FBS 21 Introduction and Course Outline 1st Sem 2024-2025 PDF

Manuel L. Castillo Ph.D. Department of Forest Biological Sciences Tel: 63 (049) 536-2773 UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Consultation Hours 2:00- 4:00 Monday Tuesday, Thursday, Friday Where: FBS Department  THREE THIN...

Manuel L. Castillo Ph.D. Department of Forest Biological Sciences Tel: 63 (049) 536-2773 UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Consultation Hours 2:00- 4:00 Monday Tuesday, Thursday, Friday Where: FBS Department  THREE THINGS TEACHERS WISH STUDENTS KNOW When I ask my students: “how can you make the most of school?” they dutifully recite stock answers: Study hard: Come to school prepared. Do not cram. Avoid cheating. Better behave in class, or else. I agree with everything, except the last one. I would rather have a class of lively students who challenge everyone with insights, rather than the group of silent automatons who regurgitate everything I say. That said, my students have missed important points. Study hard, yes, but study wisely, too. Come to school prepared; not just with materials, but also with SMART goals. Do not cram, so make sure to master the basics beforehand. Avoid cheating, certainly, but outside of exams, never be afraid to ask for help. SMART goals A goal is Specific. What do you want to accomplish? Instead of saying:” I want to be a good student,” which is vague, state the goal clearly: “I want to get an average of 90 percent in FBS 21 by the end of the semester.” A goal is Measurable. You need to keep track of your progress. For example, “So far, I have received good scores on three lab exams, I need to study more, so I can maintain my average A goal is Realistic. Decide if a goal is attainable in the first place, and then think about how much effort, time and resources you can expend to reach your goal. I managed time pretty well, but there was no way I could do everything. Something had to give. I did not want to lose sight of my goal, which, after all, was mainly academic. There was no way I could sacrifice my studies. So with great reluctance, I dropped the basketball team. In this lifetime, I would never be Duncan or Le Bron James Steph Curry or tennis superstar Novak Djokovic’s or famous actress like Angela Joli or Scarlet Johansson , but I could be a famous forester A goal is Time-Bound. How much have you achieved at a certain point? “ If I want a good grade in FBS 21 Examination , which is a month away, do I focus more on reading my notes and field review? If both, how much time do I spend on each task?” Ask for help Seek help at the first sign of trouble When we fall ill, we go to the doctor at once. When we are hungry, we look for something to eat. Why then do students delay seeking help when they don’t understand a lesson? On the first day of class, I tell my students: “When you do not understand something please seek help at once. Turn to a classmate, do research in the library or on the Net, ask your parents or consult me. If you let the little problems pile up, then you will be overwhelmed later on.” When the teacher discusses a lesson, review the details later in the day, even if the test is still far away. If a point is not clear, reflect on it for a while. If you really cannot understand it, then seek help as soon as possible. Do not close your eyes and pray that you will never see the topic again. According to Murphy’s Law, the topics you don’t know are most likely the ones you will meet in the test. Master the Basics Studying hard is important, but it is also essential to study wisely. If you cannot comprehend a complex topic, chances are you have not understood the concepts leading up to it. Instead of banging your head on the proverbial wall, or worse, giving up, why don’t you go back to earlier lessons? Again, seek help if needed. Learning is not easy, but then, things worth doing seldom are. But with the right mindset, proper support and good habits, learning can not only be endured, but even enjoyed as well. Have a great school year! (Source: Queen N. Lee- Chua is a professor of mathematics and psychology at the Ateneo de Manila University) FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Course Outline First Semester 2024-2025  DESCRIPTION: Classification, nomenclature, identification, description, characterization, geographic distribution, diversity and economic importance of woody and non-woody plants found in the different forest formations in the Philippines. NO. OF UNITS: 4.0 NO. OF HOURS: 2 hours lecture 6 hours laboratory PREREQUISITE: Biology of Tropical Forest Plants (FBS 10) or Forest Botany (FBS 1) SEMESTER OFFERED: First and Second Semester  OBJECTIVES: At the end of the semester, the student should be able to: 1. know the basic principles and concepts of classification, nomenclature, identification, and description of forests plants; 2. characterize the different important tree families, their genera and representative species and their distributions with respect to modern system of classification; 3. identify common forest tree species and other woody and non-woody plants, their morphology, economic importance and distribution;  OBJECTIVES: At the end of the semester, the student should be able to: 4. differentiate and characterize Philippines forest formations based on their species composition, natural habitat and other features; and 5. develop comprehensive understanding of floral diversity in the Philippines. II. People and Plants A. We affect each other – how? 1. We can’t live without them! 2. They exchange CO2 for O2 – mitigates greenhouse effect. 3. We destroy, pollute their habitat, causing extinction 4. They can destroy habitat, harming our economy – invasive plants!! 5. We can alter the course of their evolution, through: a. Gm crops, conservation genetics, selective breeding B. PLANTS 1. of ARE SOURCES food. 2. of paper. 3. of fibers. 4. of medicines. C. Life without 1. paper. 3. cotton. 2. roses. 4. linen. 5. wood. 6. pepper. 7. cinnamon. 9. sugar. 8. vanilla. 10. etcetera. 11. Dark Chocolate.  V. Phylogeny & Systematics A. Definitions 1. Systematics = the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context, encompassing taxonomy and involving the reconstruction of phylogenetic history. Systematics = taxonomy + phylogeny 2. Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species 3. Taxonomy = the science of naming and classifying organisms B. GOALS OF PLANT TAXONOMY 1. Develop a natural system of classification, in which closely related organisms are classified together 2. Assigning names on the basis of evolutionary relationships. C. HISTORY 1. Carolus Linnaeus a. Credited with the use of scientific names. b. A professor of natural history at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. c. He was the primary professor for 180 students, many of whom became excellent botanists and world travelers. d. He created a large number of genera and placed every species into one genus or another. e. Each species had both a genus name and a species name, the binomial system. D. Criteria for Grouping? 1. ????? 2. Taxonomy today still employs the hierarchical system of classification: a. Domain h. Species b. Kingdom g. Genus c. Phylum f. Family d. Class e. Order  3. LEVELS OF TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Dicot Monocot Domain Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Plantae Phylum Anthophyta Anthophyta Class Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Order Fabales Liliales Family Fabaceae Liliaceae Genus Lupinus Hymenocaulis Species Lupinus texensis Hymenocaulis carbaea Texas bluebonnet Spider lily Domain Domain Bacteria Archaea Domain Eukarya Kingdom Kingdom Protista Plantae Kingdom Kingdom Fungi Animalia E. Problem: DNA evidence is forcing systematists to rearrange phylogenetic trees 1. Particularly problematic in the plant world: a. plants were placed into families and genera based on similar characteristics. b. plants, especially grasses, have evolved similar structures many, many times! i. Agropyron spicatum is now Pseuderoegneria spicatum ii. plants are renamed constantly. Check plants.usda.gov for current “official” names.  Identifying Plants Flowers are the main criteria for identifying species in this division. VI. Basic plant parts A. Generalized B. The parts of a flower are typically attached to the: 1. receptacle – the portion of the pedicel upon which the flower parts are borne. 2. pedicel – the stalk of a single flower. It attaches the flower to the plant. 3. Whorls: a. The outermost whorl is the calyx – a collective term for all of the sepals. Sepal – a typically green and leaf-like structure. b. The next whorl is the corolla – a collective term for all of the petals. Petal – a typically colored or white, delicate structure. Petals function to attract pollinators. c. The third whorl is the androecium = collective term for the male flower parts. Each part is called a stamen. The stamen is composed of: i. Filament – a stalk attached to the recepticle ii. Anther – a collection of pollen sacs that sits on top of the filament. 4. Perianth = the calyx + the corolla The Perianth may be: a. Regular = radially symmetrical b. Irregular = bilaterally symmetrical c. Polypetalous or distinct = petals aren’t fused to each other. d. Gamopetalous = petals are fused to each other e. Polysepalous = sepals are not fused f. Gamosepalous = sepals are fused g. An important trait that must be determined for identification purposes: ovary position Superior ovary = hypogynous = the base of the perianth parts & stamens are attached directly to the receptacle Superior ovary = perigynous = the base of the perianth around the edge of a cuplike receptacle containing the ovary Inferior ovary = epigynous = the base of the perianth parts & stamens are attached to the ovary wall and they appear to arise from the top of the ovary Hypanthium is the fusion of two or more floral parts. 5. Position of Inflorescence Types: Inflorescence = the entire flowering part of a plant a. Spike = single sessile flowers on rachis (flowering stalk) b. Raceme = single flowers on pedicels along the rachis c. Panicle = a much-branched inflorescence d. Solitary flower e. Many more!!  6. More terms!!! a. Distinct = parts not fused b. Connate = fusion of like parts c. Adnate = fusion of unlike parts d. Complete flower = a flower that has a calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil e. Incomplete flower = lacks one of the whorls of flower parts f. Perfect flower = has stamens & pistils (bisexual) g. Imperfect flower = lacks either stamens or pistils (unisexual) Leaves are the primary organs of photosynthesis. Leaf type, shape, and arrangement are important for identification. Petiole = the stalk that attaches the blade to the plant. Blade = the expanded portion of the petiole. C. Leaf types: 1. Terms a. Simple leaf = undivided but may be lobed, serrated, cleft, etc. b. Compound leaf = divided into distinct units called leaflets 2. Four types of leaf arrangement: a. Acaulescent – leaves arranged in a basal rosette, not attached to a stem.  b. Alternate – leaves borne single at each node along the stem c. Opposite – leaves borne across from each other at the same node d. Whorled – 3 or more leaves arising from the same node. Click on this Photograph of Pyrola picta to enlarge it and download a high-resolution JPEG file 3. Leaf Shapes, Veination, and Margins 3. Leaf Shapes, Veination, and Margins  D. Fruit 1. Definition = a ripened ovary and any other structures that are attached and ripen with it. a. the primary function of a fruit is seed dispersal 2. Types: b. Dry Name some? Get out and smell the nature!  Taxonomy is the science of classification, especially the classification of biological organisms the term is derived from the Greek taxis (arrangement) and nomos (law) Taxonomy was first used and coined by famous French Botanist A.P. de Candolle in 1813 in his Book Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique (Elementary Theory of Botany) FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB derived from two Greek words: Dendrology is defined as the study of dendron trees and other woody vegetation including Which means tree or their classification, nomenclature, tree-like formation identification, morphology, anatomy, phenology, logus geographic distribution and economic importance, which means study on science but through common usage the study includes taxonomy of woody plants that include trees, shrubs and vines By M. L. Castillo  Taxonomy” and “systematics” are largely synonymous, but “systematics” implies the study of evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is universal, not restricted to plants or even living organisms FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB A thorough classification system, that distinguishes concepts, names those What concepts, and puts those is a taxonomy? concepts into a hierarchical order Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed the original taxonomy, a system of grouping plants and animals into related families that is still more or less in use today Scientists who attempt to classify organisms and place them within an evolutionary framework are called Taxonomists, the most famous of which would be Linnaeus himself FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB ❑ Taxonomy is the method by which scientists, conservationists, and naturalists classify and organize the vast diversity of living things on this planet in an effort to understand the evolutionary relationships between them ❑ Modern taxonomy originated in the mid-1700s when Swedish-born Carolus Linnaeus (also known as Carl Linnaeus or Carl von Linné) published his multi-volume Systema naturae, outlining his new and revolutionary method for classifying and, especially, naming living organisms FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB ❑Taxonomy is all at once the oldest, broadest, and most basic of sciences ❑ Taxonomy may be generally defined as the study and classification of variation among organisms, its causes, consequences, and patterns ❑ Data recording patterns of variation are used to construct classifications, logical sets of hierarchical categories, providing both the means of naming and identification, and the generating of hypotheses of relatedness FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  ◆Taxonomy involves the assigning of scientific names to group of organisms (biological nomenclature ◆Name of taxa give us access to information about them, and thus it is valuable to have one name by which all can refer to group of plants FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Author Definition Remarks Abercombie et.al., Taxonomy - science Can be used 1980 Penguin of the classification interchangeably since Dictionary of Biology of organism both terms are synonymous according to their resemblances and differences. Systematics - often used synonymously with taxonomy but more widely to include identification, practice of classification and nomenclature FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Author Definition Remarks C. Stace Taxonomy may be Includes systematics defined as the study and description of the variation of organisms, the investigation of the causes and consequences of this variation, and the manipulation of the data to produce a system of classification [ along with a methodology to name the units of classification.] FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Author Definition Remarks Judd et. al. 1999 Systematics is the science of organismal Systematics is biodiversity broader ❖It entails the discovery , description, and interpretation of biological diversity as well as the synthesis of information on diversity in the form of predictive classification systems ❖Systematics emcompasses the discipline of taxonomy , a term tied to the word taxon Taxonomy involves the assigning of scientific names Names of taxa give us access to information about them, and valuable to have one name by which all can refer to group of plants FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Concluding Remarks: Taxonomy and systematics have been loosely and interchangeably used in the past. - proper delineation between the two is difficult. In actual practice and in the present text the two terms are used synonymously and deal with the study of classification, its principles, procedures and rules.  What is a Species? The “biological species concept” (Ernst Mayr, 1940): – “A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups” – the basic unit of classification Species Problem  Importance of plant taxonomy/systematics ❑Essential to our understanding of and communication about the natural world ❑Plays an important role in many endeavor- provides guides the search for plants of commercial importance ❑Critical in biological sciences involving diversity, conservation biology and ethnobotany (The plant lore and agricultural customs of a people) Enhances our knowledge of evolution because it establishes a historical context for understanding a wide variety of biological phenomena such as: adaptation, speciation, rates of evolution, ecological diversification and specialization, co- evolutionary relationships of host and parasites and biogeography (The study of the geographic distribution of organisms). FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Reminder: in FBS 21 Lecture Class Please observe the following: ❑ Come to class on time ❑Maintain Silence ❑Switch your cellular phone to silent mode or vibrating alert ❑Text or call outside the room ❑Listen and take some notes ❑Always Close the door when you enter the room FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB What is biological diversity? “The immense variety of living organisms that have evolved over the past 3.5 billion years and have adapted to the wide array of ecological habitats that exist on earth.” “Every scrap of biological diversity is priceless, to be learned and cherished, and never to be surrendered without a struggle.” E.O. Wilson, “The Diversity of Life”  SOME FACTS AND FIGURES PERTAINING TO PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES Flora of the Philippines is composed of at least 13,500 species (5% of world flora) PBA – DENR 1997 Rank 23rd most plant rich in country in the world; 7th in the Asian Region. Fern and fern allies, gymnosperm and angiosperm flora represent 22.5% of Malesian flora and 3.88% of the world’s vascular flora (DENR 1997) There are about 8000+ species of flowering plants and at least 3,200-3,800 of these are unique to the Philippines. 22 out of 1,524 genera of Philippine plants are endemic to the country. Most of these are monotypic (i.e. consisting of only one species) (Madulid 1991) There 33 species of gymnosperm, 6 (18%) are endemic. 70% endemism for bamboos, 3,500 indigenous trees.  SE Asia Reconstructions Why this50-0 tremendous Ma biodiversity in the Philippines? © Robert Hall 1995 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS  50 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department  30 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction  20 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction  10 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction  1 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction  0 FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction  BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT Philippine species face one of the highest level of threatened species 93% of forest cover has been lost in the last 500 years ago 418 threatened species (2000 IUCN Red List) megadiversity and biodiversity hotspot country 2nd hottest spot Biodiversity Hotspots and Major Tropical Wilderness  2 C o u n try A re a (k m ) C h in a 9 ,5 6 1 ,0 0 0 U S A 9 ,3 7 2 ,1 4 3 B r a z il 8 ,5 7 1 ,9 6 5 A u s tr a lia 7 ,6 8 6 ,8 1 0 In d ia 3 ,2 8 7 ,7 8 2 Megadiversity Countries D o m in ic a n C o n g o R e p u b lic o f 2 ,3 4 4 ,0 0 0 M e x ic o 1 ,9 7 2 ,5 4 4 In d o n e s ia 1 ,9 1 6 ,6 0 0 P e ru 1 ,2 8 5 ,2 1 0 S o u th A fr ic a 1 ,2 2 1 ,0 3 7 C o lo m b ia 1 ,1 4 1 ,7 4 8 V e n e z u e la 9 1 2 ,0 5 0 M a d a g a s c a r 5 8 7 ,0 4 5 P a p u a N e w G u in e a 4 7 5 ,3 6 9 M a la y s ia 3 2 9 ,7 4 9 P h ilip p in e s 3 0 0 ,7 8 0 E c u a d o r 2 8 3 ,5 6 1 T o ta l 5 1 ,1 8 9 ,3 9 3  Two thirds of the world’s approximately 250,000 species of vascular plants are found in the tropical regions Many plant species have yet to be identified and so their potential contribution is undiscovered.  The background knowledge provided in this course serves to introduce the practical application of axonomy t , identification, thereby giving students a valuable skill for research, teaching, and other career opportunities, like conservation FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  "Taxonomy is at the same time the most basic and the most derived or synthetic field of biology. It is basic because a system of naming and classifying organisms is needed in order to communicate knowledge about them to others, and hence every field of biology uses the results of taxonomy. FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  It is also the most derived field because it has no data of its own, but uses those from every other discipline, thus progressing with advances in accumulated knowledge and technology." FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB goal dream ends Goals of Plant Taxonomy/Plant Systematics 1. Acquire fundamental values of plant Goal taxonomy/ systematic the result or achievement 2. Know basic concepts and principles of toward plant taxonomy/systematics which effort is directed 3. Be aware of the importance of taxonomic relationships in plant taxonomy/ systematics 4. Develop knowledge of applicability of plant taxonomy/sytematics studies FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department  Objectives of Plant Taxonomy/Plant Systematics 1. Prepare a scheme of classification that provides phenetic, natural or phylogenetic relationship among plants 2. Establish a suitable method of identification, nomenclature and description of plant taxa Objective: 3. Provide an inventory of plant taxa that suits local something , regional, and continental needs that one's efforts or 4. Create an understanding of evolutionary actions are processes intended to attain or 5. Train students of plant sciences in regard to the accomplish diversity of organisms and their relationship with other biological sciences FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB just before Aims| of Plant Taxonomy/Plant Systematics 1. Know how to collect specimens 2. prepare specimens for future preservation Aim 3. know how manual should be used to intend or direct for a 4. know how to use identification keys particular effect or 5. recognize division , classes, families, genera, and purpose species 6. know how plants are described 7. know how the diversity in species may be related with regional or habitat diversity 8. become familiar with the basic taxonomic principles, and with at least one system of plant classification FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy The origin of plant taxonomy goes back centuries, and there are thought-provoking parallels between folk classifications and those produced in more recent times Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) provided the first widely used framework, the basis of our current classification FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy placed all plants in a genus and species, giving each a binomial (such as Taraxacum officinale for the dandelion), allowing botanists worldwide to communicate Linnaeus was not very successful in recognizing larger groupings of plants, but in 1786 Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu put all genera in families Jussieu believed that nature could be represented as a single, continuous series of relationships, and he made his families (and genera) of convenient sizes FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy The late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries saw many new developments in the area of plant taxonomy Voyages of discovery and colonization yielded a stream of unknown plants needing names Plants of economic importance like quinine, breadfruit, rubber, and tea were moved to colonies where they could best be exploited FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy Herbaria, collections of flattened and dried plants attached to paper, were developed the middle of the nineteenth century most large herbaria such as those at Washington, D.C., Kew (London), and Paris were owned by the state or, less frequently, universities Systematic work was largely based on the dried plants there, with botanical gardens or field studies being of less importance FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy Darwin's ideas on evolution, published in 1859, had little effect on the practice of taxonomy, although many workers used the ideas to explain the classifications they produced—using techniques very similar to those of Jussieu Systematists like Asa Gray were among Darwin's supporters FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy Darwin himself was very interested in genealogies, ancestor-descendant sequences Physiology, anatomy, ecology, and the study of lower plants were thought to be more exciting, particularly among those who worked at universities FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy Physiology, anatomy, ecology, and the study of lower plants were thought to be more exciting, particularly among those who worked at universities G. Ledyard Stebbins, one of the most influential botanists of his time, was a founder, along with Ernst Mayr, Gaylord Simpson, and others, of the "evolutionary synthesis," an integration of evolutionary theory, systematics, and morphology FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy taxonomists working in herbaria— where most taxonomic work was still carried out—were little affected by such developments the late nineteenth century, new disciplines such as anatomy, cytology, and plant chemistry had been promoted as likely to solve the difficult problem of understanding the limits and relationships of groups like genera and families FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy latter part of the twentieth century, a system of relationships that built on those of earlier works was proposed by Arthur Cronquist Phenetics and Cladistics In the 1960s phenetics, or numerical taxonomy, was very popular. By looking at many characters and using early computers to analyze the data, botanists hoped to produce classifications of maximum usefulness, stability, and objectivity FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  Cladistics is a particular method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms Cladistics is now accepted as the best method available for phylogenetic analysis, for it provides an explicit and testable hypothesis of organismal relationships. Cladistic analysis, developed by a German entomologist Willi Hennig is used to analyze the data from fossils, molecular data, anatomy, and other features to tell us how closely related species are. Then a phylogenetic diagram or cladogram is constructed from a series of dichotomies. FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  History of Taxonomy Such botanists were less interested in evolutionary relationships, and problems became evident both in the goals of phenetics and in some analytical techniques In the late 1970s the cladistics approach of Willi Hennig became widely known, and this led to the development of new ways of producing treelike diagrams depicting hypothesized phylogenetic relationships  History of Taxonomy In such phylogenies, genera and species were not linked directly but by way of their common ancestors In the 1990s the advent of molecular techniques, combined with the practice of phylogenetic analysis and the use of computers, led to a rapid improvement in our understanding of relationships among the main groupings of plants  C. Phylogenetic Analysis “The estimation of evolutionary relationships among taxa.” Phylogeny = “the pattern of genealogical relationships”APG\APG.ppt An example of hypothesis generation. FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS  Systematic Agenda 2000 Charting the Biosphere Mission 1: Discovering Mission III: Managing Biological Diversity Mission II: Understanding Systematic Knowledge Biological Diversity Survey Phylogenetic Hierchical Assembly of Internationa Description Inventory of Species Interpretation Classification knowledge l into Efficient Information Collection databases Networks Monographing Primary Users of Systematist: Using biological Sytematic Knowledge diversity ▪Discover and inventory of 1) Applied health and species medical industries ▪Male comparison among Predictive Classification 2) Biotechnology species and infer phylogenic and Databases 3) Agricultures and fisheries history 4) Forest products ▪Use phylogeny and industries Increase classification derived from it to Maximum 5) Conservation resource biological integrate basic and applied accesible managers knowledge biology information 6) Ecotourism ▪Provide basic data underlying 7) Basic biological science sustainable use of biodiversity Sustainable use of Biodiversity Mission 1: Discovering Biological Diversity Survey Inventory Description of Collection Species FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  Mission II: Understanding Biological Diversity Phylogenetic Hierchical Interpretation Classification Monographing Mission III: Managing Systematic Knowledge Assembly of International knowledge into Information Efficient Networks databases Systematist: ▪Discover and inventory of species ▪Male comparison among species and infer phylogenic history ▪Use phylogeny and classification derived from it to integrate basic and applied biology ▪Provide basic data underlying sustainable use of biodiversity  Using biological diversity Predictive Classification and Databases Increase Maximum accesible biological information knowledge Sustainable use of Biodiversity  Primary Users of Sytematic Knowledge 1) Applied health and medical industries 2) Biotechnology 3) Agricultures and fisheries 4) Forest products industries 5) Conservation resource managers 6) Ecotourism 7) Basic biological science  How Systematics Works Field botanists explore the world's ecosystems and collect herbarium specimens Botanists examine these herbarium specimens Specimens of "new" species are formally named and published These names are eventually incorporated into identification manuals ("floras") Botanists use all kinds of floras and other identification guides to identify specimens FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  Herbarium specimens that have been identified are then placed in a herbarium Other botanists study herbarium material and, when possible, living plants to how species, genera, and families are circumscribed and related to each other FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department UPLB  Molecular studies often use herbarium specimens by extracting DNA from them; this DNA can be used to ask all sorts of systematic questions FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-  C. Phylogenetic Analysis “The estimation of evolutionary relationships among taxa.” Phylogeny = “the pattern of genealogical relationships”APG\APG.ppt An example of hypothesis generation. FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB “The science of discovering, describing, naming, and classifying species or groups of species.” CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION TAXONOMY NOMENCLATURE IDENTIFICATION FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  Biological systematics (or taxonomy) is the theory and practice of grouping individuals into species, arranging those species into larger groups, and giving those groups names, thus producing a classification FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB  PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Centers of Island group Biogeographic plant diversity zone Mt. Iraya + Sabtang Island Batanes Batanes Sierra Madre Mountains Luzon Sierra Madre (Isabela) Mt. Pulog (Benguet) Luzon Cordillera Mt. Arayat (Pampanga) Luzon Northern Southern Luzon Mt. Makiling (Laguna) Luzon Northern Southern Luzon Lobo (Batangas) Luzon Northern Southern Luzon Mt. Isarog Luzon Northern Southern (Camarines Sur) Luzon FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Centers of Island group Biogeographic plant diversity zone Mt. Halcon Mindoro Mindoro Coron Island (Catanduanes) Palawan Calamian Palawan Mainland Palawan Palawan Southern Samar Visayas East Visayas Sibuyan Island (Romblon) Visayas West Visayas Mount Kanlaon Visayas West Visayas (Negros Oriental) Mt. Talinis and Visayas West Visayas Lake Balinsasayao Mt. Baloy (Central Panay) Visayas West Visayas Mt. Kitanglad (Bukidnon) Mindanao Mindanao Agusan Marsh (Agusan del Sur) Mindanao Mt. Apo Mindanao Mindanao (Davao City, DavaoFBS del Sur, N.ofCotabato) 21 Taxonomy Forest Plants Introduction M. L. Castillo FBS Truly Amazing Plants PHILIPPINE HOYA CNSC presentation_plmalabrigojr 192 Truly Amazing Plants PHILIPPINE Medinilla presentation_plmalabrigojr CNSC 194 Rafflesia baletei Rafflesia verrucosa Rafflesia lobata Rafflesia aurantia Rafflesia philippinensis Rafflesia banahawensis Rafflesia speciosa Rafflesia manillana Rafflesia mira Rafflesia leonardi Rafflesia banaoana Rafflesia panchoana Rafflesia schadenbergiana  How Field botanists explore the world's ecosystems and collect herbarium Systematics specimens Works Botanists examine tystemahese herbarium specimens Specimens of "new" species are formally named and published These names are eventually incorporated into identification manuals ("floras") Botanists use all kinds of floras and other FBS 21 Taxonomy of Forest Plants Introduction identification guides to M. L. Castillo FBS Department CFNR-UPLB Course Goal: cure plant blindness Saddle Mt. State Park, Tillamook Co., OR