Early Civilizations Overview
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Questions and Answers

Define prehistory.

The time before writing (any time before 3500 BCE)

What country and continent did evidence of early human life appear?

Ethiopia in East Africa (Lucy was found there)

What is another name for the Old Stone Age?

Paleolithic Age

What are nomads?

<p>People that moved from place to place following food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the New Stone Age? When did this occur?

<p>Neolithic Age; 9000 BCE to 3200 BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change did it bring?

<p>People changed from being nomads to settled farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did it enable people to become for the 1st time?

<p>Food producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appeared when civilizations began to emerge?

<p>The first cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the first 4 civilizations surface near? Why?

<p>River valleys; conditions favored farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What river runs through Egypt?

<p>The Nile River</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the Nile River floods, it is bad for Egypt.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Sumerian writing called?

<p>Cuneiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the greatest achievement for the Sumerians?

<p>The Wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?

<p>They believed they would need it in the afterlife.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deposited each year by the annual flood of the Nile?

<p>Silt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of Babylon? Describe his law code.

<p>Hammurabi; 1st written set of laws; “eye for an eye”</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group gave the world the 1st alphabet?

<p>Phoenicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 most sacred rivers in India?

<p>Indus River &amp; Ganges River</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Vedas.

<p>It is a collection of hymns, prayers, and religious teachings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which 2 religions did the Aryan civilization help influence?

<p>Hinduism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are people born into in Aryan society? Define it.

<p>A caste; social group that they cannot change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what empire did the Golden Age of India take place?

<p>Gupta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion developed the Four Noble Truths?

<p>Buddhism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion believed in the law of karma?

<p>Hinduism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the founder of Buddhism?

<p>Siddhartha Gautama</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Buddha mean?

<p>The Enlightened One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion/philosophy developed the Five key relationships?

<p>Confucianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion/philosophy taught that the nature of man is evil? Whose teachings did this philosophy come from?

<p>Legalism; Hanfeizi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religion/philosophy sought to live in harmony with nature?

<p>Daoism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Chinese philosopher taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society?

<p>Confucius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify which dynasty the following belongs to (Zhou, Qin, or Han). Each are used TWICE. constructed the Great Wall of China developed and expanded the Silk Road Emperor Wudi was the most famous emperor Shi Huangdi was the first emperor Overthrew the Shang and established Mandate of Heaven adopted Confucianism as their teaching

<p>Qin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What country is the Minoan civilization located in?

<p>Crete</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was most of Greece's mainland made up of?

<p>Rugged Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did all life revolve around in Spartan society?

<p>military</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Greece's Golden Age occur? Why is it called a Golden Age?

<p>461 BCE - 429 BCE – the most Greek achievements occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did the Athenians and Spartans worship the same gods?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city state defeated the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War?

<p>Sparta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Know ALL the effects of the Peloponnesian War.

<p>Fields were destroyed, there were mercenaries in the Persian army, &amp; the Greeks were unable to govern themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group will eventually conquer the Greeks?

<p>The Macedonians</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened after Alexander the Great's death? (look under Hellenistic Culture)

<p>Alexandria, Egypt became the center of Hellenistic Culture, Greek culture was spread to new parts of the world, Hellenistic Culture adopted customs from Persia, India, &amp; Egypt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group ruled Rome before the establishment of the Republic?

<p>The Etruscans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the 2 social groups in early Rome?

<p>Plebeians &amp; patricians</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Twelve Tables of Law? What was it designed to do?

<p>Roman law code; put Roman law into writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the First Punic War break out?

<p>Carthage attempted the seize the Strait of Messina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the general of Carthage's army during the Second Punic War?

<p>Hannibal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3-man governing group did Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus make up?

<p>The First Triumvirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pax Romana?

<p>The policy of maintaining a peaceful empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did gladiators go to fight to the death?

<p>The Colosseum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jesus proclaim his mission was?

<p>To bring spiritual salvation to believers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emperor granted the Edict of Milan? What did this document do?

<p>Constantine; granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire?

<p>Theodosius</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the 4 main causes for the “fall”, or decline, of Rome?

<p>Political instability, Economic decline, Unsuccessful reforms, Barbarian invasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the empire split after the death of Theodosius? What was split called?

<p>Roman Empire in the West and Byzantine Empire in the East; The Great Schism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Germanic tribe defeated the Roman army and sacked Rome?

<p>Visigoths</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the capital of the Byzantine empire located (name the city)?

<p>Constantinople</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was The Great Schism?

<p>The religious separation b/w the East (Byzantine Empire) and the West (Roman Empire)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Justinian?

<p>Emperor at the height of the Byzantine Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Justinian's Code.

<p>Scholars collected and organized the best Roman laws, preserved Roman legal heritage, and became the chief source of law in W. Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hagia Sophia? What did it later become?

<p>Beautiful church built under Justinian; later became a mosque</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group would eventually conquer the empire?

<p>Islamic Ottoman Turks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Mongols and began the Mongol empire?

<p>Genghis Khan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could people do under Pax Mongolia?

<p>Trade from one end of the empire to the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

Be able to identify the following terms: hajj jihad caliph shah

<p>hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca required by all Muslims who able to go jihad - a holy war caliph - successor to Muhammad as a political and religious leader of the Muslims shah - a king in the Islamic empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Be able to answer the following questions: What belief is held by Muslims, Jews, and Christians? Who was Mohammad? What did he do in 622? Why did he gather up an army? What was his legacy? Name and KNOW the 5 Pillars of Islam.

<p>Belief in one God Founder of Islam Fled to Medina; marked the start of the Muslim calendar To retake Mecca in a jihad United most of the Arabian Peninsula and converted them to Islam</p> <ol> <li>Confession/Profession of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Charity/Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cause for the Sunni and Shiite split?

<p>The choice on who should be caliph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Be able to identify the following terms: feudalism serf heresy excommunicate vassal

<p>feudalism - govt in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord serf - peasant bound to the lord's land heresy - challenging the Church's teachings excommunicate - exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws vassal - lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Battle of Tours significant?

<p>It stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Church have a lot of power over people during the Middle Ages?

<p>They determined who could achieve salvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Magna Carta do?

<p>limited the power of the king</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which 3 religions was Jerusalem a holy city for?

<p>Christianity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the chief goal of the Crusades?

<p>To free the Holy Land (Jerusalem)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Results of the Crusade?

<p>Demand for luxury goods, Crusaders learned from the Muslims how to improve weaponry, feudalism was destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of the Black Death (Plague)?

<p>Population decline, economy plunged, production declined</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which 2 countries fought in the Hundred Years' War?

<p>England &amp; France</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Joan of Arc and what did she do?

<p>17-yr old French peasant girl; led the French to several victories against the English</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the French word Renaissance mean?

<p>Rebirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what country did the Renaissance begin?

<p>Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the works of art that each artist below is credited with: Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Massacio Michaelangelo

<p>Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, Proportions of the Human Figure, The Last Supper Raphael: School of Athens Massacio: The Trinity Michaelangelo: David (in marble), Creation of Adam, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Johannes Gutenberg do?

<p>Developed the printing press</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Martin Luther?

<p>German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a certificate of indulgence?

<p>Certificates for Pardons of sins</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what document did Martin Luther criticize the sale of indulgences?

<p>95 Theses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Henry VIII and what did he do to weaken the ties between England and the Catholic Church?

<p>King of England, divorced Catherine of Aragon and broke away from the Catholic Church; started Anglicanism/Church of England</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Civilizations

  • Prehistory is the time before written records (before 3500 BCE).
  • Evidence of early humans first appeared in Ethiopia, East Africa.
  • The Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) is another name for the first period of human existence.
  • Nomads are people who move from place to place in search of food.
  • The New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) began around 9000 BCE to 3200 BCE.
  • The Neolithic Age brought settled farming, enabling people to become food producers for the first time.
  • The first civilizations emerged near river valleys, as these areas supported agricultural development.
  • The Nile River runs through Egypt.
  • Flooding of the Nile is beneficial, depositing fertile silt.
  • Sumerians developed cuneiform writing.
  • The Sumerians invented the wheel.
  • Egyptians practiced mummification, believing it was necessary for the afterlife.
  • Annual Nile floods deposit silt, enriching the land.
  • Hammurabi's Code was the first written set of laws, known for the "eye for an eye" principle.
  • Phoenicians developed one of the first alphabets.

Ancient India & China

  • The Indus and Ganges Rivers are considered sacred in India.
  • The Vedas are a collection of hymns, prayers, and religious teachings.
  • Aryan civilization helped shape Hinduism and Buddhism.
  • Castes in Aryan society are social groups people are born into and cannot change.
  • Gupta Empire is associated with India's Golden Age.
  • Buddhism developed the Four Noble Truths.
  • Hinduism is associated with the concept of karma and reincarnation.
  • Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism.

Ancient Greece

  • Minoan civilization existed on Crete.
  • Much of Greece's mainland is mountainous.
  • Spartan society revolved around military preparedness.
  • The Golden Age of Greece occurred between 461 and 429 BCE, marked by significant achievements.
  • Athenians and Spartans worshipped different gods in the same region.
  • Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War.
  • Effects of the Peloponnesian War include field destruction, mercenary presence in other armies, and difficulty in governing.

Ancient Rome

  • Etruscans ruled Rome before the Republic.
  • Roman society was divided into plebeians and patricians.
  • The Twelve Tables were a code of laws.
  • The Punic Wars involved Rome and Carthage.
  • Hannibal led Carthaginian forces against Rome.
  • Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate.

Byzantine Empire

  • Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
  • The Great Schism separated the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire.
  • Justinian was an important Byzantine emperor.
  • Justinian's Code was a collection of Roman laws.
  • The Hagia Sophia was an important Byzantine church.

Mongols

  • Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire.

Islam

  • The Hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca.
  • Jihad is a holy war.
  • Caliph is the successor to the Prophet Muhammad.
  • Shah is a king in the Islamic Empire.
  • Muslims, Jews, and Christians share the belief in one God.
  • Muhammad founded Islam.
  • His flight to Medina in 622 marked the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

The Middle Ages

  • Feudalism was a system of government in the Middle Ages.
  • Serfs were peasants bound to the land.
  • Heresy is challenging the Church's teachings.
  • Excommunication means being excluded from the church.
  • Vassals were loyal to a greater lord.
  • The Battle of Tours halted Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
  • The Church held significant power during the Middle Ages.
  • The Magna Carta limited the power of the king.
  • Jerusalem was a holy city for Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
  • Crusades aimed to reclaim the Holy Land.

Renaissance & Reformation

  • Renaissance means rebirth in French.
  • The Renaissance began in Italy.
  • Famous Renaissance artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Masaccio.
  • Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press
  • The Reformation was a religious movement.
  • Martin Luther was a German monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Indulgences were certificates that absolved sins.
  • Henry VIII's actions weakened ties between England and the Catholic Church.

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Description

Explore the fascinating early civilizations from prehistory to the beginnings of written records around 3500 BCE. This quiz covers key concepts such as nomadic lifestyles, the significance of river valleys for agricultural development, and the innovations introduced by the Sumerians and Egyptians. Test your knowledge on topics like the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages, the Nile River, and Hammurabi's Code.

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