Family Studies Notes PDF

NEEDS, WANTS, AND VALUES: Maslow’s hierarchy is a motivational theory in psychology: -​ It states that to fulfil our needs we have to start at the basics first. -​ Biological and psychological needs are at the bottom, safety is next, love and belonging, esteem, and then self actualisati...

NEEDS, WANTS, AND VALUES: Maslow’s hierarchy is a motivational theory in psychology: -​ It states that to fulfil our needs we have to start at the basics first. -​ Biological and psychological needs are at the bottom, safety is next, love and belonging, esteem, and then self actualisation can be met. Needs and wants: -​ Needs are things you need to survive, such as water, shelter, and food. Wants: -​ Something unneeded but desired. -​ Can increase quality of living and happiness -​ Values can influence your wants Values: -​ A value is a belief on what is desirable and important to an individual. -​ It can be influenced by your family, friends, media, etc. -​ Different values and beliefs change the way you view wants and life itself. Human rights code of Ontario United Nations convention on the rights of a child -​ Healthcare (Biological and -​ Non discrimination (Love and psychological) belonging, safety) -​ Right to education (Esteem) -​ Decisions should be made for what’s -​ Protects citizens against best for children (Safety) discrimination (Safety, esteem, love -​ Right to the best life they can lead and belonging) (Biological and psychological) -​ Employment -​ Right to free speech (Esteem) -​ Housing (Safety)  Intangible Values Tangible Values -​ Something that cannot be touched or -​ Something physical that can be seen seen -​ Family and friends, community, -​ Being healthy, religion, morals, and shelter, how others view you are values that cannot be seen. Complex Values: Unclear -​ Ex: Killing in self defense ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GOALS: SMART Goals: S - Specific M - Measurable A - Achievable R - Realistic T - Timely Long Term Goals -​ A goal that takes over a year to complete -​ Ex. Go to ___ college/university Short Term Goals -​ A goal that is attainable within a few months -​ Ex. Get all E’s for learning skills on the progress report for all classes. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TIME MANAGEMENT: Time - Management -​ The four types of time management are “Do, defer, delegate, and delete” -​ DO: To complete right away -​ DEFER: To postpone for another time -​ DELEGATE: Get someone else to help you or do it for you -​ DELETE: To remove from your to-do list Priorities: -​ The most important things that need to be done ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECISION MAKING: Decision making -​ Habit (The usual way you do things) -​ Imitation (Making the same choice as other people make) -​ Impulse (Doing whatever you feel like in the moment) -​ Coin toss (Leaving it up to fate) -​ Default (Choosing not to make a decision, or taking whatever’s leftover.) Steps to making decisions 1.​ Identify the problem or the decision that needs to be made 2.​ Consider what the standards need to be for a successful result 3.​ Identify all the possible options/alternatives 4.​ Create a list of pros and cons for each option 5.​ Select the best alternative 6.​ Create an action plan for how you will use your decision 7.​ See if it works out ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COMMUNICATION: Basic Communication -​ Exchange of information between two or more people Types of Communication Styles: -​ Aggressive (Expressing your feelings as strongly as you feel them) -​ Passive (Solving things peacefully, even if it means suppressing one's emotions) -​ Passive-Aggressive (Pretending to be passive but harbouring negative feelings) -​ Assertive (Expressing what you want clearly, reducing chances of being misunderstood) Sender: -​ The person conveying information to the listener. -​ Must be able to create a clear and accurate message. Receiver: -​ The one who interprets the message -​ Good communication happens when the sender and receiver arrive at a shared meaning about the message Verbal communication: Involves the use of words. (Example: A letter, text, spoken word) Nonverbal communication: Using elements other than words to convey a message. (Body language, eye contact) Passive listening: Hearing someone’s message without really thinking about it Active listening: Concentrating on what is being said and understanding the message Active listening tips -​ Ask clarifying questions -​ Eye contact -​ Hands and body language to communicate -​ Enthusiastic tone -​ Facial expressions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PERSONALITY TYPES: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) -​ Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I) -​ (E) Gaining energy from social interactions/(I) being alone -​ (E) Enjoy being around many people or (I) alone -​ Sensing (S) and Intuition (N) Threatening about consequences if the person does something, and rather than discussing the option they warn. Ex. “Clean your room or I’ll throw everything out.” 3. Moralising or Preaching -> Telling the person what he or she should or ought to do. We are imposing our own moral values on someone. Ex. “You shouldn’t do that because it’s wrong.” 4. Giving Solutions or Suggestions -> Telling the person how to solve his or her problems. Ex. “Just do _____ instead” 5. Lecturing or Teaching -> Trying to influence with facts, arguments, and logic. This does not encourage real discussion of a person's feelings and problems. Ex. ”Now what you need to do is call the police. If they are aware of the situation nothing can be held against you.” 6. Judging or Blaming -> Making a negative judgment or evaluation of the person. Responses can only serve to demean the person. Ex. ”Why did you do that? That’s totally your fault.” 7. Praising, Agreeing -> Offering positive judgment or evaluation, or agreeing. The responses certainly are well-meaning, but they cut off meaningful discussion. Ex. Pretending to agree 8. Name-calling or Ridiculing -> Making the person feel foolish. Ex. “You’re an idiot for doing that.” 9. Reassuring or Consoling -> Trying to make people feel better, or trying to talk them out of their feelings. Ex. ”You’ll feel better later.” 10. Distracting or Humouring -> Trying to get the person to focus on something other than the problem. Ex. ”Just forget about it!” ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BUDGETING: Three things money is used for 1.​ Necessities 2.​ Wants 3.​ Unplanned expenses Creating a spending plan 1.​ Establish your income 2.​ Determine your expenses 3.​ Create a spending plan 4.​ Implement your plan 5.​ Access your budget Types of Expenses -​ Fixed expenses: Things that cost the same amount each time you pay them and have a regular occurrence. -​ Variable expenses: Change in their occurrence and amount Spending plan 50/30/20 rule 50% of your income goes to needs 30% goes into wants 20% goes into Early debt repayment, Savings, and Investments ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BANK ACCOUNTS Chequing account vs Savings account Chequing accounts are more everyday use, while savings accounts are for accumulating money with interest. Savings accounts also have no risk, unlike investment accounts. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Primary socialization Your first experiences with language, values, beliefs, behaviours and norms of your society. Parents or guardians are often the people who teach primary socialisation skills such as learning languages and communication skills. This can influence: -​ Cultural and religious beliefs -​ Gender roles  -​ Social class awareness -​ Political views Secondary Agent of Socialization The process through which children become socializated outside of the home within society at large. Peers, teachers, co-workers, pastors etc all teach these norms for -​ Fashion choices -​ Personal style -​ Music and entertainment -​ Social behaviours -​ Attitude towards authority and rules -​ Beauty standards -​ Body image -​ Consumer behaviours and brand preferences -​ Perceptions of social issues -​ Language use (slang) Tertiary Agent of Socialization The process through which children become educated between institutions such as schools, religious institutions, workplaces Examples: -​ Workplace culture -​ Professional associations and networks -​ Advanced education and training programs ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PARENTING STYLES Democratic VS Permissive VS Authoritarian Authoritarian parents will be very controlling, and use verbal threats. This can cause the child to become resentful of authority, and become aggressive towards their parents. Permissive parents have few roles, they don’t assume a controlling position, they will barely discipline. This puts a lot of pressure on the child to learn from their mistakes, and can make them spoiled. Democratic parents have control but give choices, they support kids decisions, help with guiding and always give reasons for what they do. Their kids might become more independent and become better decision makers. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IDENTITY Identity: It refers to our sense of self and as members of social groups Two types of Identity Self identity: How we define ourselves on the basis of self esteem Social identity: How others define us by our race, gender, etc Stages of Identity Development: Identity diffusion: Someone who are not committed to a certain identity, and are not exploring any options Identity foreclosure: Someone who commits to an identity without exploring or being given a choice Identity moratorium: Someone who explored many identities but hasn’t made any commitments yet (can lead to conflict with parents/authority figures) Identity achievement: Someone who had an opportunity to explore many options closely and is confidence in their own identity Self-Esteem The following things need to be considered when creating your self esteem -​ Appearance -​ Ability/Performance -​ Sense of power and control -​ Ability to get affection praise and respect -​ Morality and value ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth and Development Areas of development: Emotional: Managing emotions Social: Form relationships Intellectual: Decision making skills Physical: Development of the body Moral: morals… Physical VS Emotion Physical are measurable and emotional is progression and understanding. Physical development in adolescence begins during puberty. It can happen between the ages 10-16. Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone lead to the growth of adult features. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NATURE VS NURTURE What is it? Nature is related to our genetic makeup. Nurture includes all the groups in a person’s life that influence their development. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MENTAL HEALTH: What is it? Mental health is when your brain successfully does daily tasks (????) -​ Affects productivity -​ How we form relationships -​ How we cope with problems Distress: -​ A signal our brain sends to us that shows us something is wrong What is mental illness? Mental illness is when something isn’t going right inside your brain and can affect 6 factors. Many of which start in adolescence or at birth. -​ Behaviour -​ Thinking -​ Perception -​ Signalling -​ Physical -​ Emotion Symptoms of mental illness: -​ Thinking/focus difficulties -​ Extreme emotional swings -​ Insomnia/Lack of sleep -​ High levels of aggression and anxiety -​ Feeling out of control -​ Doing reckless things that could harm people ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MENTAL ILLNESSES: A few mental illnesses adolescents face are: Depression: Feeling extremely sad for long periods of time. Signs/symptoms of depression: -​ Feeling low self esteem -​ Sleeping less -​ Poor eating habits -​ Low energy -​ Suicidal thoughts -​ Avoiding others -​ No longer liking things you used to like Cause: Distressing events, biochemical imbalance in your brain, psychological factors, possible genetic link Treatment: There’s not really a treatment for depression, however you can get counselling and take medications. Bipolar disorder (Manic depression): Periods of depression followed by extreme mood swings Signs/symptoms of Bipolar disorder: -​ Feelings of high positivity -​ Rapid speech and quick thoughts -​ Decreased need for sleep -​ Extreme irritability Cause: Drug use, traumatic events Treatment: Medication, therapy. No cure Anxiety: Feelings of extreme stress and fear Signs/symptoms of anxiety disorders: -​ Panic Disorder: Panic attacks -​ Feelings of discomfort -​ Heart palpitations -​ Shortness of breath -​ Dizziness -​ Phobias: -​ Fear of different things, ex: Agoraphobia ( -​ Social Phobia: Afraid of being around others -​ Specific Phobias: Things you are afraid of that may be irrational ex: being afraid of cheese (me…) -​ PTSD: Reliving a past traumatic event -​ Flashbacks -​ Nightmares -​ OCD: Obsessive unwanted thoughts and actions -​ Obsessed with schedules -​ Likes order -​ Disturbing thoughts -​ Generalized anxiety disorder -​ Extreme worry -​ Fatigue -​ Muscle tension -​ Headaches Cause: Stressful events (??) Treatment: Medication, CBD (cognitive behavioural therapy) Schizophrenia: Seeing/hearing things that may not be there. Signs/symptoms of schizophrenia: -​ Delusions -​ Hallucinations -​ Social withdrawal -​ Thought disorders Cause: Disorders in the brain, genetics Treatment: Medication, Psychotherapy ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SUICIDE: Top leading causes within youth in America include suicide. There is a lot of stigma around suicide, which can make people who need help feel alone. People become suicidal during a high degree of stress or large feelings of despair. “Control in an uncontrollable situation.” 90% of people who commit suicide have mental illnesses. Suicide is the second leading cause in Canadians aged 10-24. Permanent solutions are not an option for a temporary situation. Warning Signs: -​ Mental illnesses (depression) -​ Withdrawn -​ Recklessness -​ Drastic behavioural changes -​ Drug abuse -​ Giving away possessions -​ Suffering a major loss How to help: -​ Be open minded -​ Talk without judgement -​ Offer advice -​ Tell someone trusted