed specifications of capacitors, including values, tolerance, dielectric constant, dielectric strength, power factor, temperature coefficient, voltage rating, leakage resistance, and leakage current.

Application of Capacitor

• Various applications for capacitors in circuits.

Inductor

• Inductors are passive components that introduce inductance into electric circuits.

Inductor

• Inductors store energy in an electromagnetic field.
• The self-inductance of a coil is denoted by L.

Inductor

• When current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is generated.
• Inductors oppose changes in current by creating a self-induced emf.
• Reactance of inductance is denoted by XL.
• For DC signals, XL is zero, whereas for AC signals, XL is non-zero and increases with frequency.

Classification of Inductors

• Inductors are classified as fixed (Air core, Cored - Iron core, Ferrite core) and variable (Slug-tuned, Tapped).

Inductor Symbol

• Various symbols of inductors (air core, iron core, ferrite core, variable core) were shown.

Specifications of Inductors

• Specifications of inductors include inductance value, resistance, capacitance, frequency range, quality factor, power loss, current rating, and temperature coefficient.

Inductor (Continued)

• Details on different types of inductors (air core, ferrite core, iron core) and their characteristics.

Application of Inductor

• Applications of inductors (e.g., chokes, filters, switches, transformers, induction motors).

Conclusion

• Thank you.

This quiz covers the foundational concepts of electronic components, focusing on both active and passive elements. Delve into the classification, symbols, specifications, and applications of essential components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Enhance your knowledge with diagrams and symbols critical to understanding electronic circuits.